Verfügbarkeit: Thermosets and composites

Thermosets and composites: material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Biron, Michel 1936- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2014
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	PDL handbook series
Schlagworte:	Thermosetting plastics Plastics industry and trade Verbundwerkstoff Duroplast Kunststoff Kunststoffindustrie
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	XX, 526 S. Ill.
ISBN:	9781455731244 1455731242

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804151980082331648
adam_text	A Volume in the Plastics Design Library Series Thermosets and Composites Material Selection, Applications, Manufacturing and Cost Analysis Second Edition Michel Biron This second edition contains a new section on composites solutions for practical problems gathering information on trends contributing to the breakthrough of composites in Aeronautics, Automotive transportation, Building & Civil engineering, Shipbuilding, E & E, Anticorrosion, and Wind energy. Other new sections on specific crosslinking processes, processing trends, machinery and equipment manufacturers, applications, bio-sourced thermosets and natural fibers, and recycling of thermosets and composites are included. Case studies are provided to illustrate a wide range of design and production challenges. Furthermore, new market data and information about health and safety have been added. Information is included on carbon fibers, bensoxazoles and benzoxazines, photo-crosslinkable polymers, graphenes, and the most recent materials such as unsaturated polyesters, polybenzoxazole, WPCs, and photo-curable resins. All data is fully updated throughout, with pricing in USD and EUR, and both ASTM and European standards. By providing the knowledge necessary for selecting a fabrication process, thermoset material and methods for determining the all-important cost of thermoset parts this new edition is an invaluable decision-making aid and reference work for practitioners in a field with growing importance. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Michel Biron has held managing positions in manufacturing, R & D, customer support, scientific and technical information, in international companies as well as in technical centers dealing with industrial polymers. Currently a consultant, he is working on several publications and works concerning the industrial polymer area. RELATED TITLES Handbook of Thermoset Plastics, 3e, Goodman & Dodiuk ISBN: 9781455731077 Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites, 2e, Biron ISBN: 9781455778980 William Andrew Applied Science Publishers www.wffluunandfcw.coffi Contentei Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................................... XV Acronyms and Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................XVII 1 Outline of the Actual Situation of Plastics Compared to Conventional Materials ......................1 1.1 Polymers: The Industrial and Economic Reality Compared to Traditional Materials ...............................1 1.1 Plastic and Metal Consumption ........................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Mechanical Properties ......................................................................................................................3 1.3 Thermal and Electrical Properties ....................................................................................................4 1.1.4 Durability ..........................................................................................................................................5 1.1.5 Material Costs ...................................................................................................................................7 1.2 What are Thermosets, Composites, and Hybrids? ......................................................................................8 1.2.1 Thermosets .......................................................................................................................................8 1.2.2 Polymer Composites .......................................................................................................................11 1.2.3 Hybrid Materials .............................................................................................................................12 1.3 Plastics: An Answer to the Designer s Main Problems ............................................................................13 1.3.1 Economic Requirements .................................................................................................................13 1.3.2 Technical Requirements .................................................................................................................14 1.3.3 Marketing Requirements ................................................................................................................15 1.3.4 Sustainability and Environmental Requirements ...........................................................................16 1.3.5 Some Weaknesses of the Polymer Materials ..................................................................................16 1.4 Outline of the Technical and Economic Possibilities of Processing .........................................................16 1.4.1 Thermoset Processing .....................................................................................................................17 1.4.2 Composite Processing ....................................................................................................................18 1.4.3 Hybrid Processing ..........................................................................................................................21 1.5 Environmental Constraints .......................................................................................................................21 1.5.1 Toxicity and Pollution ....................................................................................................................21 1.5.2 The Recycling of Polymers ............................................................................................................21 1.5.3 Development of Thermosetting Bio-Plastics from Renewable Sources .........................................22 1.6 The Final Material/Process/Cost Compromise .........................................................................................22 1.7 Useful Source Examples for Initiation of In-Depth Studies .....................................................................22 References .......................................................................................................................................................24 2 The Plastics Industry: Economic Overview _____________________________________.25 2.1 Overview of the Global Plastics Industry .................................................................................................26 2.2 Market Shares of the Various Thermoset Families in the Main Industrialized Countries ........................27 2.3 Market Shares of Composites ...................................................................................................................28 2.4 Market Shares for the Main Application Sectors ......................................................................................28 VI 2.5 Importance of the Various Processing Modes ........................................................................................32 2.6 The Mature Markets ...............................................................................................................................33 2.6.1 The European Market ...............................................................................................................33 2.6.2 The North American Market ....................................................................................................34 2.7 The Emerging Markets: China, India, Brazil, and Russia ......................................................................34 2.7.1 China ........................................................................................................................................35 2.7.2 India ..........................................................................................................................................35 2.7.3 Brazil ........................................................................................................................................37 2.7.4 Russia .......................................................................................................................................37 2.8 Consumption Growth Trends ..................................................................................................................37 2.8.1 Thermosets ...............................................................................................................................37 2.8.2 Composites ...............................................................................................................................37 2.9 Structure of the Plastic Processing Industry ...........................................................................................38 2.10 Plastic Costs ............................................................................................................................................39 2.10.1 Raw Material Costs ..................................................................................................................39 2.10.2 Examples of Additive Costs .....................................................................................................39 2.10.3 Reinforcement Costs ................................................................................................................39 2.10.4 Processing Costs .......................................................................................................................40 2.10.5 Examples of Part Costs .............................................................................................................42 2.10.6 Assembly, Operating, and Maintenance Costs: Three Factors to Favor Composites ...............44 2.11 Survey of Main Markets .........................................................................................................................48 2.11.1 Automotive and Transportation ................................................................................................48 2.11.2 Building and Civil Engineering Industry ..................................................................................53 2.11.3 Furniture and Bedding ..............................................................................................................56 2.11.4 Aeronautics, Space, Armaments ...............................................................................................57 2.11.5 Shipbuilding, Offshore, Nautical Sports ...................................................................................60 2.11.6 Anti-Corrosion Equipment, Mechanics, Industry, Tools ..........................................................62 2.11.7 Electricity, Electronics ..............................................................................................................64 2.11.8 Electric Household Appliances, Refrigeration, Office Automation .........................................65 2.11.9 Medical .....................................................................................................................................65 2.11.10 Sports and Leisure ....................................................................................................................66 2.11.11 Packaging .................................................................................................................................66 2.11.12 Art, Decoration .........................................................................................................................66 2.11.13 Miscellaneous Applications ......................................................................................................66 2.12 Applications of the Main Thermoset and Composite Families ..............................................................67 2.12.1 Polyurethane and Polyurea .......................................................................................................67 2.12.2 Unsaturated Polyesters .............................................................................................................69 2.12.3 Phenolic Resins ........................................................................................................................74 2.12.4 Melamine and Urea-Formaldehyde Resins (Amino Resins) ....................................................76 2.12.5 Epoxide Resins .........................................................................................................................77 2.12.6 Polyimides ................................................................................................................................80 2.12.7 Silicones ...................................................................................................................................83 2.12.8 Polycyanates or Cyanate Esters ................................................................................................85 2.12.9 DCPD .......................................................................................................................................86 2.12.10 Furane Resins .............................................................................................................. .......86 VII 2.13 Application Examples of the Main Reinforcements ...............................................................................87 2.13.1 Glass Fibers ..............................................................................................................................87 2.13.2 Aramid Fibers ...........................................................................................................................90 2.13.3 Carbon Fibers ...........................................................................................................................91 2.13.4 Sustainable Natural Fibers ........................................................................................................92 2.13.5 Other Fibers and Reinforcements .............................................................................................93 2.13.6 Self-Reinforcing Polymers .......................................................................................................93 2.13.7 Sandwich Composites ..............................................................................................................93 2.13.8 Hybrids .....................................................................................................................................95 2.14 Applications of the Main Processing Methods .......................................................................................95 2.14.1 Thermoplastic Composites .......................................................................................................95 2.14.2 SMQBMCZMC ....................................................................................................................96 2.14.3 RTM ..........................................................................................................................................97 2.14.4 Hand Lay-Up and Spray Lay-Up .............................................................................................98 2.14.5 Pultrusion ..................................................................................................................................99 2.14.6 Filament Winding .....................................................................................................................99 2.14.7 Prepreg Applications ................................................................................................................99 2.14.8 Centrifugal Molding ...............................................................................................................100 2.14.9 Continuous Sheet Molding .....................................................................................................100 2.15 The Future: Economic Features and New Applications .......................................................................100 2.15.1 Costs Evolutions .....................................................................................................................100 2.15.2 New Raw Material Sources: Bio-Sourced Plastics .................................................................101 2.15.3 New Applications of Polymers and Composites Can Boost Their Consumption ..................102 References .....................................................................................................................................................104 3 Basic Criteria for the Selection of Thermosets ............................................................................105 3.1 Evaluation of Plastic Properties ............................................................................................................105 3.1.1 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................105 3.1.2 Low Temperature Behavior ......................................................................................................107 3.1.3 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................108 3.1.4 Long-Term Mechanical Properties ...........................................................................................109 3.1.5 Long-Term Light and UV Resistance .......................................................................................109 3.1.6 Chemical Resistance by Immersion or Contact ........................................................................110 3.1.7 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................110 3.1.8 Gas Permeability ......................................................................................................................111 3.1.9 Flammability ............................................................................................................................. Ill 3.1.10 Optical Properties ..................................................................................................................... Ill 3.1.11 Non-destructive Testing ............................................................................................................ Ill 3.2 ISO and ASTM Standards Concerning Polymer Testing .....................................................................112 3.2.1 ISO Standard Examples ............................................................................................................113 3.2.2 ASTM Standard Examples .......................................................................................................118 3.3 Material Selection .................................................................................................................................123 3.4 Precision of the Molded Parts ...............................................................................................................124 3.5 Schematic Comparison of Thermoset and Composite Properties ........................................................126 3.6 Crosslinking, Curing, Hardening ..........................................................................................................129 VIH 3.7 Upgrading and Customization of Raw Polymers: Formulation ...........................................................133 3.7.1 The State of Cure ......................................................................................................................136 3.7.2 The Reinforcement ...................................................................................................................137 3.7.3 The Aspect and Dimensional Stability .....................................................................................139 3.7.4 The Processing Enhancers ........................................................................................................140 3.7.5 The Cost Cutters .......................................................................................................................140 3.7.6 The Specific Characteristics .....................................................................................................140 3.8 Analysis and Diagnostic Equipment .....................................................................................................141 3.9 Environmental Trends ...........................................................................................................................142 4 Detailed Accounts of Thermoset Resins for Molding and Composite Matrices .......................145 4.1 Polyurethanes (PUR), Polyureas, Polyisocyanurates ...........................................................................146 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. . 1 General Properties ....................................................................................................................147 .2 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................148 .3 Optical Properties .....................................................................................................................149 .4 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................149 .5 Aging ........................................................................................................................................150 .6 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................150 .7 Joining ......................................................................................................................................150 .8 Foams .......................................................................................................................................152 .9 Examples of Specific ISO and ASTM Standards Concerning Polyurethanes ..........................154 4.1.10 Trade Name and Producer Examples .......................................................................................157 4.1.11 Property Tables .........................................................................................................................158 4.2 Unsaturated Polyesters (UP) .................................................................................................................158 4.2.1 General Properties ....................................................................................................................158 4.2.2 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................167 4.2.3 Optical Properties .....................................................................................................................169 4.2.4 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................169 4.2.5 Aging ........................................................................................................................................170 4.2.6 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................172 4.2.7 Joining ......................................................................................................................................172 4.2.8 Examples of Specific ISO and ASTM Standards Concerning Polyesters ................................172 4.2.9 Trade Name and Producer Examples .......................................................................................173 4.2.10 Property Tables .........................................................................................................................173 4.3 Phenolic resins (PF) ..............................................................................................................................176 4.3.1 General Properties ....................................................................................................................179 4.3.2 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................182 4.3.3 Optical Properties .....................................................................................................................183 4.3.4 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................183 4.3.5 Aging ........................................................................................................................................183 4.3.6 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................185 4.3.7 Joining ......................................................................................................................................185 4.3.8 Foams .......................................................................................................................................185 4.3.9 Examples of Specific ISO and ASTM Standards Concerning Phenolic Resins .......................185 їх 4.3.10 Trade Name and Producer Examples .......................................................................................187 4.3.11 Property Tables .........................................................................................................................187 4.4 The Amino Resins: Melamine (MF) and Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) ....................................................187 4.4.1 General Properties ....................................................................................................................191 4.4.2 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................193 4.4.3 Optical Properties .....................................................................................................................194 4.4.4 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................194 4.4.5 Aging ........................................................................................................................................194 4.4.6 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................195 4.4.7 Joining ......................................................................................................................................195 4.4.8 Foams .......................................................................................................................................196 4.4.9 Examples of Specific ISO and ASTM Standards Concerning Amino Resins ..........................196 4.4.10 Trade Name and Producer Examples .......................................................................................197 4.4.11 Property Tables .........................................................................................................................199 4.5 Epoxides or Epoxy Resins (EP) ...........................................................................................................199 4.5.1 General Properties ....................................................................................................................201 4.5.2 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................203 4.5.3 Optical Properties .....................................................................................................................204 4.5.4 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................204 4.5.5 Aging ........................................................................................................................................205 4.5.6 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................206 4.5.7 Joining ......................................................................................................................................206 4.5.8 Foamed Epoxies and Syntactic Foams .....................................................................................210 4.5.9 Examples of Specific ISO and ASTM Standards Concerning Epoxides ..................................211 4.5.10 Trade Name and Producer Examples .......................................................................................212 4.5.11 Property Tables .........................................................................................................................213 4.6 Polyimides (PI) .....................................................................................................................................213 4.6.1 General Properties ....................................................................................................................213 4.6.2 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................221 4.6.3 Optical Properties .....................................................................................................................222 4.6.4 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................222 4.6.5 Aging ........................................................................................................................................224 4.6.6 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................226 4.6.7 Joining ......................................................................................................................................230 4.6.8 Foamed Polyimides and Syntactic Foams ................................................................................230 4.6.9 Examples of Specific ASTM Standards Concerning Polyimides .............................................230 4.6.10 Trade Name and Producer Examples .......................................................................................231 4.6.11 Property Tables .........................................................................................................................231 4.7 Silicones or Polysiloxanes (MQ, PMQ, PVMQ, VMQ, or SI) and Fluorosilicones (FMQ, FVMQ, orFSI) ...................................................................................................................................................231 4.7.1 General Properties ....................................................................................................................236 4.7.2 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................240 4.7.3 Optical Properties .....................................................................................................................241 4.7.4 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................241 4.7.5 Aging ........................................................................................................................................242 4.7.6 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................245 4.7.7 Joining ......................................................................................................................................245 4.7.8 Foamed Silicones and Syntactic Foams ...................................................................................245 4.7.9 Examples of Specific ISO and ASTM Standards Concerning Silicones ...................................................................................................................................246 4.7.10 Trade Name and Producer Examples .......................................................................................247 4.7.11 Property Tables .........................................................................................................................247 4.8 Polycyanates or Cyanate Esters (Су) ....................................................................................................247 4.8.1 General Properties ....................................................................................................................247 4.8.2 Thermal Behavior .....................................................................................................................249 4.8.3 Mechanical Properties ..............................................................................................................250 4.8.4 Aging ........................................................................................................................................251 4.8.5 Electrical Properties ..................................................................................................................252 4.8.6 Syntactic Foams ........................................................................................................................252 4.8.7 Trade Name and Producer Examples .......................................................................................254 4.8.8 Property Tables .........................................................................................................................254 4.9 Other Thermosets .................................................................................................................................254 4.9.1 Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) .....................................................................-................................254 4.9.2 Furans .......................................................................................................................................257 4.9.3 Crosslinked Polyethylene PE-X ...............................................................................................259 4.9.4 Polybenzoxazines .....................................................................................................................262 4.9.5 Polybenzoxazoles (PBO) ..........................................................................................................262 4.10 Thermosets from Renewable Raw Materials ........................................................................................264 4.10.1 Bio-Polyurethanes ....................................................................................................................264 4.10.2 Soy-Derived Polyesters ............................................................................................................265 4.10.3 Phenolic Resins ........................................................................................................................266 4.10.4 Epoxy Resins ............................................................................................................................266 4.10.5 Furan Resins .............................................................................................................................266 4.10.6 Crop Oil Derived Resins ...........................................................................................................266 4.10.7 Composites ...............................................................................................................................266 References .....................................................................................................................................................267 5 Thermoset Processing ...................................................................................„...............................269 5.1 Solid Thermoset Processing .................................................................................................................269 5.1.1 Compression Molding ..............................................................................................................270 5.1.2 Compression Transfer Molding ............................................................................... 271 5.1.3 Injection Molding .....................................................................................................................272 5.1.4 Extrusion ................................................................................................. .............. 274 5.2 Liquid Thermoset Processing ..............................................................................._.............. 277 5.2.1 Casting and Molding by Spraying ......................................................................................... 277 5.2.2 Liquid Injection Molding (LIM) ..............................................................................................277 5.2.3 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) ......................................................................... 278 5.2.4 Rotational Molding or Rotomolding .................................................................. .280 Xl 5.2.5 Foaming ....................................................................................................................................282 5.2.6 Composite Processes ................................................................................................................282 5.3 Thermoset Machining ...........................................................................................................................282 5.4 Thermoset Assembly ............................................................................................................................283 5.4.1 Adhesive Bonding .....................................................................................................................283 5.4.2 Mechanical Assembly ...............................................................................................................283 5.5 Curing ...................................................................................................................................................284 5.6 Another Way: Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Prototyping and eManufacturing ..............................................................................................................................286 5.7 Processing Trends: Cheaper, Faster, Easier, Greener ...........................................................................286 5.8 Starting Points for Manufacturer, Converter and Equipment Maker Search ........................................289 5.8.1 Associations, Institutes, Specialized Websites ..........................................................................289 5.8.2 Machinery and Equipment Makers and Distributors ................................................................289 References .....................................................................................................................................................297 Composites.. ....................................................................................................................................299 6.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................300 6.2 Reminder of Some Basic Principles .....................................................................................................300 6.3 Composite Mechanical Performances According to the Reinforcement Type .....................................301 6.3.1 Reinforcement by Randomly Distributed Short Fibers ............................................................302 6.3.2 Reinforcement by Arranged Continuous Fibers .......................................................................302 6.3.3 General Approximate Method for Strength Estimation ............................................................302 6.4 Composite Matrices ..............................................................................................................................304 6.4.1 Thermosets ...............................................................................................................................304 6.4.2 Thermoplastics .........................................................................................................................308 6.4.3 Influence of the matrix on the composite properties ................................................................312 6.5 Reinforcements .....................................................................................................................................312 6.5.1 Fibers ........................................................................................................................................313 6.5.2 The Different Fiber Forms Used for Reinforcement ................................................................331 6.5.3 Foams for Sandwich Technology .............................................................................................332 6.5.4 Honeycombs .............................................................................................................................338 6.5.5 Ply wood and Wood ...................................................................................................................339 6.5.6 Influence of the Core on the Sandwich Properties ...................................................................340 6.5.7 Nanofillers ................................................................................................................................340 6.5.8 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) .........................................................................................................342 6.6 Intermediate semi-manufactured materials ..........................................................................................343 6.6.1 SMC, Bulk Compounds, Prepregs ............................................................................................343 6.6.2 Glass Mat Thermoplastics (GMTs) and Prepregs ....................................................................346 6.6.3 Examples of Intermediate Semi-Manufactured Composites ....................................................348 6.6.4 Advanced All-Polymer Prepregs or Self-Reinforced Polymers ...............................................348 6.7 Composite Processing ..........................................................................................................................348 6.7.1 Thermoset Composites .............................................................................................................349 6.7.2 Thermoplastic Composites .......................................................................................................363 6.7.3 Sandwich Composites ..............................................................................„..............................365 хн 6.7.4 Finishing Operations ..............................................................................................................367 6.7.5 Repairing Composites ............................................................................................................369 6.8 Examples of Composite Characteristics ...............................................................................................369 6.8.1 Basic Principles ......................................................................................................................369 6.8.2 Nanocomposites .....................................................................................................................369 6.8.3 Short fiber Composites ...........................................................................................................370 6.8.4 Long Fiber Reinforced Plastics: LFRT and BMC ..................................................................374 6.8.5 Continuous Fiber Composites .............................................................................................374 6.8.6 Sandwich Composites ............................................................................................................378 6.8.7 Foamed Composites ...............................................................................................................378 6.8.8 Hybrid Composites .................................................................................................................381 6.8.9 Conductive Composites ..........................................................................................................382 6.8.10 Composites as Intermediates for Powder Injection Molding .................................................386 6.9 Bio-Composites ....................................................................................................................................387 6.9.1 Polymer Matrices from Renewable Sources ..........................................................................388 6.9.2 Fibers and Fillers from Renewable Sources ...........................................................................389 6.9.3 Cores from Renewable Sources for Sandwich Structures ......................................................390 6.10 Composites Solutions for Practical Problems ......................................................................................390 6.10.1 Basic Interest of Composites ..................................................................................................391 6.10.2 Become Aware of Specific Composite Features .....................................................................391 6.10.3 Consider the Problem as a Whole ...........................................................................................391 6.10.4 Solutions for Metal Replacement ...........................................................................................395 6.10.5 Solutions for Aeronautics: Carbon Composites, Repairing, Out-of-Autoclave Prepregs, Shifting Toward Thermoplastics, Automation, New Materials ..............................................396 6.10.6 Solutions for Automotive Sector: Composite Versatility, Hybrid Technologies, Carbon fiber Breakthrough, New Materials and Processes .................................................................400 6.10.7 Building & Civil Engineering Solutions, WPC, Sandwich Panels, Bridge Construction and Repairs, Pipe Rehabilitation ............................................................................................407 6.10.8 Shipbuilding, Offshore, Nautical Sports, Pultruded FRP, Syntactic Foams ...........................414 6.10.9 Electricity & Electronics: Fire Retardancy, RoHS Regulations, Conductivity ......................417 6.10.10 Anticorrosion ..........................................................................................................................435 6.10.11 Industry: Antifriction, Magnetic, High Heat Composites ......................................................443 6.10.12 Wind Energy ...........................................................................................................................464 6.10.13 Sports and Leisure ..................................................................................................................471 References .....................................................................................................................................................473 7 Future Prospects for Thermosets and Composites ..................................__..............................475 7.1 The Laws and Requirements of the Market ..........................................................................................475 7.2 Thermoset and Composite Answers and Assets ...................................................................................476 7.3 Markets: What Drives What? The Forces Driving Development .........................................................478 7.3.1 Consumption Trends ...............................................................................................................478 7.3.2 Requirements of the Main Markets ........................................................................................479 7.4 Cost savings .......................................................................................................................................... 4gO 7.4.1 Material Costs .........................................................................................................................480 7.4.2 Hybrids ...................................................................................................................................480 Xlii 7.4.3 Processing Costs .......................................................................................................................481 7.4.4 Low-Cost Tool Examples .........................................................................................................482 7.5 Material Upgrading and Competition ...................................................................................................482 7.5.1 Nano-Carbon ............................................................................................................................482 7.5.2 Molecular Reinforcement .........................................................................................................483 7.5.3 Polymer Nanotubes ..................................................................................................................483 7.5.4 Nanofillers and Nanofibers .......................................................................................................483 7.5.5 Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics to Compete with LFRT .............................................485 7.5.6 Thermoplastic and Thermoset Competition .............................................................................486 7.5.7 3D reinforcements Compete with 2D .......................................................................................487 7.5.8 Carbon Fibers Compete with Glass Fibers ...............................................................................488 7.5.9 New High-performance Polymers ............................................................................................488 7.6 The Immediate Future Seen Through Recent Patents ..........................................................................490 7.6.1 Analysis of Patents by Polymer Type .......................................................................................490 7.6.2 Analysis of Patents by Reinforcement Type .............................................................................490 7.6.3 Analysis of Patents by Structure and Process Type ..................................................................491 7.7 The Immediate Future Seen Through Recent Awards ..........................................................................491 7.8 Environmental Concerns ......................................................................................................................494 7.8.1 Recycling of Thermosets and Composites ...............................................................................495 7.8.2 Sustainable Standard and High-Performance Reinforcements .................................................499 7.8.3 Sustainable and Biodegradable Components for Matrices .......................................................500 7.8.4 Examples of Sustainable Composites .......................................................................................500 References .....................................................................................................................................................501 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................................503 Glossary .............................................................................................................................................................507 Index ..................................................................................................................................................................515
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author	Biron, Michel 1936-
author_GND	(DE-588)1314212737
author_facet	Biron, Michel 1936-
author_role	aut
author_sort	Biron, Michel 1936-
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ctrlnum	(OCoLC)881815822 (DE-599)BVBBV041708855
discipline	Physik
edition	2. ed.
format	Book
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id	DE-604.BV041708855
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T01:03:26Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9781455731244 1455731242
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027156090
oclc_num	881815822
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-703
owner_facet	DE-703
physical	XX, 526 S. Ill.
publishDate	2014
publishDateSearch	2014
publishDateSort	2014
publisher	Elsevier
record_format	marc
series2	PDL handbook series
spelling	Biron, Michel 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)1314212737 aut Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Michel Biron 2. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2014 XX, 526 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PDL handbook series Includes bibliographical references and index Thermosetting plastics Plastics industry and trade Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd rswk-swf Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 gnd rswk-swf Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 s Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 s Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 s DE-604 Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156090&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156090&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Biron, Michel 1936- Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Thermosetting plastics Plastics industry and trade Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4062670-2 (DE-588)4150907-9 (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4033695-5
title	Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis
title_auth	Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis
title_exact_search	Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis
title_full	Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Michel Biron
title_fullStr	Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Michel Biron
title_full_unstemmed	Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Michel Biron
title_short	Thermosets and composites
title_sort	thermosets and composites material selection applications manufacturing and cost analysis
title_sub	material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis
topic	Thermosetting plastics Plastics industry and trade Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 gnd
topic_facet	Thermosetting plastics Plastics industry and trade Verbundwerkstoff Duroplast Kunststoff Kunststoffindustrie
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156090&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156090&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT bironmichel thermosetsandcompositesmaterialselectionapplicationsmanufacturingandcostanalysis

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