Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami:
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"
2013
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The younger Bronze Age in Poland in the light of studies on hoards |
| Beschreibung: | 290 S. zahlr. Ill. 1 Kt.-Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9788362261680 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami |c Wojciech Blajer |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 290 S. |b zahlr. Ill. |e 1 Kt.-Beil. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The younger Bronze Age in Poland in the light of studies on hoards | ||
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027178004&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
I.
Od autora
........................................................7
II.
Zagadnienia wstępne
..............................................9
Zakres tematyczny pracy
...........................................9
Uwagi o najważniejszych etapach badań nad fazą HaBl
.................11
Historia badań nad skarbami z dorzecza Odry i Wisty datowanymi na HaBl
. 12
Określenie bazy źródłowej dla niniejszej pracy
........................19
Uwagi o sytuacji kulturowej
.......................................23
III. Typologiczno-chronologiczna analiza źródeł
..........................27
Siekierki
.......................................................27
Dłuta
.........................................................38
Sierpy
.........................................................38
Noże
..........................................................41
Miecze i okucie pochwy
..........................................42
Groty
.........................................................44
Naszyjniki
.....................................................48
Bransolety i nagolenniki obręczowe
.................................54
Bransolety i nagolenniki spiralne
...................................65
Ozdoby z taśmy brązowej (diademy)
.................................68
Szpile
.........................................................69
Zapinki
........................................................71
Tarczki i guzki
..................................................73
Drobne ozdoby obręczowe i spiralne
................................76
Wisiorki
.......................................................77
Naczynia brązowe
...............................................78
Kabłąk z pręta brązowego
.........................................80
Półprodukty i odpadki odlewnicze
..................................81
Nieokreślone przedmioty brązowe
..................................82
Wyroby z innych surowców
.......................................82
IV.
Skarby z HaBl na terenie Polski
—
ogólna charakterystyka
..............85
V.
Skarby z HaB
1
w sąsiednich regionach Europy Środkowej
...............97
Obszary leżące na zewnątrz łuku Karpat Wschodnich i Południowych
......97
Kotlina Karpacka
...............................................101
Dorzecze Morawy i górnej Łaby
...................................109
Dorzecze górnego Dunaju i górnego Renu
...........................112
Dorzecze środkowej i dolnej Łaby
.................................114
VI.
Podsumowanie
................................................117
VII.
Katalog
.....................................................127
Bibliografia
......................................................161
Summary
........................................................179
Tablice
..........................................................189
THE YOUNGER BRONZE AGE IN POLAND IN THE LIGHT
OF STUDIES ON HOARDS (SUMMARY)
This work analyses the hoards of bronze objects discovered in the territory of present-day
Poland and dated to phase HaB
1,
which are discussed against a broader, Central European
background.
Phase HaB
1,
which is one of the Bronze Age periods in P. Reinecke s chronological
system, was defined based on finds from southern Germany. Credit for correlating the style
typical
ofthat
phase with archaeological materials known from other parts of Europe goes
to fundamental studies by H.
Müller-Karpe (1958)
and W.A.
von Brann
(1968).
Phase
HaBl corresponds with the younger segment of Bronze Age Period IV in
О
.
Montelius
periodisation, and with the Protogeometric period in Greece. According to older research,
HaB
1
was to span the
10*
century
ВС,
but more recent studies based on dendrochronology
suggest the period between
1050
and
950
ВС.
At that time, cremation was already widespread over the entire territory of present-
-day Poland. The process of formation of the
Lusatian
culture in its local variants was
already completed by the end of Bronze Age Period IV (M. Gedl 1975a, p.
38; 1985,
p.
127;
J.
Dąbrowski
2009,
p.
108-109).
Interestingly, during the third phase of development (HaA2) of the Silesian group
cemetery at
Kietrz, Głubczyce
district, one can observe a decrease in the number of burials
and the appearance of materials representing the Middle
Danubian
Urnfield culture (M. Gedl
1979,
p.
32-33;
2002a, p.
94).
This may reflect the shrinking of the local population and
the inflow of new people from the south. In Greater Poland and
Kuj
avia
the settlement
network is stable and even covers larger areas (M. Kaczmarek
2012,
s.
240, 253).
The
Środkowopolska
(Central Poland) and
Tarnobrzeg (Tarnobrzeg
Lusatian
culture) groups
continue to develop, and new groupings of
Lusatian
character can be identified in
Pomerania
and in
Warmia
and Masuria regions (Gedl 1980a, p.
86; 1990;
J.
Dąbrowski
1997,
p.
85).
In Bronze Age Period IV cremation cemeteries also become more numerous to the east
of the middle Vistula (S.
Czopek
1997).
To the south, in the area between the upper Oder,
upper
Warta,
and
Nida
rivers, the integration of several local groups of various cultural
backgrounds started, which soon led to the formation of the large
Górnośląsko-Małopolska
(Upper Silesia-Lesser Poland) group (M. Gedl 1995a).
Thus, Bronze Age Period IV, and its younger segment in particular, seem to be a time
of settlement stability, inner colonisation and cultural consolidation, when traits typical of
regional
Lusatian
groups develop and become established. Similar characteristics apply to
180
SUMMARY
the neighbouring cultural units: Middle
Danubian
Urnfields and South German Urnfields
to the south and southwest, the Nordic culture to the northwest, and the
Kyj
atice
culture
and the
Gáva-Holihrady
complex to the southeast (J. Chochorowski
1999,
p.
230—231,
233-235,245-246).
In the North
Pontic
zone the shift towards a dry, cool climate led to the disappearance
of the Sabatinovka culture and to the emergence of the Belozerka culture
( 1
2th-
1
0th centuries
ВС).
During the
11
th—
1
0th centuries
ВС,
the settled steppe communities of this area gradu¬
ally adopted a mobile lifestyle, relying on a pastoral herding economy (J. Chochorowski
1993,
s.
259-267;
1999a, s.
281-282, 286).
In the
10ш-9ш
centuries
ВС
steppe nomads
infiltrated the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin. The repercussions included a change
in the settlement structure of the
Gåva
culture in phases
НаВ2-НаВЗ
(J. Chochorowski
1993,
p.
210-213; 1999,
p.
235).
From the 19th century the chronology of the finds from Poland was established with
reference to Montelius system, namely within Bronze Age Period IV (O. Mertins
1896;
H.
Seger
1936;
E.
Sprockhoff
1937;
J. Kostrzewski
1964;
Ch.
Sommerfeld 1994).
The
first attempt to identify all certain and alleged hoards that could be dated to phase HaB
1
came later and was made possible only thanks to thorough studies on bronze artefacts
(e.g. W. Blajer
1999),
especially those published in the
Prähistorische Bronzefunde
series
(M. Gedl
1984; 1995; 2001;
2004a;
2009;
J.
Kuśnierz
1998). 51
finds were attributed to
phase HaBl (W. Blajer
2001,
s.
54-57, 337-340).
In the present work the source basis was critically reviewed, and finally
45
finds
were accepted for analysis. This group includes
20
certain hoards (Biernacice,
Biskupice,
Czarko w, Jelenie, Kowalewko, Kuźnica Skakawska, Lutol Mokry, Mączniki, Miejsce,
Nasiedle, Parsęcko, Pietrzykowice, Płoty, Podgórnik, Podłęże, Poznań-Wielka Starołęka,
Racibórz-Sudół, Rzędziny, Starzyny, Warnik),
i.e. those whose circumstances of discovery
are known. Another
9
finds also raise little doubt
(Chłapowo, Hrubieszów, Iwno,
Motko-
wice,
Racibórz, Rogów, Siercz, Świnino, Wieleń),
although in the case of
Rogów
there is
a possibility that two different discoveries were merged. The circumstances of discovery
are uncertain in
3
cases (Januszewo, Koto wo, Kunowice).
5
assemblages may either be
hoards or burials (Bielin
—
alleged hoards I and II,
Borówko, Jezierzyce Wielkie, Pysząca),
although their composition suggests they are hoards. In several cases it is likely that they
are collections from the same site
(Czerwonków, Janowiczki, Nasławice, Pławowice)
or the
same locality
(Gołuchów, Nowa Sól, Żupawa).
Finally, the axes from Korczyn, recovered
from the bottom of the Vistula River, could have been a so-called accumulated hoard .
Chronological homogeneity and typological resemblance are serious arguments for inter¬
preting these finds as hoards, along with the fact that they were usually acquired and kept
together in museums. It should also be taken into account that some of the hoards may be
slightly earlier
(Pławowice, Płoty
—-
phase HaA2?) or later
(Czarków
—
phase HaB2?).
The
45
analysed finds comprised at least
400
large bronze objects and approximately
90
small bronze objects.
Axes and their fragments (represented by a total of
91
complete specimens or frag¬
ments) generally included only socketed specimens. Apart from so-called
Danubian
or
Hungarian types, this group also included early types of
Lusatian
axes (E. Sprockhoff
1950;
J.
Kuśnierz
1998).
Previous constructions went out of use
—
axes with stop-ridge
and mid-winged axes (palstaves) are known only from
3
finds. The set of forms is sup¬
plemented by an early end-winged axe
(Racibórz-Sudół).
Socketed axes show regional
181
differences:
Danubian
forms occur in the southern zone (outside of Lesser Poland and
Silesia they were discovered only in Starzyny), while
Lusatian
forms usually occur in
the western and south-western zones. It should be assumed that the former were imports
or imitations of axes from the south
—
from the
Tisa
basin, from western Slovakia and
Moravia.
Lusatian
forms can be regarded as of local manufacture (compare M. Kacz-
marek
2012,
p.
341—342).
A few bronze chisels
(3
or
4
specimens) are of little importance
in this context.
Sickles
(41
specimens, complete or in fragments) form a relatively numerous cat¬
egory, but they show no diagnostic traits in terms of chronology and spatial distribution
(M. Gedl
1995),
and the question of their importation or local manufacture is difficult to
address. However, M. Kaczmarek believes they were manufactured in the area of the Oder
River
(2012,
p.
341—342).
Sickles with shafts could perhaps originate from the
Danubian
zone.
A small number of knives known from the discussed period
(4
complete specimens
and
1
fragment) show southern influences (M. Gedl
1984).
Certain and alleged hoards together comprised only
3
swords:
2
flange-hilted speci¬
mens were found in the hoard from
Płoty,
and a sword with tang was discovered in alleged
hoard II from Bielin. These are types linked mainly with the Nordic cultural circle (J. Fogel
1979,
p.
31-33, 44^46;
M. Kaczmarek
2012,
fig.
98-99).
Spearheads are usually represented by uncharacteristic forms, and single character¬
istic objects belong to popular types, widespread especially in the middle Danube basin
(J. Fogel
1979;
M. Gedl
2009).
In M. Kaczmarek s opinion
(2012,
p.
241),
the specimens
with a lancet-shaped blade, attributed to types
XVI
С
and
XVI
E
according to J. Fogel and
to various groups in M. Gedl s classification, are local products.
Necklaces are few
(16
complete specimens and
3
fragments). Multi-segment collar-
-shaped necklaces, which were harbingers of a new trend in necklaces that later continued
in Period V, occurred only in
Pomerania (Rzędziny).
Bracelets, armlets and anklets (at least
145
specimens and
3
fragments) form the
most numerous group. Lavishly decorated regional types of band ornaments, typical of
phases
НаА1-НаА2
and often discovered in sets (W. Blajer
1996; 1999,
p.
121-127),
went
almost completely out of use in the discussed period. A few specimens, which to various
extents continued the older style (dense decoration with transversal strokes combined with
a herring-bone pattern or groups of oblique strokes), occur in several hoards
(Miejsce,
Podgórnik, Poznań-Wielka Starołęka, Rzędziny, Siercz).
Bracelets with little decoration
are a novelty, and are usually ornamented only with loose groups of transversal strokes
and multiplied chevrons, sometimes accompanied by other motifs (J. Kostrzewski
1964,
p.
15;
M. Kaczmarek
2002,
p.
159-161,
fig.
64; 2012,
p.
298,
fíg.
121).
The specimen
from
Poznań-Wielka Starołęka
has numerous analogies in Moravia and in the
Tisa
basin,
so it can be regarded as an import. Several other band ornaments
(Biskupice,
Janowiczki,
Januszewo, Kotowo, Lutol Mokry)
feature unique arrangement of motifs, which suggests
that they were of local manufacture. Armlets and anklets with spiral discs went completely
out of use. Twisted ornaments, which were most likely local
( Lusatian )
products, gained
in popularity, as did plain specimens with no decoration. Southern connections can per¬
haps be seen in pseudo-twisted ornaments, decorated with oblique grooves on the outer
surface
(Podgórnik, Podłęże).
They have numerous analogies, especially in Moravia
(M.
Salaš
2005).
182
SUMMARY
Spiral ornaments were few
(13
specimens) and poorly decorated. During phase HaBl
bracelets appeared made from a flat band and decorated with strokes arranged in a zigzag
pattern (Bielin,
Miejsce, Siercz),
which next became popular in Period V. They were of
local,
Lusatian
provenance.
Headbands (circlets) known from
Poznań-Wielka Starołęka
and
Rzędziny,
which
have no precise analogies, represent a broader, Central- and North European
metallurgie
tradition.
Pins are represented by one certain specimen and one alleged fragment. Fibulae are
more common
(12
complete or partially damaged specimens and
3
fragments). Bipartite
specimens of the Plauerhagen type are concentrated in the western zone of the
Lusatian
culture (compare M. Kaczmarek2012, p.
309-310,
fig.
147).
Variants of the
Spindlersfeld
type show connections with the southern zone of the
Lusatian
culture, and so-called plate
fibulae
{Plattenfibeln)
are linked with the Nordic circle (M. Gedl 2004a).
Large, decorated discs (phalerae) with riveted loops find analogies in the northern
( Lusatian )
part of Moravia (M.
Salaš
2005,
plate
384:19-20, 435:49-50)
and confirm
the connections between western Lesser Poland and the upper Oder and
Morava
river
basins.
Bronze vessels
(23
specimens) were mainly cups or small vases (M. Gedl 2004a),
which were popular types occurring over vast territories. Cups of the
Spišská
Belá
type
(Poznań-Wielka Starołęka)
could have been produced in the north-eastern part of the Car¬
pathian Basin, and the more common
Jenišovice-Kirkendrup
type
—
in various regions of
Central Europe (M. Kaczmarek
2012,
p.
323-324).
Objects directly connected with metallurgy, such as lumps of raw material
(4
speci¬
mens) and fragments of scrap metal (at least
2
specimens) are very rare.
Bracelets and anklets are predominant
(37%
of large bronze objects); next come
axes
(22%)
and sickles
(10%).
Spearheads
(7%)
and bronze vessels
(6%)
are less com¬
mon, but this is the only moment throughout the entire Bronze Age that their share is that
high (W. Blajer
2001,
fig.
45).
Necklaces
(5%),
fibulae
(4%),
spiral bracelets
(3%)
and
knives
(1%)
are few.
Most common are hoards that contain objects representing one functional category:
either only ornaments
(10
hoards,
22%)
or only tools
(9
hoards,
20%).
Mixed assemblages
containing ornaments and tools
(6
hoards,
13%)
or ornaments, tools and weapons
(6
hoards,
13%)
are also numerous. Less common are hoards containing only weapons
(3
hoards,
<7%), tools and weapons
(3
hoards, <7%), ornaments and weapons
(3
hoards, <7%), and
hoards containing only vessels
(2
hoards,
4%),
or vessels, ornaments, tools and weapons
(2
hoards,
4%).
One hoard contains vessels, ornaments and weapons (ca
2%).
Both certain and alleged hoards from the territory of Poland and dated to phase HaB
1
represent the type of deposit predominant throughout the entire Bronze Age and Early Iron
Age. These are assemblages that mainly contain well preserved ornaments (especially
ring ornaments worn on arms and legs) and tools (mostly axes and sickles), i.e. so-called
Fertigwarenhorte
(deposits of finished objects). The share of fragments (scrap metal) is
low, and semi-products or production waste occur only very occasionally. This structure
changed in phase HaD, when not only weapons, but also tools became extremely rare in
hoards (W. Blajer
2001,
fig.
45).
The traits characteristic of phase HaBl can be seen on the typological level, both
among ornaments (richly decorated forms cease to occur; the share of plain and twisted
183
specimens rises) and tools (older constructions of axes cease to be used; socketed axes
become widespread). However, these changes should not be regarded as absolute, as for
example twisted bands and socketed axes of
Danubian
origin occurred already in HaA.
This latter category comprises forms and variants that were in use over a long time, which
in some cases
(Pławowice)
rendered the estimation of precise chronology difficult. An
important innovation in phase HaB
1
were socketed axes of
Lusatian
types. The fact that
they continued to develop and were used in subsequent periods also poses problems with
dating.
In the discussed period hoards contained relatively more imported objects than in
phases
HaAl-HaAŽ.
Local manufacture comprises
Lusatian
axes, and the majority of
such objects as sickles, spearheads, bracelets decorated with incised motifs, as well as
twisted and spiral bracelets. Southern imports include some of the socketed axes and bronze
vessels, while socketed axes with a separated blade and single specimens of decorated
bracelets were imported from the south-west. Some bracelets were either imported from
the west (from the Elbe basin) or produced locally, while plate fibulae and multi-segment
necklaces were probably imported from the north-west. A number of hoards include ob¬
jects of non-local origin, and the assemblage from
Racibórz-Sudół
can be regarded as an
import from the south.
Typological differences reflect the directions of interregional contact. The connections
within the western zone of the
Lusatian
cultural circle are unquestionable: from north-
-western Slovakia, across northern Moravia and north-eastern Bohemia, to Saxony and
Brandenburg. To the north of the Sudetes, this network includes Silesia, Greater Poland and
western Lesser Poland. Contacts with the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin seem to play
a lesser role in this period. Certain categories of alleged imports (axes, spearheads, vessels)
do not allow for unambiguous conclusions as they often occur over vast areas
—
from
Transylvania to southern Germany. The connections linking
Pomerania
with the Nordic
circle (Z. Bukowski
1998),
which later become clearly noticeable in Bronze Age Period V
(J. Fogel
1988),
are still relatively poorly marked in Period IV (J.
Żychlińska
2008).
In phase HaB
1
hoards occur mainly in Silesia and Greater Poland, which is in the
Silesian and Zachodniowielkopolska (Western Greater Poland) groups of the
Lusatian
culture (M. Kaczmarek
2002),
and in western Lesser Poland, which shows strong cultural
connections with Silesia. The assemblages from these regions show similarity in their
composition (twisted bracelets, bracelets decorated with multiplied chevrons, socketed
axes). In Western
Pomerania
hoards are few, and their composition is slightly different.
For example, early types of
Lusatian
socketed axes and twisted bracelets do not occur in
this territory. The hoard from
Rzędziny
contained both the objects referring to preceding
phases (decorated bracelets) and the first signs of the style typical of Bronze Age Period V
(necklaces).
The fact that hoards no longer appear in the
Tarnobrzeg
and
Środkowopolska
(Central
Poland) groups, or in the neighbouring territories of
Kuj
avia
and western Mazovia, allows
us to assume that local centres of metallurgy, which were active in
НаА1-НаА2,
ceased
to function in these areas. From Central Poland come assemblages with bronze vessels
(Biernacice,
Kuźnica Skakawska),
although they are most likely imports, which is also
the case with the isolated hoard from Starzyny. In south-eastern Poland the hoard discov¬
ered near
Hrubieszów
is probably connected with the upper Dnister basin (K.
Żurowski
184
SUMMARY
1949),
and spearheads from the alleged deposit from
Żupawa
may be imports from the
Tisa
basin.
The small number of bronze artefacts put into graves makes it difficult to analyse
the relationships between hoards and burial inventories, which was previously possible
to some extent in
Pomerania (W. Blajer
1996,
p.
92-93
map
3).
Richly equipped burials
occur only in Silesia, and their inventories cast some doubt on the attribution of the as¬
semblage from Jezierzyce
Wielkie.
A few rich graves known from Greater Poland cause
no such difficulties (M. Kaczmarek
2012,
p.
342).
In Western
Pomerania
the rich grave
from
Banie
is of particular importance (M. Gedl
1981,
plate 28:B).
The frequent occurrence of ring ornaments worn on arms and legs accompanied by
some spiral bracelets and fibulae is not reflected in regional differentiation, which during
phases HaAl—HaA2 manifested itself in sets of ornaments. The share of hoards whose
assemblages resemble sets of ornaments is significantly lower than in preceding phases.
The ornaments typical of Central Poland (the Kutno-Raszew type),
Kuj
avia
and western
Mazovia (the Karbowizna type) and the
Tarnobrzeg
region (the Sieniawa type) went com¬
pletely out of use (W. Blajer
1996; 1999).
Only in Silesia does the
Poznań-
Wehrhain
type
continue in HaB
1
in the territory where the
Droszków
type previously occurred (W.A.
von
Brunn 1968,
p.
214-215, 286-287,
fig.
15:5;
M. Kaczmarek
2002,
p.
159).
This latter set,
composed of twisted armlets (or anklets) and solid ribbon-like bands decorated with groups
of transversal strokes and herring-bone pattern, is characteristic of the south-western
zone of the
Lusatian
culture, between the
Saale
and
Warta
rivers (M. Kaczmarek
2012,
fig.
146),
but also reaches to Upper Silesia and western Lesser Poland, i.e. to the areas
previously dominated by sets of bracelets similar to the
Kosmonosy
type from eastern
Bohemia (W. Blajer
1994; 1996; 1999,
p.
125-126).
Perhaps this may reflect a kind of
cultural unification within the entire south-western zone of the
Lusatian
complex. The
total number of assemblages that can be interpreted as sets amounts to
16
(ca
30%),
while
in phases BrB2-BrD and HaAl-HaA2 their share exceeds
50%
(W. Blajer
2001,
p.
270,
275).
Hoards containing ornaments and elements of dress are generally less numerous in
the discussed period
(22%),
and the dominant variants are mixed hoards
(33%),
mixed
hoards with vessels
(6%),
and hoards of tools and weapons
(34%
in total).
The higher number of spearheads may suggest the growing popularity of pole weap¬
ons with metal blades, but may also reflect the increasing social role of men as warriors
(compare J.
Bergmann 1987).
Although it has been proposed in the literature that in the
Younger Bronze Age the role of agriculture increased, which brought about an increase
in the social position of women (e.g. K. Kristiansen
1986),
one should also take into ac¬
count that draft animals became used on a larger scale in ploughing, which required the
greater involvement of men. The highlighted social position and role of men as warriors
could also be connected with the increasing territoriality of settlement, and with external
threats. Spearheads most likely played a symbolic role as well: the specimens from Warnik
were found driven into the bottom of a lake that once existed in that place, and the single
specimen from
Drzonków
in
Zielona Góra
district was also fixed vertically into the ground
(H.
Seger
1936,
p.
140).
The fact that among the deposited objects were also metal vessels reflects a trend
popular over the whole of Central Europe in that period, and suggests that the
Lusatian
culture communities adopted not the vessels alone, but also the supra-regional patterns
of behaviour (first of all libations) associated with their use (H. Born, S.
Hansen 1992,
185
p.
354—356;
S.
Hansen 1995).
It can be assumed that the above applied to the elites from
both the western zone and Central Poland. Analysis of pottery from the large
Lusatian
culture cemetery at
Kietrz
allowed
A. Mierzwiński
to reach interesting conclusions. In
sub-phase
IVa
of the
Kietrz
cemetery (which corresponds with HaBl) he recorded the
high occurrence of lids, which in a later period are known as characteristic elements of
ceremonial (libation) assemblages in the
Hallstatt
circle
(2012,
p.
28-29).
At the same time
there was a change in the cups-to-bowls ratio: cups (which were clay counterparts of small
metal vases) became clearly predominant in burial inventories in the
Kietrz
cemetery. The
process of transformation in ceremonial behaviours, postulated by
A. Mierzwiński
(2012,
p.
59),
which started as early as HaA2 and led to the intensification of feasting-libation
behaviours, became clearly manifested only in times corresponding with phase HaB
1.
The
high share of bronze vessels in hoards could be another reflection of the same idea.
Traditional economy-oriented approaches perceive deposits as a way of hoarding
surplus goods, which would result in so-called house hoards
.
The finds from Lutol
Mokry
and
Czerwonków,
uncovered within settlements, could perhaps be attributed to this group.
So-called hoards of metallurgists or hoards of traders should also be taken into account
—
one should consider in this context the assemblages from Iwno and Pietrzykowice, and
perhaps also from
Podgórnik,
which contain semi-products, production waste and scrap
metal. Large deposits of diversified composition
(Racibórz-Sudół, Podgórnik, Poznań-
-
Wielka Starołęka, Rzędziny)
suggest the activity of traders with large-scale exchange of
goods. On the other hand, the simplification of the forms and decorations of bracelets makes
one reconsider the idea of non-monetary currency , even if for phase HaB
1
this hypothesis
is not as well-grounded as for earlier periods (compare Ch.
Sommerfeld 1994).
The lack of evidence in the archaeological record for the destruction of settlements,
the abandonment of cemeteries or depopulation of particular regions renders it impossible
to discuss the political reasons for accumulating and depositing hoards in phase HaB
1.
However, there are grounds to discuss the cult character of at least some of the
deposits. The composition of assemblages and the manner of their deposition offers no
decisive arguments here, although the way the already described spearheads from Warnik
were deposited (which also distinguish themselves by their size and rich decoration) most
likely reflects some ritual. As for water-related hoards, their share ranges from
11
to
20%
and is similar to that of phases HaAl-HaA2 but considerably lower than in HaB
2—
HaB
3
(W. Blajer
2001,
p.
254,
fig.
38).
From
7
to
11%
of hoards were discovered in exposed
places, which is similar to phases
НаВ2-НаВЗ,
while the presence of large stones was
recorded in ca
4%
of assemblages, which is more like in phases
HaAl-HaA2.
However,
the differences between the three time periods are very small (W. Blajer
2001,
fig.
41—42).
In light of the above, no far-reaching conclusions can be drawn as to the selection and
preferences of particular places and, in consequence, as to such issues as the religious and
ceremonial background of hoard deposition and its potential transformations, the role of
particular beliefs and cults (e.g. aquatic, telluric-chthonic, or uranic-solar ones), or the
connections with funeral rites (compare W. Blajer
1992; 2001;
J.
Woźny
1996; 1997;
M. Mogielnicka-Urban
1997).
Links between hoards and behaviours from the sphere of social culture (such as
prestige rivalry) are very difficult to prove. However, some indirect arguments can be
considered, for example the fact that the hoard from
Raciborz-Sudół
was discovered in
the southern periphery of the
Racibórz
micro-region, very far from the closest known site
186
SUMMARY
of this period
(Ł. Mrówka
2013,
p.
186).
This observation corresponds well with the situ¬
ation recorded in northern Greater Poland and
Pomerania,
where a number of hoards were
deposited in peripheral zones, perhaps due to the increasing territoriality of settlement and
the ritual delimitation of borders (M. Maciejewski
2013).
In a more general perspective, it is worth paying attention to the distribution of
hoards over the entire Oder and Vistula basins, which differs greatly from that observed
in phases HaAl-HaA^. What is striking is not only the disappearance of regional sets of
ornaments, but also the almost total lack of hoards dated to HaB
1
in western Mazovia,
Kuj
avia,
Central Poland, and in the
Tarnobrzeg
region. The potential reasons may include
those of an economic, economic-political, or symbolic (religious and social?) nature
(W. Blajer2001,p.
283).
Chapter V provides a general discussion on the phenomenon of hoards in various
parts of Central Europe in times corresponding with phases
BrD
-НаВЗ.
Although not all
of the literature quoted is fully up to date or exhaustive, and scholars do not always agree
in their estimations of the chronology of certain assemblages, the chapter nevertheless
gives a general picture of the phenomenon in question.
Apart from the territory of the Republic of Moldova, from where only a few finds
were included, in every geo-cultural zone most hoards date to the times corresponding
with phases BrD and HaAI
.
This cannot be demonstrated only for the eastern (in terms of
culture:
Lusatian)
part of Bohemia, where finds dated to HaAl-HaAZ (the
Kosmonosy
phase) were discussed jointly. Analogically, in central and western (in terms of culture:
Knoviz-Milavče)
parts of Bohemia it is impossible to clearly identify hoards from HaA2
as the
Středokluky
phase, which covers the earlier segment of HaA2, spans HaAI as well
(O. Kytlicová
2007).
It should be emphasised here that in other regions of Central Europe
the identification of hoards dated to phase HaA2 also meets difficulties (compare the dis¬
cussion on the Gyermely horizon in Hungary
—
S.
Hansen 1994, 397^405;
M.
Novotná
2000).
Discussing the two phases together proved justified for the territory of Poland, too
(W. Blajer
1999; 2001).
Such a situation may result from the longer duration of the style
characteristic for HaAI, or from the real drop in the number of hoards. Anyway, in Ro¬
mania (both outside and inside the Carpathians
—
M. Petrescu-Dîmbovita
1977),
as well
as in Hungary (A. Mozsolics
1985; 2000),
Moravia (M.
Salaš
2005),
southern Germany,
Switzerland and western Austria, the number of hoards from phase HaA2 (F. Stein
1976)
is
lower than in preceding and succeeding periods. This tendency can be seen even in central
Germany (W.A.
von Brunn 1968,
p.
307-347).
Later on, in phase HaB
1,
a rise in the number of hoards is recorded everywhere except
for the Transcarpathian Ukraine (the Podgorjany I series
—
J. Kobal
2000),
where the
downward trend continues. There are still many hoards in central and western Romania
(the
Moigrad-Tăuteu
series) and in eastern Hungary (the
Hajdúböszörmény
horizon).
Interestingly, hoards dated to HaB
1
were not recorded in western Hungary, and they are
scarce in the culturally close regions of southern Moravia (the Klentnice horizon) or eastern
Austria (M.-C.
zu Erbach-Schönberg 1985).
In phases
НаВ2-НаВЗ
the number of hoards generally decreases. This is most evi¬
dent in the Carpathian Basin and in the southern part of Moravia. In northern Moravia this
drop is not so sharp, as is also the case with both cultural provinces in Bohemia. This fact
corresponds well with the large number of
НаВ2-НаВЗ
hoards known from the
Lusatian
187
culture
in the western part of Poland (W. Blajer
2001)
and from the Urnfield cultures in
southern Germany and in adjacent parts of Switzerland and Austria (F. Stein
1976).
On the other hand, the areas of eastern and northern Germany show no major dif¬
ference in the number of hoards known from Period IV and Period V. Even if some of the
hoards could not be precisely attributed to one of these phases (W.A.
von Brunn 1968;
Ch.
Sommerfeld 1994),
the general conclusion can be proposed that the western zone of the
Lusatian
culture and the southern zone of the Nordic culture (as well as the South German
Urnfields) were not influenced by the phenomenon of the drop in the number of hoards in
HaB2—
НаВЗ
which affected the
Gåva
culture and the Middle
Danubian
Urnfields. This
latter process could have been caused by the events connected with the so-called Cim¬
merian horizon (J. Chochorowski
1993).
However, the picture presented above does not apply to the Oder and Vistula basins,
where there are more than
200
hoards known from the period corresponding with phases
HaB2-HaB3.
Their distribution is still limited to the same areas where deposits occurred
in phase HaBl. The only difference can be seen in Eastern
Pomerania,
where there are
ca
60
deposits known from Bronze Age Period V, even though there were none in HaBl
(W. Blajer
2001,
p.
341-354,
map
6).
The reasons why hoards ceased to be deposited (or were deposited very rarely) over
a vast part of eastern Poland in HaBl (or perhaps even from HaA2
—
compare W. Blajer
1999,
map
5)
were most likely of other than political nature. There are no good arguments
for dating the Cimmerian horizon earlier than phase HaB2, which in calendar years means
the 10th century
ВС,
and not its fist decades (J. Chochorowski
1993; 1995;
C. Metzner-
-Nebelsick
2002).
The theoretical assumption that the pressure of nomads could have be¬
gun earlier goes against the fact that in central and western Romania, as well as in eastern
Hungary, hoards were still relatively frequently deposited during phase HaB
1.
They were
not as rich as in HaA2, but they nevertheless confirm that local bronze workshops still
functioned at that time.
One cannot rule out that there was some other reason for breaking contact with
met¬
allurgie
centres in the Carpathians. Other directions of contact oriented at the acquisition
of metal should also be taken into account. The results of studies on bronze production in
western Austria and southern Germany indicate that a significant change in the chemical
composition of bronze artefacts took place in the
1
1th century
ВС
(L.
Sperber 2004).
In this
period the crisis in metallurgy, manifested by the fall of local centres of production and
the change in the source of raw material, can also be observed in
Slavonia
(S.
Karavanić
2006).
It is worth mentioning here the hypothesis set forth by M. Gedl, who suggested that
copper ore deposits occurring to the north of the West Carpathians range could have been
exploited by the population representing the early phase of the
Tarnobrzeg
group and used
to produce ornaments in the Sieniawa style. Rapid depletion of raw material could have
led to the disappearance of this style (M. Gedl
1988).
However, one should bear in mind
that metallurgy in Central Poland, Kujavia and Mazovia met a similar fate.
Finally, the possibility should also be considered that the disappearance of regional
sets of ornaments was caused by a lack of local demand rather than by the lack of raw
material supply. This could stem from factors of a social or religious nature.
The development of regional styles of ornaments and their sets is regarded as a way
of emphasising separate regional and cultural identities. Such behaviours are believed to
188
SUMMARY
be important in times of changing, unstable social structures or in systems that provide
a wide margin of social mobility. Alternatively, one could assume that regional types of
bracelets reflect the activity of workshops that imposed their style on consumers. The next
step is to discuss the potential reasons for their deposition. Apart from the prosaic explana¬
tion of hiding precious objects, one should also consider their deposition as a sacrifice for
the deceased (especially in the context of the cremation rite gaining in popularity
—
H.-J.
Hundt 1955)
or for gods, as proposed by Ch.
Sommerfeld (1994).
Perhaps the sacrificial
role of hoards was combined with the social one
—
as a manifestation of group identity and
at the same time as a rite from the sphere of prestige rivalry (K. Kristiansen
1986).
It could be that the manifestation of identity through sets of bronze ornaments (which
was a custom foreign to the local population in the Vistula basin, who were descendants
of the
Ері
-Corded Ware and Trzciniec cultures) was no longer necessary due to the sta¬
bilisation of social structures or other reasons. Analogically, particular ways of offering
sacrifices to the deceased and gods could also have been abandoned, especially if they had
been adopted under the influence of tendencies from the early phase of the Urnfields. It
should be emphasised that the discussed sets of ornaments functioned for a relatively short
period of time, and were probably limited to phase HaAl, which is to only one century
(the 12th century
ВС).
Furthermore, this could be a superficial phenomenon, as is confirmed
by the sets of the Karbowizna type, which occur in a zone where no cremation cemeter¬
ies of so early a date are known, so the primary feature of a new ideological system is
lacking (W. Blajer
2001,
p.
303).
Therefore, it is possible that the demand for regional sets of ornaments could already
have ended in phase HaA2, regardless of potential problems (or the lack of such) with
raw material supply. As a result, there was a considerable decrease in bronze production,
and it became limited to the most necessary objects, which were re-worked ( recycled )
after they wore out or went out of fashion. This situation changed only in HaD, which is
after
500
years.
The communities inhabiting Silesia and Greater Poland, and culturally connected
western parts of Lesser Poland, were characterised by more advanced metallurgy and de¬
veloped a different approach to the idea of hoard deposition, an approach that was deeply
rooted in the
Únětice
and Tumulus traditions. The same most likely applies to Western
Pomerania.
This is why the customs connected with hoards lasted uninterruptedly in these
regions. Western Lesser Poland, Central Poland and Eastern
Pomerania
(from Bronze Age
Period V) became the eastern periphery of a vast Central European zone, where traditions in
this particular sphere of culture were cultivated. This border continued to exist for several
centuries, emphasising the differences within the
Lusatian
complex.
Translated by
Piotr
Godlewski
|
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| author | Blajer, Wojciech |
| author_facet | Blajer, Wojciech |
| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| discipline | Geschichte |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:03:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788362261680 |
| language | Polish |
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| publisher | Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Blajer, Wojciech Verfasser aut Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami Wojciech Blajer Kraków Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" 2013 290 S. zahlr. Ill. 1 Kt.-Beil. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The younger Bronze Age in Poland in the light of studies on hoards Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027178004&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027178004&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Blajer, Wojciech Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami |
| title_auth | Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami |
| title_exact_search | Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami |
| title_full | Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami Wojciech Blajer |
| title_fullStr | Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami Wojciech Blajer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami Wojciech Blajer |
| title_short | Młodsza epoka brązu na ziemiach Polskich w świetle badań nad skarbami |
| title_sort | mlodsza epoka brazu na ziemiach polskich w swietle badan nad skarbami |
| topic | Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bronzezeit Funde Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027178004&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027178004&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT blajerwojciech młodszaepokabrazunaziemiachpolskichwswietlebadannadskarbami |