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Handbook of thermoset plastics:

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2014
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Plastics design library PDL handbook series
Schlagworte:	Thermosetting plastics Kunststoff Duroplast
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	XXV, 768 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781455731077

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_version_	1804151980184043520
adam_text	A Volume in the Plastics Design Library Series Handbook of Thermoset Plastics, Third Edition Edited Ьу Hanna Dodiuk, Sidney H. Goodman With application areas of thermoset plastics ranging from aerospace and medical devices to electronics and the construction industry, Professor Hanna Dodiuk and Sydney H. Goodman provide a comprehensive guide for engineers and scientists involved in manufacturing and designing products with mis key group of plastics. The Handbook of Thermoset Plastics, now in its 3rd Edition, provides a comprehensive survey of the chemical processes, manufacturing techniques and design properties of each polymer, along with their applications. Written by a team of highly experienced researchers and practitioners, the practical implications of using thermoset plastics are presented - both their strengths and weaknesses. The data and descriptions presented here enable engineers, scientists and technicians to form judgments and take action on the basis of informed analysis. This new edition updates the prior edition s chapters and adds 8 new chapters, together covering all thermoset resins from the oldest to the novel ones, including chemistry, properties and applications. The stracture-process-property relationships are described followed by relevant examples. The novel directions in nanotechnology, the trend in renewable sources and new thermoset resins are described in specific chapters as well as novel processing and characterization methods specifically for thermoset resins. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Professor Hanna Dodiuk received her PhD in 1977, all with honors, in Chemistry from Tel Aviv University, Israel. Head of the Adhesion Group in the Materials and Processes Department of the Israeli Armament Development Authority (ADA) since 1981, Professor Dodiuk was Director of the same Department from 1991 to 1997. She joined Shenkar College of Engineering and Design in 1997 where she was appointed the Head of the Polymers and Plastics Engineering Department in 2006. She was also Visiting Professor at me Polytechnic University of New York, USA, at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA and at UMASS Lowell, Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing, USA as well as visiting scientist at HPM Company, Los Angeles, USA and at Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. Furthermore, Professor Dodiuk was the President of the Israeli Polymer & Plastics Society during 1998-2000 and was nominated as honorary fellow in 2013. She also served as expert evaluator on the EU s R&D Grant Frameworks 4-7. Professor Dodiuk is a member of the Editorial Boards of the International Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology and the Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives . She has delivered more than 160 lectures and conference contributions in Europe, the USA, Australia and Japan. Professor Dodiuk is author or co-author of 130 scientific publications, holder of 15 patents and editor of two books. Sidney H. Goodman has over 40 years of industry experience, most recently working for Hughes Aircraft Co. (now Raytheon, Inc.) as Development Engineer and Line and Program Manager responsible for programs for the US Air Force, Navy, Army, NASA and DOE, as well as major technology transfers with General Motors. He also taught Chemistry courses at the University of Illinois and University of Louisville as well as Plastics Material and Processes courses as a Senior Lecturer at the University of Southern California, Department of Chemical Engineering. Mr. Goodman is Senior Member of the Society of Plastics Engineers and the Society for die Advancement of Materials and Processes Engineering. He has participated in the Test Methods/Technical Committee of the Society of the Plastics Industry, been a member of the Modern Plastics Management Advisory Panel, Industrial Advisor to the Los Angeles Trade Technical College, and consulted for Де California State Office of Competitive Technology. Beside editing and contributing to the first two editions of die Handbook of Thermoset Plastics Mr. Goodman is me author of numerais papers and presentations, co-authored the Handbook of Plastics Materials and Processes and holds a patent covering coating of optical fibers. RELATED TITLES Michel Biron. Thermasets and Composites, 2nd edition © 2013. ISBN: 9781455731244 Johannes Karl Fink, Reactive Polymers Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition © 2013. ISBN: 9781455731497 ELSEVIER William Andrew Applied Science Publishers Contents» Preface .................................................................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................xxi About the Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xxiii List of Contributors .............................................................................................................................................xxv 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Hanna Dodiuk and Sidney H. Goodman History ................................................................................................................................................................2 Definitions ..........................................................................................................................................................2 Cross-Linking and Curing .................................................................................................................................3 Influence of Time, Temperature, and Mass ......................................................................................................4 Shelf Life and Pot Life ......................................................................................................................................7 Curing .................................................................................................................................................................7 Staging ...............................................................................................................................................................8 Cross-Link Density .......................................................................................................................................9 Stoichiometric Considerations .........................................................................................................................10 Prepolymerization and Adducting ...................................................................................................................11 ····························■················■···········■···»·········· A. Pizzi and C.C. ¡beh Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 13 Phenolic Resins ...........................................................................................................................................14 Raw Materials ..................................................................................................................................................15 Phenol ...............................................................................................................................................................15 Cumene Process for Making Phenol ..........................................................................................................15 Raschig Process ..........................................................................................................................................15 Dow Process ...............................................................................................................................................15 Formaldehyde (CH20) ................................................................................................................................16 Hexamethylene Tetramine (Hexamine or HEXA ) (CH2)6N4 ................................................................16 Resinification (Production) of Phenol—Formaldehyde Resins .......................................................................16 Reaction Chemistry ....................................................................................................................................16 Polymerization Process ...............................................................................................................................16 Resole Phenolic Resins ..............................................................................................................................19 Novolak Phenol—Formaldehyde Resins ....................................................................................................19 Differences Between Resole and Novolac Phenolic Resins ......................................................................20 Properties of Phenolic Resins .....................................................................................................................20 Fillers for Phenolic Resins .........................................................................................................................23 Processing Methods for Phenolic Resins ...................................................................................................25 Applications of Phenolic Resins ................................................................................................................25 . · vu VIII Contents Phenolic Resins in Plywood .......................................................................................................................25 Other Composite Wood Products ...............................................................................................................27 Reactivity and Hardening Reactions of PF Wood Adhesive Resins ........................................................27 Phenolic Resins in Adhesive and Bonding Applications ..........................................................................29 Phenolic Resins as Insulation Materials ....................................................................................................29 Phenolic Resins in Friction Materials .............................................................................................................29 Bonded and Coated Abrasives ...................................................................................................................30 Phenolic Resins in Foundry and Shell Molding Applications ..................................................................31 Shell Molding Process ................................................................................................................................31 Cold Box Process .......................................................................................................................................31 Trends in Foundry and Shell Molding .......................................................................................................31 Phenolic Resins in Laminating Applications .............................................................................................32 Phenolic Resins in Molding Applications ..................................................................................................33 Phenolic Resins in Coating Applications ...................................................................................................35 Modification of Phenolic Resins ................................................................................................................36 Resorcinol Adhesives .................................................................................................................................37 Chemistry of RF Resins .............................................................................................................................38 Phenol—Resorcinol— Formaldehyde Adhesives ........................................................................................39 Special Adhesives of Reduced Resorcinol Content ...................................................................................40 Thermosetting Phenolic Adhesives Based on Natural Resources .............................................................41 Polybenzoxazine—new generation phenolics.....................................................................~..M..~»^»~»>~~>45 K.S. Santhosh Kumar and C.P. Reghunadhan Nair Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................45 Synthesis of Benzoxazine Monomers (BZ) ....................................................................................................46 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Benzoxazines .............................................................................................47 Regioselectivity and Cross-Linked Structure ..................................................................................................47 Inter/Intramolecular Н -Bonding ...................................................................................................................... 49 Kinetics of Thermal Cure ................................................................................................................................49 Structure-Property Relationships .....................................................................................................................51 Benzoxazines Containing Additional Curable Moieties ............................................................................51 Unfunctionalized Polybenzoxazines ..........................................................................................................56 Main Chain Polybenzoxazines ...................................................................................................................60 Blends/Composites of Polybenzoxazines ........................................................................................................61 Co-Reactive and Non-Reactive Blends ......................................................................................................61 Fiber and Micro Composites ......................................................................................................................65 Nanocomposites of PBZ .............................................................................................................................66 Green Chemistry Approaches in PBZ .............................................................................................................67 Click Chemistry in PBZ ..................................................................................................................................68 Stability and Degradation ................................................................................................................................69 Outlook .............................................................................................................................................................69 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................70 Ашгооѕ^ж................................... .................................................. .........~~. .............................................^.....75 A. Pizzi and C.C. ¡beh introduction ......................................................................................................................................................75 Raw Materials ..................................................................................................................................................76 Urea ............................................................................................................................................................76 Contents ix Melamine ....................................................................................................................................................76 Chemistry of UF Resins: Urea—Formaldehyde Condensation .......................................................................77 Chemistry of MF Resins: Melamine—Formaldehyde Condensation .............................................................78 Mixed Melamine Resins .............................................................................................................................80 General Principles of Manufacture and Application ......................................................................................80 Adhesive and Bonding Resins ....................................................................................................................83 Coating Resins ............................................................................................................................................83 Laminating Resins ......................................................................................................................................84 Amino Molding Resins ...............................................................................................................................84 Applications of Amino Resins ........................................................................................................................88 Adhesive and Bonding ...............................................................................................................................88 Coatings ......................................................................................................................................................88 Laminating ..................................................................................................................................................89 Molding .......................................................................................................................................................90 Miscellaneous .............................................................................................................................................91 5 Furans .............................................................................................................................................................93 A. Gandini and M.N. Belgacem Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................93 Resins from Furfuryl Alcohol and Furfural ....................................................................................................96 Photocross-Linkable Furan Polyesters ..........................................................................................................100 Furan Polyurethane Foams ............................................................................................................................101 Photoresists from Pending Furan Chromophores .........................................................................................102 Ion-Exchange Resins Based on 2- Vinylfuran ...............................................................................................104 Networks Based on Diels-Alder Polycondensations .....................................................................................105 6 Unsaturated Polyesters and Vinyl Esters ......................................................^..^..........„..................^... Andreas Kandelbauer, Gianluca Tondi, Oscar C. Zaske and Sidney H. Goodman Unsaturated Polyesters ................................................................................................................................... Ill History ...................................................................................................................................................... Ill Chemistry ..................................................................................................................................................112 Recent Developments in Production Technology ...................................................................................120 Properties of Neat Unsaturated Polyester Resin Pre-Polymer ................................................................122 Properties of Styrenated Unsaturated Polyester Resin Liquid ................................................................123 Properties of Cured Unsaturated Polyester Materials ..............................................................................123 Vinyl Ester Resins .........................................................................................................................................125 General Remarks ......................................................................................................................................125 Chemistry ..................................................................................................................................................126 Properties of Vinyl Ester Resins ..............................................................................................................127 Special Vinyl Ester Resins .......................................................................................................................128 Compounding of Unsaturated Polyester and Vinyl Ester Resins .................................................................130 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................130 Curing Systems .........................................................................................................................................130 Inhibitors ...................................................................................................................................................132 Ultraviolet Absorbers ...............................................................................................................................133 Thixotropic/Flow Control Agents ............................................................................................................133 Fillers ............................................................................................................_.......................;..............134 Thickening Agents» .......................................................___.___________:..____».—...__ .....л.;..-....;.^ 136 Contents Fiber Reinforcements ...............................................................................................................................137 Property Modification of Unsaturated Polyesters .........................................................................................137 Performance Improvement of UPR by Design of UPR-Nanocomposites ..............................................137 Flame Retardance .....................................................................................................................................140 UPR Shrinkage .........................................................................................................................................144 Applicable Manufacturing Processes ............................................................................................................149 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................149 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced UPR and VER .......................................................................................151 Other Processes and Applications of UPR and VER (Typically Non-Fiber-Reinforced) ......................161 Alivi« 173 Gianluca Tondi, Andreas Kandelbauer and Sidney H. Goodman Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................173 PolydiallyldiglycolcarbonateíCR^)........................................................................................................... 174 General Aspects ........................................................................................................................................174 Chemistry ..................................................................................................................................................175 Polymerization and Processing ................................................................................................................176 Formulation ...............................................................................................................................................176 Properties ..................................................................................................................................................177 Applications ..............................................................................................................................................178 Trade Names .............................................................................................................................................180 Polydiallyl Phthalates ....................................................................................................................................181 General Aspects ........................................................................................................................................181 Chemistry ..................................................................................................................................................181 Polymerization and Processing ................................................................................................................181 Formulation ...............................................................................................................................................183 Properties ..................................................................................................................................................183 Applications ..............................................................................................................................................186 Trade Names .............................................................................................................................................187 Witold Brostow, Sidney H. Goodman and Joshua Wahrmund Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................191 History ......................................................................................................................................................191 Basic Chemistry and Some General Remarks .........................................................................................191 Detailed Chemistry ........................................................................................................................................195 Resin Types ..............................................................................................................................................195 Curing Process, Curatives, and Cross-Linking Reactions .......................................................................200 Stoichiometry ............................................................................................................................................200 Alkaline Curing Agents ............................................................................................................................202 Acid-Curing Agents ..................................................................................................................................206 Formulation Principles .............................................................................................................................211 Characterization of Epoxies ..........................................................................................................................217 Heat of Reaction .......................................................................................................................................221 Molecular Weight, Segment Mobility, Cross-Link Density, and Glass Transition __............................234 Gelation ...........................................................................................................___..........„........................241 Vitrification .............................................................................................................„................................243 Applications ............................................................................................................... .„»,^»^«.^ .......244 Contents xi 9 Polyurethanes ...............................................................................................................................................253 Helena Janik, Maciej Sienkiewicz and Justyna Kucinska-Lipka Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................253 General Characteristics of Polyurethanes.....................................................................................................254 Raw Materials Used in the Synthesis of Cross-Linked Polyurethanes ........................................................258 Isocyanates ................................................................................................................................................258 Oligomerols ..............................................................................................................................................261 Low-Molecular-Weight Chain Extenders and Cross-Linking Agents ....................................................263 Catalysts ....................................................................................................................................................264 Blowing Agents ........................................................................................................................................264 Auxiliary Agents .......................................................................................................................................265 Synthesis and Cross-Linking Reactions of Polyurethanes ............................................................................266 Cross-Linking of Polyurethanes via Multifunctional Polyols .................................................................267 Cross-Linking of Polyurethanes via Multifunctional Cross-Linkers .......................................................269 Cross-Linking of Polyurethanes via Allophanate or Biuret Bonds .........................................................269 Cross-Linking of Polyurethanes via Products of the Dimerization or Trimerization of Isocyanates ....270 Cross-Linking of Polyurethanes in Radical Reactions ............................................................................273 Morphology of Linear/Branched vs. Cross-Linked Polyurethanes ..............................................................275 Linear/Branched PU .................................................................................................................................275 Cross-Linked PU ......................................................................................................................................277 Manufacturing Methods and Technical and Functional Properties of Thermosetting Polyurethanes .........279 Polyurethane Foams .................................................................................................................................284 Polyurethane Coatings and Adhesives .....................................................................................................286 Cross-Linked Polyurethanes in Medicine ................................................................................................288 10 High-Performance Polyimides and high temperature resistant polymers ............................................ 297 Kreisler S. Y. Lau Historical Perspective ....................................................................................................................................297 Polyimides from Condensation Reactions ....................................................................................................299 Thermoplastic Polyimides .............................................................................................................................314 DuPont NR-150 Polyimides .....................................................................................................................318 General Electric Ultem® PolyOEther-Imides) ..........................................................................................318 Amoco Torion® PolyiAmide-Imides) ......................................................................................................325 Ciba-Geigy Fully Imidized Indane-Based Polyimides ............................................................................329 Soluble, Fully Imidized Fluorinated Polyimides .....................................................................................332 Addition-Curable Polyimides and Other Polymers ......................................................................................335 Nadirnide-Terminated Thermosetting Polyimides ........................................................................................336 Modified Nadimide End-Groups ..............................................................................................................343 AFR700B Development ...........................................................................................................................344 Maleimide-Terminated Thermosetting Polyimides .......................................................................................344 Cyanate-Terminated Thermosetting Polymers ..............................................................................................351 Cyanate Ester SIPNs .................................................................................................................................355 Polyimide-Based Cyanate Esters ..............................................................................................................355 Polycyanurates for Flame Retardancy .....................................................................................................356 Polycyanurates in Electronic Applications ..............................................................................................356 High-Temperature Thermosetting Resins Based on Phthalonitrile. .........------.-----------........—..............356 Acetylene-Terminated Thermosetting Polymers ...........................................—.-—.„,...„~....„.r------.,,..»....361 Acetylene-Terminated Quinoxalines...... ............................................................... ^„^^..u/·^^··.^.»;··... 362 xii Contents Acetylene-Terminated Sulfones ...............................................................................................................364 Acetylene-Terminated Imide Oligomers ..................................................................................................364 Isoimide Modification of Polyimides .......................................................................................................367 Cure Mechanism of Acetylene-Terminated Oligomers ...........................................................................369 Propargyl-Terminated Oligomers ..................................................................................................................374 Phenylethynyl-Terminated Thermosetting Polymers ....................................................................................374 Applicability of Thermoset Isoimides/Imides to Resin Transfer Molding Processing ................................382 Industrial Effort in RTM-able Aerospace Resins ....................................................................................383 Relevance of Polyimides to RTM Processing .........................................................................................384 Low-Viscosity SEPN Imide Blends ..........................................................................................................384 Galvanic Corrosion Resistance of Polyimide Composites ...........................................................................385 Mechanism of Corrosion ..........................................................................................................................385 Insulative Coatings ...................................................................................................................................386 Conductive Polymer Blends .....................................................................................................................386 Imide Structural Analogs ..........................................................................................................................387 High-Performance Polymers for Lightning Strike Protection ......................................................................387 High-Temperature Resistant Coatings .....................................................................................................388 Conductive Paint and Adhesive Formulations .........................................................................................388 Nonmetallic Conductive Materials ...........................................................................................................388 Ultrahigh Temperature Resistant Polymers ..................................................................................................388 Chemical Structures Suitable for Ultrahigh Temperature Use .....................................................................389 Heterocyclic Ladder-like Structures .........................................................................................................389 Bisazoles ...................................................................................................................................................390 Phthalocyanine Polymers .........................................................................................................................393 Adamantane and Related Structures ........................................................................................................393 Hydrogen-Free Polyimides .......................................................................................................................393 Novel Cross—Linking Mechanisms for Stability at Ultrahigh Temperatures ..............................................3% Biphenylene ..............................................................................................................................................396 P^Paracyclophane .................................................................................................................................397 Benzocyclobutene .....................................................................................................................................399 Acenaphthylene ........................................................................................................................................401 Diazine ......................................................................................................................................................401 Thermosets as Dielectric Interlayers in Integrated Circuit (1С) Fabrication ...............................................403 Polymer-Ceramic Materials ...........................................................................................................................409 Silicon Alkoxide-Derived Polymer Ceramic Materials ...........................................................................410 Aluminium Phosphate and Silicate Refractory Materials .......................................................................412 Partially Stabilized Zirconia .....................................................................................................................412 Organically Modified Litidionite .............................................................................................................412 Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites ................................................................................................................412 Solgel-Derived Polyimide-Silica Nanocomposites ..................................................................................413 Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................................413 АА х-уЯмаіС CatCrS Andreas Kandelbauer Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................425 Chemistry ...............................................................................„......................................................................427 Characterization and Reaction Monitoring ...................................................................................................429 Optical Spectroscopy ................................................................................................................................429 Thermal Methods Contents xiii Processing of Cyanate Ester Resins ..............................................................................................................430 Properties of Cyanate Esters ..........................................................................................................................431 Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties ......................................................................................431 Gelation of Cyanate Ester Resins ............................................................................................................433 Dimensional Stability Upon Curing—Shrinkage Behavior .....................................................................433 Hydrolysis Behavior .................................................................................................................................433 Properties of Cyanate Ester Blends with Epoxy and BMI...........................................................................435 Recent Developments ....................................................................................................................................437 Novel Cyanate Ester Monomers ..............................................................................................................437 Recently Covered Aspects of Processing Cyanate Ester Resins .............................................................446 Applications ...................................................................................................................................................449 Trade Names ..................................................................................................................................................452 12 Maleimide-Based Alder-Enes .....................................................................................................................459 M. Satheesh Chandran and C.P. Reghunadhan Nair Introduction to Bismaleimides ......................................................................................................................459 Synthesis and Structure-Property Relationship of BMIs .........................................................................459 Modification Approaches of BMIs ..........................................................................................................462 Maleimide-Based Alder-Ene Polymers .........................................................................................................462 Reaction Sequence of Alder-Ene Polymerization ...................................................................................462 Alder-Ene Polymers from Various Allyl-Maleimide Compounds ...............................................................463 BMI and Ally! Phenol-Formaldehyde Alder-Ene Systems .....................................................................463 Bismaleimide-Allyl Phenol Systems ........................................................................................................467 Alder-Ene Polymers with Other Allyl Compounds .................................................................................478 Alder-Ene Polymer Blends ............................................................................................................................486 Thermoset Incorporated High-Performance Alder-Ene Blends ..............................................................486 Thermoplastic-Toughened Alder-Ene Polymers ......................................................................................491 Nano-Modified Alder-Ene Polymers .............................................................................................................495 Shape Memory Alder-Ene Polymers .............................................................................................................497 Kinetics of Alder-Ene Polymerization ..........................................................................................................499 Outlook ...........................................................................................................................................................505 Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................................505 M.J ÌJjf DletUC IOuIIBS łł«»»«»»t»«»»««t>»«»««»ł»t»««»»»»»tt«»«»t«tł«ł«««t»»«t»tiM««^««»>»>»Hł»»t ....... »■««»««««»«♦пні»»»·»»*»»« ....... w««H>«»4«it»t«>iJl Л Bibin John and C.P. Reghunadhan Nair Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................511 Matrices Used in Syntactic Foams ...........................................................................................................511 Microspheres in Syntactic Foams ............................................................................................................517 Structure of Syntactic Foams ...................................................................................................................518 Preparation of Syntactic Foams ...............................................................................................................518 Features of Syntactic Foams ....................................................................................................................519 Syntactic Foams Based on Thermosets .........................................................................................................520 Epoxy Syntactic Foams ............................................................................................................................520 Phenolic Syntactic Foams ........................................................................................................................525 Polybenzoxazine Syntactic Foams ...........................................................................................................530 Cyanate Ester Syntactic Foams ................................................................................................................530 Polyimidc Syntactic Foams ............................................................. ,;.^........-.. —....— «Л. __ ...«.^..«¿..........ЅЗ! Polyurethane Syntactic Foams .................-.-.........................__ уш^шшм ........-------------534 xiv Contents Polybenzimidazole Syntactic Foams ........................................................................................................534 Polyester Syntactic Foams ........................................................................................................................534 Silicone Syntactic Foams .........................................................................................................................534 Elastomeric Syntactic Foams ...................................................................................................................535 Carbon-Carbon Syntactic Foams ..............................................................................................................535 Recent Advances in Syntactic Foams ...........................................................................................................535 Fiber-Reinforced Syntactic Foams ...........................................................................................................536 Nano Reinforcement in Syntactic Foams ................................................................................................540 Rubberized Syntactic Foams ....................................................................................................................541 Functionally Graded Syntactic Foams .....................................................................................................542 Syntactic Foam Core Sandwich Composites ...........................................................................................543 Shape Memory Polymer (SMP)-Based Syntactic Foams ........................................................................544 Applications of Syntactic Foams ...................................................................................................................546 Buoyancy Applications .............................................................................................................................546 As Thermal Insulation Materials ..............................................................................................................546 Aerospace Industry Applications .............................................................................................................546 In Radomes ...............................................................................................................................................547 Sports Industry Applications ....................................................................................................................547 Furniture Applications ..............................................................................................................................547 As Synthetic Marble .................................................................................................................................547 As Plug-Assist Materials ..........................................................................................................................548 Military Applications ................................................................................................................................548 Miscellaneous Applications ......................................................................................................................548 Outlook ...........................................................................................................................................................548 Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................................548 14 Günter Lorenz, Andreas Kandelbauer Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................555 Silicone Elastomers .......................................................................................................................................557 Room-Temperature-Vulcanizing Silicones (RTV-Silicones) ..................................................................558 High-Temperature-Vulcanization Silicones (HTV-Silicones) .................................................................563 Silicone Laminates .........................................................................................................................................566 Silicones in the Medical Device Industry [27].............................................................................................567 Special Silicones ............................................................................................................................................568 UV-Curing ................................................................................................................................................568 Silicone-Based Thermoplastic Elastomer ................................................................................................569 Silicone Fluids ...............................................................................................................................................569 Dimethyl Types ........................................................................................................................................571 Methylphenyl Types .................................................................................................................................573 Other Fluid Types/Copolymers .....................................................................................................................573 15 Biobased Thermosets .----------.---------------------------------- MM.MWMMMM.MMM.WMM...wmM.m.m.MMM.MMMMM..m.MMm.577 Ana Dotan Polymers from Renewable Sources ...............................................................................................................577 Determination of Bio-Based Content in Polymers .......................................................................................578 Raw Materials for Renewable Sources Polymers .........................................___........................................579 Natural Oils Contents xv Glycerol ....................................................................................................................................................588 Saccharides ...............................................................................................................................................588 Polyphenols ...............................................................................................................................................589 Proteins .....................................................................................................................................................592 Thermoset from Renewable Sources .............................................................................................................594 Epoxy ........................................................................................................................................................594 Bio-Based Unsaturated Polyester .............................................................................................................598 Bio-Based Polyurethanes ..........................................................................................................................602 Bio-Based Alkyd Resins ...........................................................................................................................610 Bio-Based Phenolic Resins ......................................................................................................................612 16 Nanotechnology Based Theiraosets..........................................«.......^ Olga Shepelev, Sam Kenig and Hanna Dodiuk Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................605 Nanoclays .......................................................................................................................................................605 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................605 Characterization of Polymer Clay Nanocomposites ................................................................................607 Epoxy/Nanoclay Compositions ................................................................................................................607 Unsaturated Polyesters (UP)/Nanoclay Compositions .............................................................................610 Phenolic Resins/Nanoclay Compositions .................................................................................................613 Polyurethane (PLO/Nanoclay Compositions ............................................................................................615 Polyimide (PiyNanoclay Compositions ...................................................................................................617 POSS ..............................................................................................................................................................619 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................619 Epoxy/POSS Nanocomposites ..................................................................................................................620 POSS in Polyurethanes, Unsaturated Polyester, Phenolics, and Polyimides ..........................................623 Nano Silica .....................................................................................................................................................628 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................628 Epoxy/Silica Nanocomposites ..................................................................................................................628 UP, PU, Phenolics, and Pi/Silica Nanocomposites .................................................................................632 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) ..............................................................................................................................636 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................636 Epoxy/CNT Nanocomposites ...................................................................................................................638 CNTs in UPR, Phenolic Resin, PUR, and Pi-Based Nanocomposites ...................................................641 Graphene and Expanded Graphite .................................................................................................................647 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................647 Epoxy/GNP and EG Nanocomposites ......................................................................................................649 GNP and EG in Polyimide, UPS, PU, and Phenolics .............................................................................653 Tungsten Disulfide .........................................................................................................................................656 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................656 Epoxy/W^ Composites ...........................................................................................................................657 Rodney Patterson, Andreas Kandelbauer, Uwe Müller and Herfried Lammer Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................697 Radiation Cross-Linking of Thermoplastics .................................................................................................698 Effects of Radiation Cross-Linking on Thermoplastic Polymers .................................................................703 Polyethylene ..............................................................................................................................................703 xvi Contents Polypropylene ...........................................................................................................................................703 Polyvinylchloride....................................................................................................................................707 Chemical Cross-Linking with Organic Peroxides ........................................................................................708 Effects of Peroxide Cross-Linking on Thermoplastic Polymers ..................................................................708 Polyethylene ..............................................................................................................................................708 Polypropylene ...........................................................................................................................................711 Cross-Linking of Thermoplastics Using Silane Grafting Reagents .............................................................712 Effects of Silane Cross-Linking on Thermoplastic Polymers ......................................................................715 Comparison of Cross-Linking Methods ........................................................................................................715 Applications of Cross-Linked Thermoplastics ..............................................................................................716 Polyolefin Foams ......................................................................................................................................716 Rotational Molding ...................................................................................................................................719 Heat-Shrinkable Tubing ...........................................................................................................................723 Cross-Linked Acrylates ............................................................................................................................730 Fluoride-Containing Polymers .................................................................................................................733 18 Processing .^.^^^.^.^.^„„...^^^^..^..^..^..^^^^^..^..^^^..^...........^.....^...^^^^...^.^..^^.-п^^^.^^.пг^Уд^ Andreas Kandelbauer Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................739 Processing of Monomers: Online Monitoring of Resin Synthesis ...............................................................740 General Aspects ........................................................................................................................................740 Optical Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy ............................................................................................741 Processing of Pre-Polymers: Online Monitoring of Resin Flow and Resin Cure During Composite Manufacture ...............................................................................................................744 General Aspects ........................................................................................................................................744 SMARTweave Sensor ..............................................................................................................................746 Dielectric Analysis Sensor .......................................................................................................................747 Ultrasonic Sensors ....................................................................................................................................748 Fiber Optic Measurement, Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors ........................................................................749 Other Online Monitoring Methods ...........................................................................................................750 At-Line and Off-Line Methods for Resin Cure Modeling: Thermal Analysis .......................................751 Comparison of Common Methods for Determining Resin Flow and Resin Cure During Composite Processing ..............................................................................................................753 Appendix: Polybenzoxazines - Commercial Information ..................................................................................759 Index ....................................................................................................................................................................761
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spelling	Handbook of thermoset plastics [edited by] Hanna Dodiuk ... 3. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2014 XXV, 768 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Plastics design library PDL handbook series Thermosetting plastics Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 gnd rswk-swf Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 s DE-604 Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s Dodiuk, Hanna Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156142&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156142&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
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subject_GND	(DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4150907-9
title	Handbook of thermoset plastics
title_auth	Handbook of thermoset plastics
title_exact_search	Handbook of thermoset plastics
title_full	Handbook of thermoset plastics [edited by] Hanna Dodiuk ...
title_fullStr	Handbook of thermoset plastics [edited by] Hanna Dodiuk ...
title_full_unstemmed	Handbook of thermoset plastics [edited by] Hanna Dodiuk ...
title_short	Handbook of thermoset plastics
title_sort	handbook of thermoset plastics
topic	Thermosetting plastics Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 gnd
topic_facet	Thermosetting plastics Kunststoff Duroplast
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156142&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156142&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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