Identitate românească în context balcanic:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Aula Magna
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Romanian identity in the Balkan context |
| Beschreibung: | 270 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789731671512 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Cuprins
INTRODUCERE
.....................................................................................................9
I.
CONŞTIINŢA ROMANITĂŢII ŞI A ROMANITĂŢII LA
AROMÂNI
________________________________________________13
Repartiţia teritorială a aromânei
....................................................................13
Unitatea etnică şi lingvistică a aromânilor cu dacoromânii
......................18
Conştiinţa romanităţii şi a romanităţii la aromâni
......................................23
Publicaţii şi asociaţii ale aromânilor
..............................................................34
învăţământul în limba română la aromânii din Balcani
................,............37
Aromânii în România
......................................................................................39
II.
STRUCTURA DIALECTULUI AROMÂN
-
TRĂSĂTURI
GENERALE
_______________________________________________41
Fonetică şi fonologie
........................................................................................41
Vocalismul
...................................................................................................41
Consonantismul
..........................................................................................42
Morfosintaxă
.....................................................................................................43
Substantivul
................................................................................................43
Articolul
.......................................................................................................44
Articolul hotărât
.........................................................................................45
Adjectivul
....................................................................................................46
Pronumele
...................................................................................................46
Numeralul
...................................................................................................48
Verbul
...........................................................................................................49
Modul indicativ
..............................................................................51
Prezentul
......................................................................................51
Imperfectul
..................................................................................52
Perfectul simplu
..........................................................................52
Perfectul compus
........................................................................53
Mai-mult-ca-perfectul
................................................................53
Viitorul
.........................................................................................54
Modul
conjunctiv.....
.......................................................................54
Modul
condiţional-optativ
............................................................55
Modul
dubitativ
..............................................................................58
Modul imperativ.............................................................................58
Modul
infinitiv
................................................................................59
Modul
participiu
.............................................................................59
Modul
gerunziu
..............................................................................60
Adverbul......................................................................................................
61
Prepoziţia
.....................................................................................................65
Conjuncţia
.............................................................................................·.....65
Interjecţia
.....................................................................................................65
IILPARTICULARITĂŢI ALE GRAIURILOR AROMÂNEŞTI
ACTUALE
_______.__________________________________________67
1.
PARTICULARITĂŢI ALE GRAIULUI FARŞEROT
....................................67
Fonetică şi fonologie
........................................................................................67
Vocale
...........................................................................................................67
Consoane
.....................................................................................................69
Morfologie
.........................................................................................................71
Substantivul
................................................................................................71
Articolul
.......................................................................................................71
Pronumele
...................................................................................................75
Adjectivul. Grade de comparaţie
.............................................................76
Verbul
...........................................................................................................76
Adverbul
......................................................................................................79
Interjecţia
.....................................................................................................79
Lexic
...................................................................................................................80
Aspecte etnolingvistice
...................................................................................82
2.
PARTICULARITĂŢI ALE GRAIULUI PINDEAN
......................................87
Fonetică şi fonologie
........................................................................................87
Vocale
...........................................................................................................87
Consoane
.....................................................................................................87
Particularităţi comune cu graiul fărşerot
......................................................88
Morfologie
.........................................................................................................89
Lexic
...................................................................................................................90
-------------------------------------------- 6 --------------------------------------------
Toponimia
.........................................................................................................95
Aspecte etnolingvistice
...................................................................................95
3.
PARTICULARITĂŢI ALE GRAIULUI GRAMOSTEAN
............................98
Fonetică şi fonologie
........................................................................................98
Vocale
...........................................................................................................98
Consoane
.....................................................................................................98
Morfologie
.........................................................................................................98
Substantivul
................................................................................................98
Articolul
.......................................................................................................99
Adjectivul. Gradele de comparaţi
............................................................99
Pronumele
.................................................................................................100
Numeralul
.................................................................................................101
Verbul
.........................................................................................................101
Lexic
.................................................................................................................101
Aspecte etnolingvistice
.................................................................................102
4.
PARTICULARITĂŢI ALE GRAIULUI AROMÂNESC DIN
MULOVIŞTE
...................................................................................................103
Fonetică şi fonologie
......................................................................................103
Vocale
.........................................................................................................103
Consoane
...................................................................................................104
Morfologie
.......................................................................................................104
5.
PARTICULARITĂŢI ALE GRAIULUI AROMÂNESC DIN
CRUŞOVA
.......................................................................................................106
Fonetică şi fonologie
......................................................................................106
Morfologie
.......................................................................................................107
Lexic...
..............................................................................................................108
IV.
ASPECTE PRIVIND LEXICUL AROMÂNEI VORBITE
ÎN SPAŢIUL BALCANIC
__________________________________110
Termeni de origine latină
..............................................................................110
Elementul comun eu albaneza
.....................................................................111
Elementul slav
................................................................................................112
Elementul grecesc
..........................................................................................113
7
ADDENDA
OVERVIEW
.....................................................................................................256
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
................................................................................267
8
ADDENDA
Overview
THE ROMANIAN IDENTITY IN THE
BALKAN CONTEXT
This paper presented the results of our field research on Aromanians from
Greece, Albania, F.Y.R. Macedonia from the perspective of preserving the
Romanian dialect they speak in the Balkans. By preserving the dialect, which they
use in their day-to-day conversations, the Aromanians from these areas have kept
alive the Romance and Romanian awareness. This is obvious not only in the areas
where they form a compact group (for instance, in Pind
-
Greece, especially in
Metsovo, or in the area of Korce-Moscopole in Albania), but also in isolated places
showing a great cultural tradition (for instance, Siracu in Greece). This awareness
is old, being the exclusive result of Romania s cultural and national awareness
revival action from the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th
century, by means of education and church service in the Romanian language. It is
to be found everywhere, i.e. even in places where it did not exist before, for
instance, education in Romanian as tuition language.
The national awareness indications are strongly rooted historically speaking,
the most important being the Moscopole moment
-
Albania (the end of the 18th
century), when scholars
Ике
Constantin
Ucuta printed an
Aromanian
textbook for
the children to learn. Codex Dimonie dates from the same period (discovered at
Ohrida,
F.Y.R. Macedonia), a collection of religious texts translated in Aromanian.
There is information that these texts were used by Aromanian families.
Another important element in preserving the Romance awareness is
represented by Roman artefacts to be found everywhere. The famous Via Egnatia
used to cross in antiquity the territories inhabited today by Aromanians; this was
the most important traffic road built by Romans, which even today Aromanians
call the Big Road. Its traces are present even today, both in Albania, where it
started, in
Apollónia
(today Poian), on the Adriatic shore, and in Greece or F.Y.R.
Macedonia. We mention the fact that the most important mountain defiles preserve
Latin names: Giug grub
(<
Lat. jugum),
near Metsovo, at the junctions of waters
between Thessaly,
Epir
and Macedonia. Near the Aromanian place called Pisuderi,
-------------------------------------------------256------------------------------------------------
the
Vigia
(<
Lat.
vigìlia)
mountain gate is to be found. Here, near Pisuderi, between
lakes Kastoria and Prespa, for the first time in history
Aromanians
were attested
under the name of
vlahi
oditi
wandering Vlachs by the Byzantine historian
Kedrenos, and the author claims they killed David, Bulgaria s tsar s brother,
Samuil in
976.
The terms
βιγλα
and
ζυγός
are Greek terms of Latin origin. Also,
through
Beala de
Sus,
a Roman road is crossing connecting Macedonia to
Epir.
It is
not accidental that next to these gates we find until today
Aromanian
settlements
(guarding places). And it is not at all surprising the fact that
Aromanians
from all
researched areas show a lively Romance and Romanian awareness. This finding
has been put forth before on another occasion, when presenting the Albania s plain
area, where once the Romans troops settled.
Aromanian
is represented in the Balkans by several groups, historically
established: the Pindens, the Farsherots, the
Gramostens,
the Grabovens,
completed by the group from
Gopeş
and
Mulovişte (F.Y.R.
Macedonia). Due to the
extraordinary mobility of
Aromanians,
both in the past and in the recent period
(when new settlements have been established once the
transhumant
Farsherots have
settled: Andon
Poci
in Albania, Kristallopiyi in Greece), it is not possible to have a
clear-cut geographical delimitation of these groups. While in Albania the entire
Aromanian
population is made of the Farsherots (added by the small Grabovens
group), in Greece there is a great diversity. With the exception of the Pindens
compact group, settled in the mountainous area of the Pind
—
North Thessaly, the
south of
Epir,
in the rest of Greece (northern half) we can find representatives of all
main groups. For instance, in the Greek Macedonia we find Pindens settlements
(Veria
area), Farsherots (Edessa area, ex-Vodena
-
Naussa,
ex-Neaguşte),
Gramostens
(Mount
Paie
area, at the border with F.Y.R. Macedonia). In F.Y.R. we
find
Gramostens
(Stip-Kočani-Veles
area), Farsherots
(Struga
area:
Beala de
Sus,
Beala de
Jos),
Grabovens and Farsherots
(together with
Gramostens in
Ohrida
area,
in
the small town of
Cruşova),
the
Gopeş-Molovişte
group, etc. At the same time,
in the Thessaly Plain we find Pindens and Farsherots, who have settled in the
shepherds wintering places.
An interesting phenomenon is to be found in some old settlements, where the
base population has added across time members of other groups. Without being the
only example, it is representative the situation from the small
Aromanian
town of
Meţovo
(Arom.
Aminciu),
the most important
Aromanian
community in Greece. In
Aminciu
-
old Pindens place, first mentioned in documents of the 13th century
-
in
time a group of Farsherots have joined. For a long time, the two groups had kept
very well their own speech. In time though, mixed marriages (hardly accepted by
indigene population; see the text from
Meţovo)
have led to what today s
dialectology calls dialect mixture. Even if linguistic theory does not accept the
existence of mixed languages, or a combined language , we identify this dialect
257
mixture
at the speech level. Thus, in the speech of
Meţovo,
a Pindean idiolect, we
identify elements of the Farsherot idiolect, such as the presence of final asyllabic
и
after a consonant cluster (in the Pindean idiolect
и
is voiced in this position, the
same with the Gramostean idiolect). We identified the same phenomenon in the
small town of
Cruşova,
the most important
Aromanian
settlement from F.Y.R.
Macedonia, established
200
years ago, after the destruction of the prosperous
Aromanian
centres of Moscopole (where the Farsherots were the base population)
and
Granáoste,
Niculiţa, Linotopi
(Gramostens
settlements). The base idiolect in
Cruşova
is the one that was once spoken in Moscopole (the 6-unit vowel system
was kept, lacking the opposition a It, like the Farsherot idiolect), but there are also
elements of the Gramostean idiolect (for example, voiced
и
after consonant
clusters).
Supported by texts with comments, we have provided examples to explain
this phenomenon of dialect mixture, emphasising the theoretical importance of our
research.
To the same extent, we mention a concept recently added to dialectology,
namely distance dialect, illustrated usually with examples from German (for
instance, the idiolect of Transylvanian Swabians compared to the idiolect from the
indigene German lands left centuries ago). The distance dialect concept
emphasises the structure unity of some territorially separate idiolects in different
historic eras. Such distance dialects are also the historical dialects of Romanian
-
Dacoromanian,
Aromanian, Meglenoromanian
and Istroromanian. We believe that
this distance dialect concept is more productive that divergent dialect, as used in
Romanian dialectology. It draws our attention to also showing the similarities, not
just the differences. In various dialectology studies, for instance, examples have
been given on the similarities between
Aromanian
and certain Dacoromanian
idiolects (usually from
Banat
and
Cri
sana) or
similarities between certain idiolects
of
Aromanian,
for instance the one in
Gopeş
and
Mulovişte,
and Dacoromanian
(for instance, the phoneme
z
compared to
g
in the rest of
Aromanian:
joc, joi,
ajutór,
compared to
oc,
goi,
agutór.
To the already known information, our
research brings new elements, for example, the adverb
amú
now
,
registered in the
speech from Siracu, Greece, compared to
tóra
(<
gr.
τώρα),
general for the rest of
the idiolects. In Pind, the most conservative area, we identified the word
floare
flower , replaced in the rest of
Aromanian
with loans from other languages:
lulúôâ
(<
gr.
λούλουδα),
Ulice
(a derived form;
cf.
Alb.
lulë),
Jatea
(<
Mac. SI.
kitka),
or
the word
peara pear
,
replaced in other idiolects with
dárda
(<
Alb. dardhe), or
górtu
(of Slavic origin).
Another interesting fact emphasised in our research is the conservative
feature of the Pind area. In the settlements from the Pind, even if it is a mountain
area as an enclave in the Greek environment, the agricultural terminology of Latin
---------------------------------------------------258 ---------------------------------------------------
descent is better kept as compared to other areas:
aratni
(<
aratrum) plough ,
strâmburári
(<
Lat. *stimulariä)
prod ,
ýizmáre
(<
Lat. vindemiare) vine
harvesting ,
vómera
(<
Lat.
vomef) coulter, stubble plough ,
sårcfétfY
(<
Lat.
sarculare)
to hoe . In other
Aromanian
dialects, these
terms
have either not been
attested, or they do not exist:
strâmburári,
ýizmáre
(strâmburári,
fizmári, vómera,
ѕагсТефУ),
or they have been replaced with loan words (domaluc plough ,
cf.
Alb.
domalug).
Our research resulted in numerous similarities with Dacoromanian
-
conservative or innovation facts
-,
some of which never mentioned before. As for
innovations, we are talking about parallel innovations, which show that distance
dialects, without any direct contact, like contemporary
Aromanian,
compared to
Dacoromanian
-
develop not only divergently, but also in a convergent manner.
This is in favour of using the term distance dialect (instead of divergent dialect), as
these dialects have been called in the literature (Schimdt
2010: 201-225).
A research direction initiated by G. Murnu but less subsequently cultivated
is identifying words of
Aromanian
origin in the northern Greek idiolects. G. Murnu
analysed the Pind area, where up till now there is a compact
Aromanian
community, isolated from the Greek environment. A similar phenomenon is to be
found in the
Pieria
land from Greece (the area around
Katerini
town, placed at the
border between Thessaly and F.Y.R. Macedonia). In the villages from this area,
where there is no longer an
Aromanian
community, the local Greek idiolects have
kept so many
Aromanian
words, that we have to admit that this community once
existed but it was assimilated by the Greek population. It is significant that a lot of
these words keep the
Aromanian
phonetics (for instance, the consonants
ş,
č,
that
Greek does not have):
aús
old ,
caçula,
căpuşa, guşa,
vitú f
heifer, one-year-old
kid , etc. This is added with several Greek toponyms based on words of Latin
origin, kept until today in
Aromanian:
Disicata
(Arom.
disíc
I rift
<
lat.
dissecare),
Karpenisi
(<
Arom.
cărpiniş,
derived from
cárpin
<
Lat.
carpen),
Vigia
(Arom.
végľu
<
Lat.
vigilare).
We also mention some local
Aromanian
toponyms,
based on terms of Latin origin: Giug
(<
Lat. jugum),
mountain gate close to
Meţovo,
Ampiråtoare
(<
Lat.
(Via)
Imperatoria,
a toponym close to
Meţovo,
probably the Roman name for Via Egnatia), as well as some Latin village names:
Cornu,
Paltin,
etc.
The continuous presence of the Romanian and Romance element in the area
we have researched may be illustrated with some ethnographic elements, common
with Dacoromanian: the
Căiuiţii
little horses dance and
Sânzienele
fairies .
Aromanians
call
Căiuiţii
aruyuÉári
(cf.
Gr.
άλογος
cal ),
and this tradition is
played by people wearing masks in the New Year morning. We identified this
259
tradition in Vlahoclisura
in Greece.
Aromanians
call the
Sânziene
tradition Taint St.
John
(Lat.
Sancta dies Johannis) which is played by young girls on June
23-24.
The long cohabitation of
Aromanian
with Balkan peoples has determined the
natural process of penetration in their dialect of loan words from Greek, Turkish,
Albanian, Slavic languages. This loans, both old and new, give a specific hue to
Aromanian in comparison with the other dialects of Romanian. They cover various
fields, such as the social area:
bórgi
debt
(<
Turk,
borç
),
bána
life (regressively
derived word from the verb
ЬапефЧ
<
Alb. banoj); trade:
émburV
trader
(<
Gr.
έμπορος),
pazári
fair
(<
Turk,
pazar);
military:
askéri
army
(<
Turk, askerf),
pólim
(Gr.
πόλεμος);
education
dáscal
(< Gr.
δόυσκαλος),
yr
ama
letter
(< Gr.
γράμμα
);
transport:
aftuiană automobile
(<
Gr.
αυτοκίνητο),
staşoni
railway
station
(<
Macedonian
SI.
stašoni),
etc.
Another aspect of Aromanian cohabitation in the Balkans is strongly
illustrated by greetings, often common with those from Balkan languages. There
are similarities with Albanian: mi
псНпЧ
áli
tińie
[lit.] I bow in your honour
=
Alb. falemenderit; with Greek: hiratimati
multi
many compliments
=
Gr.
πολλά
χαιπετίσματα;
cu nkérdu
be it with luck
=
με κέρδος,
etc.
Numerous texts registered on field in a great number of places from Greece,
Albania and F.Y.R. Macedonia have allowed us to develop an updated description
on the one hand of the dialect as a whole and, on the other hand, of various
idiolects: Pindean, Farsherot, Gramostean, as well as the particular idiolects of
Molovişte, Cruşova,
Vlahoclisura.
The most important part of our research is the description
—
in general and
for each region
-
of contemporary Aromanian based on the texts recorded on field.
This description took into account the results of previous research, enriched with
phenomena which are either new or never mentioned before. A special attention
was the specific characteristics of different idiolects.
This presentation first mentions some particularities of the Aromanian
dialect in general.
With regard to Aromanian as a whole, we mention that we identified two
large dialect groups based on the inventory of vowel phonemes: the Farsherot
-
Grabovean group, with
6
vowels {a, e,
г, а, о, и)
and the Gramostean
-
Pindean
group, with
7
vowels (a, e, i,
а, а, о, и);
the first two idiolects, for instance, make
no difference between, for instance,
rău
and
râu,
both of them being pronounced as
rău.
In the Aromanian spoken today, we identify both conservative elements,
such as the presence of vowels e>
і
and the diphthong §a after labial consonants in
words inherited from Latin: per¥ hair , ved¥ I see ,
vină
vein ,
vintu
wind ,
260
fçátâ
girl^
cămeâşă
shirt , etc., or the absence of the diphthong
ti in cani,
mâni,
pani,
as well as innovations, such as the consonantization of semiconsonant
и
in
falling diphthongs: dvdu I hear
(<
Lat.
audio),
cáftu
I search
(<
Lat. *cauto).
The consonant system also contains conservative and innovative elements. The
former includes keeping the consonants
/
and
ή
(also to be found in
Banat)
in
words inherited from Latin:
ľépurV
rabbit
(<
Lat.
lepus,
-orem),
aýíne
vine
(<
Lat.
vinea);
affricates
4
and
U
are also kept (which occur in some varieties of
Dacoromanian):
фасУ
I say
(<
Lat.
dico),
gúdic¥
I judge
(<
Lat. iudico),
etc.
Innovations are the change of
[ľ]
to [y], a recent change, identified in the Farsherot
idiolect and partly in the Gramostean idiolect:
fumęya
the children, the brothers ,
păpinţyi
the parents ey they for
fuméîa
the children, the brothers ,
păpinţH
the
parents ,
eï
they at the other
Aromanians.
As far as morphosyntax is concerned, we have identified some particularities
of the noun inflexion, such as the opposition sgYpl- with masculine nouns taken
from Greek and Turkish:
andrà
/
amirda1 emperor ,
uda
/
udáa1
room . The
plural in ~a4 which we identified with nouns is also found at adjectives taken from
Greek:
haza
(<
gr.
χαζός),
pl.
hazäý.
A particularity of
Aromanian
is the lack of the preposition pe for direct
objects referring to people:
и
ved¥ Ana I see Ann ,
îl¥
vâtâma fráti-su
he killed
his brother , etc. An archaic syntactic feature is also the expression of the
accusative referring to places, showing direction or state, without preposition (like
Latin): neg¥
Sãrúnã
I am going to
Thessaloniki ,
De-auá
Katerini
treţ
фаЏ
hór}
From here to
Katerini
you pass through ten villages ,
şî-l
dúsirâ Óhârda
and they
took him to
Ohrida ;
Вапеф¥
Kure
аи
I live in Korcea . We have identified
contexts where these two features occur:
F
sáta
и
mârtăm¥
Nçáguste
The girl I had
her married in
Neaguşte .
The lack of the preposition pe also occurs with pronouns in a direct object
accusative position:
íl¥vi4úi el¥
I saw him .
The closeness and distance demonstratives do not change their form when
used as adjectives: aist¥ means this one and this ,
afél¥
means that one and
that : aist¥
vini
this one came ,
ómu aíst¥
this man . The dative-genitive forms
are stressed on the ending, not on the root:
aistúi, atâlúi.
A characteristic of Aromanian as far as the verb inflection is concerned is
the change of the verbs of the 3rd conjugation to the 2nd conjugation class, thus in
most idiolects we have only three inflectional classes. A similar phenomenon
occurs in Spanish, Catalan and Sardinian. Most of the idiolects use
umplém¥,
vindém¥, spuném¥, dutém¥,
etc., switching the 3rd conjugation to the 2nd one.
261
The simple perfect maintains the strong etymological forms for 3rd
conjugation verbs:
ârşu
(.<
Lat.
arsi),
cópsu
(<
Lat.
coxi),
ýás¥
(<
Lat. dixi),feê¥(<
Lat.
feci).
The pluperfect is analytic, like western Romance, built with the auxiliary
habere at imperfect and the participle of the lexical verb (augmented with the
vowel
ä): aveám¥
cântată.
Similar forms are found in Balkan languages (Greek,
Albanian, partly in Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavic). The future is built with the
auxiliary
volere
+
present subjunctive (like southern Dacoromanian idiolects):
va
sã
ѕрипЧ
I will say . The negative imperative is formed with the negation nu
+
the
affirmative form:
nu căntă.
Some
Aromanian
idiolects have a tertiary deictic system for locative adverbs
αρά
here (next to me)
-
afia
here (next to you)
-
acló
there as the
Oltenia
idiolect
(aci
-
acia - acolo);
this phenomenon also occurs in Roman Iberia
(Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan) and in
Occitan.
A special attention was drawn in our research on the identification of
characteristics for various idiolects. It is a less obvious issue in the general papers
on
Aromanian.
Only a research carried out on field (questionnaire surveys, text
recordings) makes it possible to identify such characteristics.
Among the particularities of the Farsherot idiolect we mention the fact that
its vowel system counts
6
units, and the speakers make no difference between a
and
ř,
rău
meaning both
rău
bad and
râu
river . Another particularity is the nasal
vowels in the idiolect of the
Plisóf
Farsherots:
săbătă
Saturday ,
p)êçk
he/she
cries . The a vowel prothesis is less frequent at Farsherots, however it occurs with
some words:
асйтригЧ
I buy ,
асгеѕсЧ
I rise .
A phenomenon occurring in the Farsherot idiolect is the labialisation of
vowels
ã
and
і
in non-stressed syllable (pre-stress or post-stress):
Içâgun4
cradle
for
içágãnV
in other idiolects.
The change of
/
to
у (і),
a recent change noticed for the Gramostean idiolect,
occurs also at the Albanian Farsherots:
fúpyi
(fupii) the thieves , yap
(iar)
motley
for
férfi,
far.
There are also a lot of particularities as far as morphology is concerned. In
the nominal inflection, we identified dative-genitive forms such as
a fićópu
the
son s
(<
aficóru,
from
afićórlu,
with rl> r). The Farsherots use such pronominal
forms as
aie
these ,
a noć
ours , a voc yours . The 1st person singular personal
pronoun is mini (homonymous with the accusative), compared to
io in
other
idiolects. At the 3rd person feminine, there is iia (disyllabic) compared to
ęa
in the
other idiolects. Together with el,
4ß,
ef,
§âli
parallel forms occurs with 3rd person
pronouns:
nas, năsă, naş
—,
năse and aţeVi, aţeâu, aţe
f,
aţeâli.
262
In the verb domain, apart from the switch of verbs from the 3rd to the 2nd
conjugation:
spuném¥, vindémV
(see supra), we mention the switch of some verbs
from the 4th conjugation to the 1st and the 2nd conjugations:
avtfári
to hear ,
апигфсагі
to smell . The verb
a fi
to be has the form esc¥ (I) am at the
Plisót
Farsherots and
Ми
at
Sóparì
Farsherots.
A particularity of the Albanian Farsherots is the 1st person singular and 3rd
person plural present indicative form
mutrést¥
I/they watch (for mutrescV). The
3rd person plural present indicative forms are also specific ar¥ (they) ay
ştir¥
(they) know . The 2nd person plural of the imperfect indicative is
cântată
(compared to
cântat
for the rest of
Aromanian).
We notice here the avoidance of
the confusion with the 2nd person plural of the present tense, which led to a
confusion with the simple perfect form. This way the opposition present/past is
more clearly marked:
cãntát
(present)
/
cantati
(imperfect, simple perfect). The
future tense is no longer built with the conjunction
sã:
va
spun,
va
ntreb¥
(compared to
va să
spun¥,
va să
ngreg¥),
like the Pindean idiolect. A similar
phenomenon occurs in Greek and Albanian.
It is specific for the Farsherots to use the adjective
goală
(feminine singular)
with an adverbial value, meaning only, just :
vini el¥goală,
vínirã çáli
goală.
As for the lexical field, we identified some words not registered in the DDA:
ЬіїосЧ
place (unknown etymology),
cotă
tight, narrow
(<
Alb. koce), vič¥
calf
(<
Alb.
viç),
grămbă
couch grass (unknown etymology). It is remarkable the use
of the word
sărună
meaning town (from
Sarúnã,
the dialectal name of
Thessalonica).
We further notice some features of the Gramostean idiolect. The vowel
system has
7
units (marking the opposition
ă/ă).
Full-sounded
и
occurs after any
consonant cluster:
cântu,
dórmu, scúmpu,
socru,
etc. At the end of a word, the
voiced consonants become voiceless at some
Gramostens
from Bulgaria (under a
Slavic influence): slap¥ thin ,
asút¥
I sweat . The same
Gramostens
/
>i
(including in the consonant clusters cf, gf):
iau,
gâiínâ,
Jćem¥,
g lem¥
(compared to
f
au, gâîinâ,
сїетЧ,
gfem¥).
The dative-genitive form of the feminine nouns f+Human] is both a
ти
fari
fei
to the woman/woman s , and
áli mu f ári.
The demonstrative pronoun has the form
aéstu,
aéstâ
(compared to aist¥,
aista)
at Farsherots. We have also identified some specific forms of the possessive
pronoun:
a noşţâ, a voşţâ
(compared to
a noştri, a voştri
at Pindens). The relative-
interrogative pronoun has the form
cári,
dative-genitive
a curi
(compared to
cai, a
cui
at Farsherots).
263
In the verb inflection, we notice the opposition
sc/şţ: crescu/
crésta
I
rise/you rise , compared to
sc/şt
in other idiolects. The future tense keeps the
conjunction
să: va să
ѕрипЧ
(compared to
va
ѕрипЧ
at Farsherots and Pindens).
We also note some specific terms, some of them not registered in the DDA:
armi
souse
(<
Gr.
άρμη),
bârgâdánV
polenta
(<
Bg. burkadanu), in other
idiolects:
cul§ăş4,
сасітасЧ;
Jatea
flower
(<
Bg.
kitka),
compared to
lulúòã
at
Pindens,
Ulič
e
at Farsherots, etc.
We have also identified for the Pindean idiolect some special
characteristics. In phonetics, we mention keeping the final asyllabic
í
after
consonants
/, 4
(in morphophonological opposition with c, g):
saţl (sg.
ѕасЧ
sac ),
уиф
(1st person singular fug4 I leave ),
porţi (sg.
póreu
pig ),
ттаІ
(Ist person
singular
múlgu
I milk ), compared to
saţ,
fua1,
porţ(â),
тйЩа)
in other idiolects.
In the consonant system, a special characteristic of the Pindean idiolect is the
switch of voiceless consonants c, t, p,
ţ,
к,
č
to the respective voiced consonants,
when they are followed by a nasal:
ngárcu
I load ,
múndi
mountain ,
scúmbu
expensive ,
ntférnu
I sifť,
scúngi
expensive PL. ,
ngórnic4
skew-eyed , etc.,
compared to
ncárcu,
mùnti,
seúmpu, ntérnu, scúnki,
псогпісЧ
in the other
idiolects.
The syncope of the non-stressed vowels occurs most frequently at Pindens:
fţea
he was doing ,
vtfça
he was leaving , mga he was eating tea he was
saying ,
alná
he was climbing , ana to gather , etc., compared to
făţea,
fu4§á,
mâcá,
dâţ§â, alina,
aduna.
With adverbs, the form
acşi
like this
(<
Lat. ac-sić)
is specific to Pindens
(compared to
asé,
aşi
in other idiolects). We have also noted in Siracu the adverb
amu
now , replaced in the rest of the idiolects by
tóra
(< Gr.
τώρα).
An interesting phenomenon is the presence of particularities common with
the Farsherot idiolect, which we have identified at the Pindens from Aminciu
(Meţovo)
and which can be explained by the establishing, a long time ago, in this
settlement of a community of Farsherot shepherds. Thus, in this settlement we have
identified a final asyllabic
и
after a consonant cluster, like the Farsherots:
plăng¥
I cry , caft4 I search . To the same extent, we have identified forms that switch
the vowel
і
to
â (â)
in non-stressed position:
trâcúrâ
they were passing ,
vâ^úi
I
was seeing , etc., for
tricúra, viýúi.
Instead of prindi must : prindi
s-cântăm
we must sing , a usual
construction at Pindens, in Aminciu
va
is used:
va s-cântăm
we must sing , like
the Farsherots.
For the
Meţovo-Siracu
area, we have identified the preservation of some
Latin words that have been lost in other idiolects:
floare
(<
Lateas,
-rem),
antilég
------------------------------------------------264 -----------------------------------------------
(<
Lat. intelligere), mi cúlcu
(<
Lat.
collocare),
(the sun)
apúni (< Lat.
apponere),
cătuşă
cat
(<
Lat.
catta
+
suffix
-uşă).
Among the features of the
Mulovişte
idiolect, in the phonetic field we
mention the change of affricates 4>
Š
to z> j* n^e Dacoromanian:
Dumne
ză
μ
for
Dumniçíátj,
joc for
goc. The definite
article for masculine nouns is done like in
Dacoromanian:
ánul,
bărbatul,
cápul
(compared to
ânlu, barbátlu, cáplu
in other
idiolects).
The indefinite pronoun occurs as tot,
tçáta
tót,
tçâte,
like Dacoromanian,
compared to tut,
tută tuţ,
túti
in most of the idiolects.
The
Cruşova
idiolect has some characteristics determined, among others,
by the mixture of the
Aromanians
come from Moscopole, speaking a Farsherot
idiolect, and of
Gramostens
come from Gramoste. Thus, the vowel system has six
units, with no
î
vowel, like the Farsherots. Instead, after consonant cluster, we have
full final
m
like the
Gramostens:
scúmpu, pórtu,
etc. The diphthongs
ęa
and oa
occur the same way as the
Gramostens
use them; some speakers pronounce these
diphthongs as
ę
and
pí,
which is specific to the Farsherot idiolect. A local
particularity caused by the influence of the Slavic dialects is the presence of the
cluster
şc
instead of
şt:
ascéptu
I wait ,
ascérgu
I delete ,
şciu
I know , etc. for
aşteptu, aştergu, ştiu
in most of the idiolects. There are forms without syncope,
like the Farsherots:
murári
woman ,
şuţală
stirrer , as compared to
mľári,
şţâlă
in
other idiolects.
The relative superlative is built with
nai
(of Slavic origin):
nai
búnlu
the
best , like the
Gramostens. Also
like the
Gramostens,
the future tense is built with
the conjunction
să: va să stau.
As far as the lexical field is concerned, in
Cruşova
we registered the use of
furculiţă,
which we have not heard at other
Aromanians
(nor at those from
Romania), which use
ţimbidă
(< Gr.
τσιμπίδα),
bunéla (cf.
Bg. bunelä),
pirúna (<
Gr.
πιρούνι).
This presentation of the
Aromanian
spoken today shows the preservation of
characteristics inherited from Latin, which are built as a common base for all
dialects of Romanian. This common base provided the field for developing the
Romance awareness, to be found everywhere, by numerous artefacts in the lands
inhabited by
Aromanians.
This same common base allowed for Aromamans to
develop in the modern period their Romanian awareness, the same-people and
same-language unity with the Romanians from the north of the Danube.
The long cohabitation with the peoples where
Aromanians
live has made it
possible to develop loaned elements from Greek, Albanian, Slavic, Turkish,
265
languages with which however they have never identified themselves either
ethnically or linguistically.
The geographic area and the social status of
Aromanian
spoken by different
generations, as well as the characteristic of the selected lexical material have been
described by making permanent comparisons with Dacoromanian, proving once
again Dimitrie Cantemir s claim, in Descriptio
Moldáviáé
(De
antiquis
et
hodiemis
Moldáviáé nominibus)
(1716):
Thus, this Walachia, which is placed in Moesia, is
a part of the great Walachia, i.e. the old
Dacia,
and its inhabitants are the remnants
of those Romans which the Emperor Aurelianus, as I said, had transposed from
Dacia
to Moesia. No one could disclaim that these exact Romans [are the
ancestors] of the Romanian population, that lives up to this day in the entire Epir
and around Ianina, as the language itself stands as a proof, considering that they
also speak Romanian
[...] .
Aromanians
are those by means of whom the Rome effigy persists in the
Balkan area.
266
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Nevaci, Manuela |
| author_facet | Nevaci, Manuela |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nevaci, Manuela |
| author_variant | m n mn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041716242 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)876268060 (DE-599)BVBBV041716242 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041716242 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:03:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731671512 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027163333 |
| oclc_num | 876268060 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 270 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Colecţia Aula Magna |
| spelling | Nevaci, Manuela Verfasser aut Identitate românească în context balcanic Manuela Nevaci Bucureşti Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române 2013 270 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Aula Magna Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Romanian identity in the Balkan context Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Mundart (DE-588)4040725-1 gnd rswk-swf Aromunen (DE-588)4068853-7 gnd rswk-swf Aromunisch (DE-588)4112594-0 gnd rswk-swf Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 gnd rswk-swf Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 g Aromunen (DE-588)4068853-7 s Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s DE-604 Aromunisch (DE-588)4112594-0 s Mundart (DE-588)4040725-1 s Geschichte z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027163333&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027163333&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Nevaci, Manuela Identitate românească în context balcanic Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Mundart (DE-588)4040725-1 gnd Aromunen (DE-588)4068853-7 gnd Aromunisch (DE-588)4112594-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4040725-1 (DE-588)4068853-7 (DE-588)4112594-0 (DE-588)4004334-4 |
| title | Identitate românească în context balcanic |
| title_auth | Identitate românească în context balcanic |
| title_exact_search | Identitate românească în context balcanic |
| title_full | Identitate românească în context balcanic Manuela Nevaci |
| title_fullStr | Identitate românească în context balcanic Manuela Nevaci |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identitate românească în context balcanic Manuela Nevaci |
| title_short | Identitate românească în context balcanic |
| title_sort | identitate romaneasca in context balcanic |
| topic | Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Mundart (DE-588)4040725-1 gnd Aromunen (DE-588)4068853-7 gnd Aromunisch (DE-588)4112594-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Identität Mundart Aromunen Aromunisch Balkanhalbinsel |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027163333&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027163333&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nevacimanuela identitateromaneascaincontextbalcanic |