Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens: lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Novosibirsk
Izdat. Inst. Archeologii i Ėtnografii SO RAN
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Recent discoveries in the Altai: issues on the evolution of Homo Sapiens. - Teilw. in kyrill. Schr., russ. - Text in russ. und eng. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 130 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785780302162 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Recent discoveries in the Altai: issues on the evolution of Homo Sapiens |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Антропогенез и расселение древнейших популяций
Ното в
Евразии
..... 5
Две глобальные миграции человека в Евразии
.......................................... 6
Две гипотезы о происхождении человека современного анатомического
типа
...................................................................................................... 24
Африка
-
одна из прародин человека современного анатомического типа
32
Проблема
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
и его вклад в формирование
человека современного анатомического типа
..................................... 34
Восточная и Юго-Восточная Азия
-
один из центров формирования
человека современного анатомического типа
..................................... 36
Возможность формирования человека современного анатомического
типа в Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии
....................................... 43
Заключение
................................................................................................... 58
Список литературы
....................................................................................... 64
Anthropogenesis and dispersion of ancient Homo populations in Eurasia
...... 70
Two global human migrations in Eurasia
....................................................... 71
Two hypotheses about origins of anatomically modern humans
..................... 88
Africa is an ancestral home for anatomically modern humans
........................ 95
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and its contribution to the anatomically
modern human origin
............................................................................... 97
East and Southeast Asia as one of the centers of evolution of anatomically
modern humans
........................................................................................ 99
The Possibility of Anatomically Modern Humans Origin in Southern Siberia
and Central Asia
......................................................................................
W5
Conclusions
.................................................................................................... 119
Bibliography
................................................................................................... 124
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the apparent difficulty of the problem of human origins and the all the
diversity of views regarding human evolution in the late Lower and Middle Pleisto¬
cene, it appears likely that the common ancestor of modern humans in both Africa
and Eurasia was the
prototypie
species Homo erectus
sensu
lato. Homo
anteces¬
sor,
Homo
heidelbergemis,
Homo rhodesiensis and Homo cepranensis in Africa
and Europe and H. erectus-ìike hominids in
East and Southeast
Africa
were sister
taxa,
from which Homo sapiens eventually originated in the Late Pleistocene. This,
too, was a polytypic species comprising four subspecies: H. sapiens africanensis
(Africa), H. sapiens orientalensis (East and Southeast Asia), H. sapiens neandertha-
lenisis (Europe) and H. sapiens altaiensis (Northern and Central Asia) (Fig.
38).
Evidently, the contribution of these subspecies to modern human origins was
unequal. The vast majority of researchers adhere to the hypothesis that Homo sapiens
had originated in Africa and spread across Eurasia either simply replacing archaic
humans or hybridizing with them. Both the nuclear and mitochondrial
DNA
indicate
the highest genetic variation in Africans. Genetic studies are highly important, but
it should be kept in mind that the results reported by the geneticists are sometimes
very divergent. In fact, marked discrepancies exist even between studies, published
nearly simultaneously by members of the same research team. One such study reports
that no evidence of hybridization between anatomically modern humans and Nean¬
derthals is observed, whereas another study estimates the Neanderthal contribution
to the modern non-African gene pool at
1 - 4%.
Also, the geneticists estimate the age
of the most recent common ancestor of modern groups differently.
Not infrequently, physical anthropologists and geneticists use skeletal finds sepa¬
rated by vast distances as a support to the idea of long-range migrations, although no
archaeological facts favoring this idea can be brought forward. One example is the
theory that Homo heidelbergensis migrated from Africa to the Near East, to Europe,
and to China, and possibly back. Theoretically, the possibility of such migrations
cannot be excluded; but they must be documented by archaeological evidence. How¬
ever, no such archaeological sites of early hominids have been discovered and many
physical anthropologists and geneticists ignore the archaeological data altogether.
There is little doubt that my idea about four (sub)species forming Homo sa¬
piens will prove totally unacceptable to many specialists. My purpose, however,
is not to shock my colleagues but to prompt them to look at archaeological data.
It is quite evident that humans who settled in East and Southeast Asia
150-30
thousand years ago developed their own industry which differed from the industries
of adjacent regions. Virtually all archaeologists who have studied the Paleolithic of
119
I
I
I
Homo sapiens
neanderthalensis
(Europe)
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
afncaniensis
(Africa)
Homo sapiens orientalensis
(East and South-East Asia)
Homo
floresiensis?
Homo sapiens
altaiensis
(North and
Central Asia)
Polytypic species
Homo erectus
sensu
lato
Fig. 38.
The Homo genus.
the Sino-Malayan area mention this fact. Notably, this industry was not primitive
or archaic compared to its counterparts in other parts of Eurasia or in Africa; rather,
it was adapted to the specific environmental conditions
ofthat
area. This by no means
implies isolation. Pleistocene migrations of animals are traceable in both directions,
west to east and east to west, suggesting that humans could have migrated likewise.
The possibility of gene flow notwithstanding, however, no abrupt cultural changes
in the Sino-Malayan zone can be traced. Therefore, the range of migrations must have
been rather limited and immigrants were gradually assimilated by the natives.
In any event, no long-range migration from Africa is traceable in East or South¬
east Asia in the
80 - 20
ka BP interval. There is no archaeological evidence of either
120
replacement
or eve assimilation. Instead, the industry evolved gradually, and there
is little doubt that the biological evolution was gradual as well, eventually resulting
in the transformation of Homo erectus populations of the Sino-Malayan zone into
the subspecies Homo sapiens orientalensis.
A similar process took place in Southern Siberia and Central Asia. Given that
the Denisovans had made a
4 - 6%
genetic contribution to the gene pool of modern
Melanesians, they cannot be regarded as an extinct branch in human evolution.
Moreover, in North Asia and in most Central Asia, Upper Paleolithic industries,
which had emerged
50 - 45
ka BP, continued to evolve continuously up to the end
of the Stone Age. There is no evidence of a migration of anatomically modern hu¬
mans from Africa to that territory or to East or Southeast Asia. Apparently, both the
taxon
oí Homo
sapiens altaiensis and the cultural tradition associated with it evolved
in Southern Siberia in an uninterrupted manner.
I acknowledge that most, if not all, my ideas will be rejected by my colleagues
-
archaeologists, physical anthropologists and geneticists alike. I am not frightened
either by this possibility or by the fact that I am basically trying to revive the ideas
of Franz
Weidenreich.
I cannot help feel concerned about other things. Ann Gibbons, one of the best
scientific reporters
oí
Science, has published several papers about Denisova Cave and
Denisovans (Gibbons,
2011,
a, b). She participated in the International Symposium
in the Altai in early July,
2011.
She had an opportunity to visit the excavation of
Denisova Cave and ask any questions she thought necessary and interesting. Upon
the end of the Symposium, she published a paper about that scientific meeting and
Denisova Cave. The paper contains a number of data that have been erroneously
interpreted (Gibbons,
2011,
b). She wrote that the young deposits of layer
11
at
Denisova Cave dated back to
30 - 1
6ka BP and that a wedge-shaped cleft indicating
soil redeposition was noted in the sediments close to the place where the phalanx
was discovered. The origin and the area of distribution of the cleft were studied
thoroughly. The cleft originated in overlying layers and partially disturbed layer
11
containing cultural remains. This wedge-shaped cleft was recorded on the maps. New
dates on the samples from two areas within layer
11.2
have been generated in Oxford.
The sediments of layer
11.2
from were human phalanx as well as stone and bone
adornments have been dated was recovered produced the dates of
50
and
50.3
ka BP.
The samples from the wedge-shaped deformation that was noted within layer
11.2
produced the dates of
29, 23
and
15
ka BP. These dates have proved the assump¬
tion that this deformation containing younger Upper Paleolithic sediments disturbs
layer
11.2.
There are dates available for layer
11.2
in the Southern Gallery, from
where human molar have been recovered. These are
51.2
and
48.9
ka BP. Another
date of
48.6
ka BP (KIA
25285
SP 553/D19) was generated for layer
11.2
in
2004
supports the estimation of the layer age as about
50
ka BP.
Various factors, like the sedimentation features, possible neotectonic processes
inside caves make excavations in caves most complicated and require high profes¬
sional skills from researchers. Archaeologists who dig Denisova Cave are experi¬
enced in digging and archaeological studies of various types of various prehistoric
sites including cave sites. Digging is carried out through arbitrary horizons not ex¬
ceeding few millimeters. During the three month long field season, the total amount
121
of soil taken out of the site is not more than
2-3
m3. Any disturbance noted within
a culture-bearing layer is studied most thoroughly. The issues of stratigraphy and
geochronology are among most important issues of archaeological studies. We are
ready to discuss this question among others. It would have been more reasonable if
Ann Gibbons discussed these questions with the archaeologists studying Denisova
Cave. However, Ann Gibbons did not ask either me or my colleagues about the
Denisova geochronology and stratigraphy. I am bewildered by her statement that
at present, Academician A.P. Derevianko and his colleagues hypothesized three
subsequent stages of human habitation at Denisova Cave: representatives of the Den-
isovan population occupied the cave about
50
thousand years ago, the Neanderthals
inhabited the cave during a comparatively short time around
45
thousand years ago
and anatomically modern humans lived in the cave after that time.
I propose a principally different sequence of human habitation of Denisova
Cave and entire South Siberia and Central Asia. I have expounded my ideas in my
monograph (Derevianko,
2011
a).
The main points are as follows. The second migration wave of representatives
of Homo erectus-Mke humans reached Central Asia, South Siberia and the Altai
about
300
thousand years ago. This archaic human population likely migrated from
the Near East. Starting from that date, a continuous development of cultural and
behavioral traditions as well as morphological evolution of archaic humans can be
traced in Denisova Cave and other cave and open-air sites in the Altai. About
60
culture-bearing horizons with a various amount of archaeological and paleontological
materials falling within a chronological interval of
100-30
ka BP
have been studied.
Investigations of multilayered cave and open-air sites located at a comparatively
small distance from each other (i.e., in the same environmental and climatic condi¬
tions) make it possible to trace gradual technical and typological changes in lithic
assemblages and recognize the emergence of the Upper Paleolithic industry on the
basis of laminar stone reduction beginning as early as
70
thousand years. The main
types of the Upper Paleolithic tools along with usage animal bones and teeth for
tool and adornment manufacturing have been noticed in the Altai lithic assemblages
as early as
50 - 40
thousand years ago. These assemblages include also personal
adornments manufactured through grinding, drilling and polishing.
The Upper Paleolithic industry, one of the most striking in Eurasia, was formed
in the Altai on the local basis and represents the convergence phenomenon. Neither
me, nor my colleague have no doubt that these artifacts were produced by the ana¬
tomically modern humans that evolved from Homo erectus. This process involved
development of the local Upper Paleolithic industry on the basis of the Middle
Paleolithic industry.
The principal differences between the local Upper Paleolithic industry and
the industry of the Mousterian type has been demonstrated by comparisons with
the assemblages associated with the Neanderthal population who migrated to the
Altai from the Near East and Uzbekistan, but not from Kazakhstan as in Ann Gib¬
bons paper.
Paleogenetic studies of the Altai fossils were conducted at the Max Planck
Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig under the supervision of Dr.
S. Pääbo
and provided the data supporting this hypothesis. My viewpoints have been stated
122
in several papers (Derevianko,
2009
a, b;
2010
a, b;
20
1
1
b, c, d) and my monograph
(Derevianko,
2011
a) and can be briefly formulated as follows.
As early as
300
thousand years ago, the Middle Paleolithic industry began its
development and archaic hominids gradually evolved into anatomically modern hu¬
mans. The Upper Paleolithic industry demonstrating distinct characteristic features,
with which Homo sapiens altaiensis (the Denisovans) were associated, emerged
around
50
ka BP.
The Neanderthal population group, most likely comparatively
small, migrated to the Altai around
50 - 45
thousand years ago. The Neanderthal
population seems to have been assimilated by
H. s.
altaiensis. Available archaeo¬
logical evidence from the range of
50 — 10
ka BP do not provide any data suggest¬
ing any migration flow of the anatomically modern humans from Africa to Central
Asia and South Siberia, which might have caused replacement or hybridization of
the local population. Apparently, human intrusion into these regions from contigu¬
ous regions cannot be excluded. However, these hypothesized intrusions did not
produce any noticeable impacts on the lithic industry and human culture of the
autochthonous populations.
Archaeological data convincingly prove that a subspecies Homo sapiens al¬
taiensis evolved in South Siberia and Central Asia starting about
300
thousand
years ago. Representatives of this sub-species inhabited these regions throughout
the entire Paleolithic and were among the ancestors of humans of the anatomically
modern type.
Based on the vast archaeological, anthropological and genetic data, it can be
stated
Û d&H.s.
altaiensis originated on the basis of the polytypic species H. erectus
due to the processes of divergence and special environmental conditions and gene
flow in Central Asia and South Siberia and contributed to the emergence of anatomi¬
cally modern humans.
The amount
ofinformation
collected by archaeologists, physical anthropologists,
geneticists and other specialists in human evolution, biological and cultural alike, is
enormous and the divergence of views is very considerable. Perhaps, the time has
come to try and integrate this information. The approach should be really
integrative.
The problem is truly multidisciplinary, and it cannot be resolved by either geneticists
or physical anthropologists or archaeologists taken separately. One should respect
the findings of the research done in neighboring areas. Hopefully, someday a truly
integrative
model (possibly based on a statistical approach) will be elaborated. This
model would include all hypotheses put forward by the experts in various fields.
This will provide a test for the entire range of confliction theories, from the Recent
African Origin theory to
Multiregional
ism in the broadest sense.
In summary,
1
would like to highlight the apparent difficulty of resolution of the
problem of modern human origins. I would also like to stress the necessity of further
field studies that might produce unexpected results, like is happen at Denisova Cave
and other cave and open-air sites in the Altai.
123
|
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| author | Derevjanko, Anatolij Panteleevič 1943- |
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| author_sort | Derevjanko, Anatolij Panteleevič 1943- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041706779 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)873544856 (DE-599)BSZ367960958 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| genre | (DE-588)4016928-5 Festschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Festschrift |
| geographic | Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 gnd Altai (DE-588)4001377-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Eurasien Altai |
| id | DE-604.BV041706779 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:03:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785780302162 |
| language | Russian English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027154064 |
| oclc_num | 873544856 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 130 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Izdat. Inst. Archeologii i Ėtnografii SO RAN |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Derevjanko, Anatolij Panteleevič 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)128965061 aut Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete A. P. Derevjanko Recent discoveries in the Altai: issues on the evolution of Homo Sapiens Novosibirsk Izdat. Inst. Archeologii i Ėtnografii SO RAN 2012 130 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Recent discoveries in the Altai: issues on the evolution of Homo Sapiens. - Teilw. in kyrill. Schr., russ. - Text in russ. und eng. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd rswk-swf Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd rswk-swf Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 gnd rswk-swf Altai (DE-588)4001377-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4016928-5 Festschrift gnd-content Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 g Altai (DE-588)4001377-7 g Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 s Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 s Geschichte z DE-604 Movius, Hallam L. 1907-1987 (DE-588)117144916 hnr Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027154064&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027154064&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Derevjanko, Anatolij Panteleevič 1943- Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071050-6 (DE-588)4038639-9 (DE-588)4015685-0 (DE-588)4001377-7 (DE-588)4016928-5 |
| title | Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete |
| title_alt | Recent discoveries in the Altai: issues on the evolution of Homo Sapiens |
| title_auth | Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete |
| title_exact_search | Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete |
| title_full | Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete A. P. Derevjanko |
| title_fullStr | Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete A. P. Derevjanko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete A. P. Derevjanko |
| title_short | Novye archeologičeskie otkrytija na Altae i problema formirovanija Homo Sapiens |
| title_sort | novye archeologiceskie otkrytija na altae i problema formirovanija homo sapiens lekcija pamjati professora ch moviusa procitannaja v garvardskom universitete |
| title_sub | lekcija pamjati professora Ch. Moviusa, pročitannaja v Garvardskom universitete |
| topic | Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Evolution Mensch Eurasien Altai Festschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027154064&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027154064&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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