Modern glass characterization:
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley [u.a.]
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 443 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781118230862 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern glass characterization |c ed. by Mario Affatigato |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Provides a state-of-the-art overview of glass characterization that will
appeal to both students and researchers
Glass is the ideal base for all kinds of products -- from optical fibers and light bulbs
to substrates for microarravs and nanoelectronics. Its chemical, physical, and optical
properties make it a versatile material for a vast array of applications, including flat glass,
container glass, optics and optoelectronics, laboratory equipment, and more. The topic of
glass characterization remains a vital and essential part of the work in the field. The last
two decades have brought forth great improvements in many characterization techniques,
creating a growing need for up-to-date references that can be used by researchers and
students who are in or new to the field.
Addressing recent improvements in glass characterization techniques/instrumentation,
case studies, and discussion of future innovations in this area of research, Modern
Glass Characterization consists of a series of edited chapters-focusing on a particular
characterization technique as applied to glass. The chapters feature:
• Discussion of the technique, background, and nuances when interpreting
the results, case studies, and recent and near-future innovations
• Coverage of a variety of techniques ranging from Raman and TT1R
to the most recent ones, such as Atom Probe Tomography (APT) and
advanced NMR
f* . t V • = Y ~1 • , .
• Contributions from highly respected authorities within the field of glass
science
The book is written to appeal to researchers and graduates, both experienced and/or new
to the field. It serves as an invaluable source of research that will help enrich and cultivate
a strong background in characterization techniques for academic and industrial scientists
who use glass as a primary component in their work.
MARIO AFFATIGATO, PhD, is currently Fran Allison and Francis Halpin Professor
of Physics at Coe College, Iowa. Prof. Affatigato’s research interests include optical
properties of glasses and the relationship between those properties and the structure of the
glass. He was awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in
1999, and the Faculty Member Prize for Research in an Undergraduate Institution in 2013
by the American Physical Society. He is a Fellow of The American Ceramic Society and
has published over 80 papers in refereed journals.
ISBN 978-1-118-23086-2
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
List of Contributors xv
ft
1 DENSITY, THERMAL PROPERTIES, AND THE GLASS
TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF GLASSES 1
Steve Feller
Part I: Introduction to Physical Properties and Their Uses 1
Part II: Density 2
1.1 Density: Experimental Background and Theory 2
1.1.1 Overview 2
1.1.2 Experimental Methods and Theory 3
1.1.3 Instrumentation Used for Determining Density 7
1.1.4 Analysis of Data, Extraction of Useful Information, and Other
Ways to Express Density 8
1.1.5 Case Studies from Some Glass Systems 13
1.1.6 Conclusion to Density Measurements 19
Part III: Thermal Effects with a Focus on the Glass Transition Temperature 20
1.2 OVERVIEW 20
1.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND THEORY 20
1.3.2 Differential Thermal Analysis 22
1.4 INSTRUMENTATION USED FOR DETERMINING Tg AND
RELATED THERMAL EVENTS 23
1.4.1 DSCs 23
1.4.2 Differential Thermal Analysis 23
1.5 ANALYSIS OF DATA AND EXTRACTION OF USEFUL
INFORMATION 25
1.6 CASE STUDIES FROM GLASS SYSTEMS 26
1.6.1 The Glass Transition Temperatures of Barium Borosilicate
Glasses [18] 26
1.6.2 Stability Parameters in Lithium Borate Glasses [18] 27
1.7 CONCLUSION TO THERMAL PROPERTIES 30
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 30
REFERENCES 31
v
vi
CONTENTS
2 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES 32
E.I. Kamitsos
2.1 INTRODUCTION 32
2.2 BACKGROUND AND THEORY 34
2.2.1 Refractive Index and Dielectric Function 34
2.2.2 Reflectance Spectroscopy of Bulk Materials 36
2.2.3 Infrared Spectra of Thin Films 42
2.3 INSTRUMENTATION 44
2.4 ANALYSIS OF INFRARED DATA 48
2.4.1 Bulk Glasses 48
2.4.2 Thin Filins of Amorphous Materials 52
2.5 CASE STUDIES 54
2.5.1 Bulk Glasses 54
2.5.2 Glass Thin Films 63
2.6 CONCLUSIONS 68
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 69
REFERENCES 69
3 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES 74
Rui M. Almeida and Luis F. Santos
3.1 INTRODUCTION 74
3.2 BACKGROUND 76
3.2.1 Theory 76
3.2.2 Selection Rules 78
3.2.3 Depolarization of Raman Lines 79
3.3 INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS 80
3.3.1 Light Source 81
3.3.2 Sample Compartment 82
3.3.3 Spectrometer 82
3.3.4 Detector 83
3.3.5 Micro-Raman Spectrometers 84
3.3.6 Resolution 85
3.3.7 Data Analysis 86
3.4 CASE STUDIES 87
3.4.1 Structural Effects of Alkali Incorporation in Silicate Glasses 87
3.4.2 Phase Separation Mechanisms in Transition Metal Phosphate
Glasses 92
CONTENTS
vii
3.4.3 Raman Study of Niobium Germanosilicate Glasses And
Glass-Ceramics 96
3.4.4 Raman Spectroscopy of Chalcogenide Glasses 99
3.5 CONCLUSIONS 103
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 103
REFERENCES 103
4 BRILLOUIN LIGHT SCATTERING 107
John Kieffer
4.1 INTRODUCTION 107
4.2 BACKGROUND AND THEORY 110
4.3 INSTRUMENTATION 117
4.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION CONTENT 126
4.5 EXAMPLES OF CASE STUDIES 133
4.5.1 Room-Temperature Glass 133
4.5.2 Temperature Dependence, Glass Transition, and
Visco-Elasticity 137
4.5.3 Spatially Confined Systems (e.g., Thin Films) 146
4.5.4 Systems Under Pressure 149
4.5.5 Mechanically Fragile Systems, Soft Matter, and Gels 151
4.6 SUMMARY 154
REFERENCES 155
5 NEUTRON DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUES FOR STRUCTURAL
STUDIES OF GLASSES 158
Alex C. Hannon
5.1 INTRODUCTION 158
5.2 INSTRUMENTATION 159
5.2.1 The Neutron 159
5.2.2 The Interactions between a Neutron and a Sample 160
5.2.3 Neutron Sources 161
5.2.4 Neutron Diffractometers 164
5.3 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF NEUTRON DIFFRACTION ON
GLASSES 169
5.3.1 The Static Approximation 169
5.3.2 Scattering from a Single Nucleus 169
5.3.3 Scattering from an Assembly of Nuclei 170
5.3.4 Isotropic Samples 171
5.3.5 Coherent and Incoherent (Distinct and Self) Scattering 171
viii
CONTENTS
5.3.6 Atomic Vibrations 173
5.3.7 Real-space Correlation Functions 180
5.4 THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRON DIFFRACTION TO STUDIES
OF GLASS STRUCTURE 186
5.4.1 Experimental Corrections 186
5.4.2 Resolution 190
5.4.3 Peak Fitting and Integration 194
5.4.4 Normalization of Data 198
5.4.5 Scattering at low Q 200
5.4.6 Sample-Related Difficulties 203
5.4.7 Partial Correlation Functions 209
5.4.8 Interpretation of Results 218
5.4.9 Modeling 226
5.4.10 The PDF Method 229
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 231
REFERENCES 231
FURTHER READING 240
6 X-RAY DIFFRACTION FROM GLASS 241
Christopher J. Benmore
6.1 INTRODUCTION 241
6.2 BACKGROUND/THEORY 244
6.3 ANALYSIS OF DATA, EXTRACTION OF USEFUL
INFORMATION 249
6.4 INSTRUMENTATION 255
6.5 CASE STUDIES 258
6.5.1 Si02 and Oxide Glasses 258
6.5.2 Chalcogenide Glasses 263
6.5.3 Amorphous Materials, Gels, Foams and Fibers 264
6.6 CONCLUSIONS 264
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 266
REFERENCES 267
7 XAFS SPECTROSCOPY AND GLASS STRUCTURE 271
Giuseppe Dalba and Francesco Rocca
7.1 INTRODUCTION 271
7.2 THE ORIGINS OF X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTRA 272
7.3 XAFS INSTRUMENTATION 274
CONTENTS
ix
7.4 THE PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF XAFS 278
7.5 EXAFS 279
7.5.1 EXAFS Formula for Glasses 282
7.6 XAFS DATA ANALYSIS 284
7.6.1 Corrections for Instrumental Errors 284
7.6.2 Pre-edge Background Subtraction 284
7.6.3 Post-edge Background Subtraction 285
7.6.4 Normalization 286
7.6.5 Conversion to ¿-Space, Choice of Threshold Energy E0 and Weighting 286
7.6.6 Transformation from ¿-Space to R-Space 286
7.6.7 Fourier Filtering: Reverse Transformation: from /?-Space to ¿-Space 287
7.6.8 Log Amplitude Ratio and Phases Difference Method 288
7.6.9 Fitting Procedure 288
7.7 EXAFS ACCURACY AND LIMITATIONS 289
7.8 XANES 290
7.9 XAFS SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED TO GLASS STRUCTURE: SOME EXAMPLES 291
7.9.1 Silicate Glasses 292
7.9.2 Silica Glass 294
7.9.3 Silica at High Temperature 294
7.9.4 Silica and Germania Glasses under High Pressure 297
7.9.5 Nanoparticles Embedded in Glasses 300
7.9.6 Study of Ionic Conductivity in Superionic Conducting Glasses Doped with Agl 307
7.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 309
REFERENCES 310
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES 315
Scott Kroeker
8.1 INTRODUCTION 315
8.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 316
8.2.1 Zeeman Effect 316
8.2.2 Magnetic Shielding 318
8.2.3 Quadrupolar Interaction 319
8.2.4 Dipolar Interactions 320
8.2.5 High Resolution Methodologies 320
X
CONTENTS
8.3 INSTRUMENTATION 323
8.3.1 Magnet 323
8.3.2 Probe 325
8.3.3 Radiofrequency Components 326
8.3.4 Computer Control 326
8.3.5 Measurement Uncertainty 327
8.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION 329
8.4.1 Chemical Shift Assignments 329
8.4.2 Information from Quadrupolar Effects 330
8.4.3 Low-y Nuclei 332
8.4.4 Paramagnetic Effects 333
8.5 CASE STUDIES 333
8.5.1 Borophosphate Glasses 333
8.5.2 Aluminosilicate Glasses 336
8.5.3 Borosilicate Glasses 337
8.5.4 Modifier Cations in Alkali Borate Glasses 340
8.6 CONCLUSIONS 341
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 342
REFERENCES 342
9 ADVANCED DIPOLAR SOLID STATE NMR SPECTROSCOPY
OF GLASSES 345
Hellmut Eckert
9.1 INTRODUCTION 345
9.2 THEORETICAL ASPECTS 347
9.2.1 Direct Magnetic Dipole-Dipole Coupling 348
9.2.2 Indirect Magnetic Dipole-Dipole Coupling 349
9.3 HETERONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTS 349
9.3.1 Spin Echo Double Resonance 349
9.3.2 Rotational Echo Double Resonance 350
9.3.3 Rotational Echo Adiabatic Passage Double Resonance 353
9.3.4 Cross-polarization 354
9.3.5 Connectivity Studies Based on the Detection of Indirect
Spin-Spin Interactions 358
9.3.6 Instrumental Considerations and Caveats. 358
9.4 HOMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTS 360
9.4.1 Static Spin Echo Decay Spectroscopy 360
9.4.2 Homonuclear Dipolar Recoupling Experiments 362
9.4.3 Instrumental Considerations and Caveats 369
CONTENTS XI
9.5 CASE STUDIES 370
9.5.1 Spatial Distributions of Mobile Ions in Alkali Silicate and
Borate Glasses 370
9.5.2 Connectivity Distribution in 70 SiO2-30
[(Al2 03)x(P205)1-x] Glasses 374
9.5.3 Speciations and Connectivity Distributions in
Borophosphate and Thioborophosphate Glasses 380
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 386
REFERENCES 386
10 ATOM PROBE TOMOGRAPHY OF GLASSES 391
Daniel Schreiber and Joseph V. Ryan
10.1 INTRODUCTION 391
10.2 BACKGROUND AND THEORY 392
10.3 INSTRUMENTATION 395
10.3.1 APT Specimen Preparation 399
10.3.2 Experimental Procedure and Parameters 401
10.3.3 Data Reconstruction 403
10.4 ANALYSIS METHODS 409
10.4.1 Estimating Error 412
10.5 CASE STUDIES 417
10.5.1 Composition 418
10.5.2 Interfaces 420
10.5.3 Conclusions 424
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 425
REFERENCES 425
Index
431
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:03:27Z |
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| isbn | 9781118230862 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Modern glass characterization ed. by Mario Affatigato Hoboken, NJ Wiley [u.a.] 2015 XV, 443 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Glas (DE-588)4021142-3 gnd rswk-swf Materialcharakterisierung (DE-588)4720368-7 gnd rswk-swf Glas (DE-588)4021142-3 s DE-604 Materialcharakterisierung (DE-588)4720368-7 s Affatigato, Mario Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156654&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156654&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Modern glass characterization Glas (DE-588)4021142-3 gnd Materialcharakterisierung (DE-588)4720368-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021142-3 (DE-588)4720368-7 |
| title | Modern glass characterization |
| title_auth | Modern glass characterization |
| title_exact_search | Modern glass characterization |
| title_full | Modern glass characterization ed. by Mario Affatigato |
| title_fullStr | Modern glass characterization ed. by Mario Affatigato |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern glass characterization ed. by Mario Affatigato |
| title_short | Modern glass characterization |
| title_sort | modern glass characterization |
| topic | Glas (DE-588)4021142-3 gnd Materialcharakterisierung (DE-588)4720368-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Glas Materialcharakterisierung |
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