Holdings: Platform ecosystems

Platform ecosystems: aligning architecture, governance, and strategy

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Tiwana, Amrit 1974- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam ; Boston ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York ; Oxford Elsevier 2014
Subjects:	Softwareplattform Computer software industry New products
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Physical Description:	XIX, 302 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:	9780124080669

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adam_text	Contents Introduction ........................................................................................ , ................................ , ................ χν PART I THE RISE OF PLATFORMS __________________________________ CHAPTER 1 The Rise of Platform Ecosystems .................................................. з 1.1 The War of Ecosystems ..............................................................................................3 1.2 Platform Ecosystems ...................................................................................................4 .2.1 Elements of a Software Platform Ecosystem ...................................................5 .2.2 What a Platform is Not .....................................................................................7 1.3 Drivers of the Migration Toward Platforms ...............................................................9 .3.1 Driver #1: Deepening Specialization ............................................................. 1 1 .3.2 Driver #2: Packetizalion ................................................................................. 13 .3.3 Driver #3: Software Embedding ..................................................................... 15 .3.4 Driver #4: The Internet of Things .................................................................. 16 .3.5 Driver #5: Ubiquity ......................................................................................... 17 .3.6 The Perfect Storm ...........................................................................................19 1.4 Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................20 CHAPTER 2 Core Concepts and Principles .....................................................23 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................23 2.2 Core Concepts ...........................................................................................................23 2.2. 1 The Platform Lifecycle .................................................................................24 2.2.2 Multisidedness ..............................................................................................31 2.2.3 Network Effects ............................................................................................33 2.2.4 Muitihoming ..................................................................................................36 2.2.5 Tipping ..........................................................................................................36 2.2.6 Lock-in ..........................................................................................................37 2.2.7 Competitive Durability .................................................................................37 2.2.8 Envelopment .................................................................................................37 2.2.9 Architecture ...................................................................................................38 2.2.10 Governance ...................................................................................................39 2.3 Guiding Principles .....................................................................................................39 2.3.1 The Red Queen Effect ....................................................................................39 2.3.2 The Chicken-or-Egg Problem .........................................................................41 2.3.3 The Penguin Problem .....................................................................................41 2.3.4 Emergence .......................................................................................................42 2.3.5 The Seesaw Problem .......................................................................................42 IX üontenis 2.3.6 The Humpty Dumpty Problem ....................................................................... 43 2.3.7 The Mirroring Principle ..................................................................................44 2.3.8 Coevolution ..................................................................................................... 45 2.3.9 The Goldilocks Rule .......................................................................................46 2.4 Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 3 Why Platform Businesses Are Unlike Product or Service Businesses ................................................................49 3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................49 3.1.1 Market Potential Differences ..........................................................................50 3.1.2 Structural Differences .....................................................................................50 3.1.3 Management Style Differences ......................................................................52 3.2 Why Platforms Need a Different Mindset ...............................................................52 3.3 How Products and Services Can Evolve into Platforms ..........................................55 3.3.1 The Four Lenses for Spotting Platform Opportunities ..................................56 3.4 Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................58 CHAPTER 4 The Value Proposition of Platforms .............................................61 4.1 Platform Owners .......................................................................................................62 4.1.1 Massively Distributed Innovation ..................................................................62 4.1.2 Risk Transfer ...................................................................................................63 4.1.3 Capturing the Long-Tail .................................................................................63 4.1.4 Competitive Sustainability ..............................................................................64 4.2 App Developers .........................................................................................................65 4.2.1 Technological Foundations .............................................................................65 4.2.2 Market Access .................................................................................................66 4.3 End-Users ..................................................................................................................67 4.3.1 Mix-and-Match Customization .......................................................................67 4.3.2 Faster Innovation and Network Benefits ........................................................67 4.3.3 Competition Among Rivals ............................................................................68 4.3.4 Lower Search and Transaction Costs .............................................................68 4.4 Lessons Learned .................................................................................................. 68 PART II ARCHITECTURE AND GOVERNANCE __________________________ CHAPTER 5 Platform Architecture ................................................................. 73 5.1 How Unemployed Hairdressers Became France s Mathematical Champions ........73 5.2 Complexity: The Achilles Heel of Platforms ...........................................................77 5.2.1 Two Types of Complexity .............................................................................. 78 5.3 The Two Functions of Ecosystem Architecture ................................................ 79 5.3.1 hrtitioning ................................................................................................ 80 532 Systems Integration ......................................................................... 82 5.4 Ecosystem Architecture ............................................................................................84 5.4.1 App Microarchitecture ....................................................................................85 5.5 Four Desirable Properties of Platform Architectures ...............................................93 5.5.1 Architectural Lessons From Cities .................................................................94 5.6 Modularity of Architectures ......................................................................................95 5.6.1 Software Modularity .......................................................................................97 5.6.2 Platform Architecture: An Ecosystem s DNA...............................................97 5.6.3 Design Precedes Production ...........................................................................98 5.6.4 Design Modularity Enables Production Modularity ......................................99 5.7 Goldilocks Strikes Again ........................................................................................100 5.7.1 Upsides of Modularization ...........................................................................100 5.7.2 Downsides of Modularization .......................................................................103 5.8 Two Mechanisms for Modularization ....................................................................106 5.8.1 Decoupling ....................................................................................................106 5.8.2 Interface Standardization ..............................................................................110 Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................115 CHAPTER 6 Platform Governance ................................................................ in 6.1 Platform Governance as the Blueprint for Ecosystem Orchestration ....................117 6.2 Three Dimensions of Platform Governance ...........................................................118 6.2.1 Decision Rights Partitioning .........................................................................119 6.2.2 Control Portfolio Design ...............................................................................122 6.2.3 Pricing ...........................................................................................................126 6.3 Aligning Governance ..............................................................................................131 6.3.1 Aligning Decision Rights Partitioning .........................................................131 6.3.2 Aligning Control Portfolios ..........................................................................137 6.3.3 Aligning Platform Pricing Policies ...............................................................144 Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................150 PART HI DYNAMICS AND METRICS OF ECOSYSTEM EVOLUTION CHAPTER 7 Metrics of Evolution .................................................................155 7.1 Three Roles of Evolutionary Metrics .....................................................................156 7.1.1 Metrics Steer Evolution ................................................................................156 7.1.2 Metrics Separate Signal from Noise .............................................................156 7.1.3 Metrics Help Manage Tradeoffs ...................................................................157 7.2 Three Guiding Principles ........................................................................................157 7.2.1 Look from Outside in ...................................................................................158 7.2.2 Focus Attention on the Short Term Without Losing Sight of the Long Term ....................................................................................................158 7.2.3 The Cost of Tracking a Metric Should Never Exceed the Value of Tracking it .....................................................................................................159 xii Contents 7.3 An Overview of Metrics of Evolution in Platform Ecosystems ............................160 7.4 Short-Term Metrics of Evolution ........................................................................... 162 7.4.1 Resilience ...................................................................................................... 162 7.4.2 Scalability ...................................................................................................... 164 7.4.3 Composability ............................................................................................... 167 7.5 Medium-Term Metrics of Evolution ...................................................................... 169 7.5.1 Stickiness ....................................................................................................... 169 7.5.2 Platform Synergy .......................................................................................... 17° 7.5.3 Plasticity ........................................................................................................ m 7.6 Long-Term Metrics of Evolution ...........................................................................172 7.6.1 Envelopment .................................................................................................172 7.6.2 Durability ......................................................................................................175 7.6.3 Mutation ........................................................................................................176 7.7 Lessons Learned ......................................................................................................177 CHAPTER 8 Real Options Thinking in Ecosystem Evolution ...........................179 8.1 An Introduction to Real Options Thinking ............................................................179 8.2 Volatility in Technologies and Markets .................................................................180 8.2.1 Technical Volatility ......................................................................................180 8.2.2 Market Volatility ...........................................................................................180 8.3 Types of Real Options ............................................................................................183 8.4 Applying Real Options Thinking in Practice .........................................................185 8.4.1 Decomposing a Project into Smaller Subprojects ........................................186 8.4.2 Sequencing Subprojects ................................................................................187 8.5 Exercising Real Options: The Devil is in the Details ............................................188 8.5.1 Cost of an Option ..........................................................................................188 8.5.2 Value of an Option .......................................................................................189 8.5.3 Exercising an Embedded Option: When to Hold and When to Fold ................................................................................................189 8.6 Lessons Learned ......................................................................................................190 CHAPTER 9 Modular Operators: Platform Ecosystems Evolutionary Baby Steps .............................................................................. 191 9.1 An Overview of Modular Operators ......................................................... 191 9.1.1 Split ...............................................................................................................,92 9.1.2 Subtract ........................................................................................... 192 9.1.3 Substitute ............................................................................. l92 9.1.4 Augment ......................................................................... ^ 9.1.5 Mutate ..................................................................... ...... )95 9.2 Lessons Learned .............................................................. Contents xiii PART IV ORCHESTRATING EVOLUTION ______________________________ CHAPTER 10 Evolving a Platform ................................................................201 10.1 The Bathtub Model: Ecosystem Innovation as Stocks and Flows ......................203 10.1.1 Growing the Stock ....................................................................................204 10.1.2 Creating and Sustaining a Competitive Advantage .................................206 10.1.3 Evolution Speed: Lessons from American Military Doctrine .................207 10.2 Orchestrating Platform Evolution: A Preview .....................................................211 10.3 Orchestrating Short-Term Platform Evolution ....................................................212 10.3.1 Orchestrating Platform Resilience ............................................................212 10.3.2 Orchestrating Platform Scalability ...........................................................215 10.3.3 Orchestrating Platform Composability .....................................................218 10.4 Orchestrating Medium-Term Platform Evolution ...............................................220 10.4.1 Growing Platform Stickiness ....................................................................220 10.4.2 Growing Platform Synergy Across the Ecosystem ..................................227 10.4.3 Orchestrating Platform Plasticity ..............................................................228 10.5 Orchestrating Long-Term Platform Evolution ....................................................232 10.5.1 Orchestrating Platform Envelopment .......................................................232 10.5.2 Rebuffing Envelopment Attacks on a Platform .......................................234 10.5.3 Orchestrating Platform Durability ............................................................237 10.5.4 Consistently Contributing Valuable Resources to the Ecosystem .................................................................................................238 10.5.5 Accumulating Nonsubstitulable Assets ....................................................241 10.5.6 Orchestrating Platform Mutation ..............................................................244 10.6 Lessons Learned ...................................................................................................246 CHAPTER 11 Evolving an App .....................................................................247 11.1 Dynamics of Platform Markets ............................................................................248 I I.I.I A Rising Tide Floats all Boats .................................................................249 11.2 The Eureka Moment and the Origin of Apps ......................................................249 1 1.2.1 Who is the Incumbent? Think Again .......................................................250 11.3 How App Microarchitecture Shapes App Evolvability .......................................251 11.4 Evolving an App: A Preview ...............................................................................253 11.5 Evolving an App in the Short Term ....................................................................253 11.5.1 Managing App Resilience ........................................................................253 1 1.5.2 Improving App Scalability .......................................................................255 1 1.5.3 Enhancing App Composability .................................................................256 11.6 Evolving an App in the Medium Term ...............................................................258 11.6.1 Growing App Stickiness ...........................................................................258 11.6.2 Tradeoffs in Managing an Apps Plaiform Synergy ................................261 11.6.3 Enhancing App Plasticity .........................................................................262 11.7 Evolving an App in the Long Term ....................................................................262 11.7.1 App Envelopment: How Apps Evolve into Platforms .............................262 11.7.2 Enhancing App Durability ........................................................................266 11.7.3 Orchestrating App Mutation .....................................................................267 11.8 Lessons Learned ...................................................................................................267 PART V THE ROAD AHEAD ___________________________________________ CHAPTER 12 Every Product Is a Platform Waiting to Happen ........................271 12.1 Idea I: Migration to Ecosystem Competition ......................................................272 12.1.1 Business Ecosystems in Nontechnology Industries .................................273 12.1.2 Properties Unique to Business Ecosystems ..............................................276 12.1.3 The Three Stooges of a Business Ecosystem ...........................................276 12.2 Idea 2: Ecosystem Orchestration Drives Evolutionary Survival .........................277 12.2.1 The Red Queen Race to Survive ..............................................................277 12.2.2 Business Ecosystems Thrive on Orchestration ........................................277 12.2.3 You Cannot Win the Grand Prix by Watching the Fuel Gauge ..............278 12.2.4 Challenges in Business Ecosystems Evolve Over Their Lifecycle .........278 12.3 Idea 3: Orchestration Requires Interlocking of Ecosystem Architecture and Governance ....................................................................................................278 12.3.1 Architecture is an Ecosystem s DNA.......................................................278 12.3.2 Ecosystem Governance is the Catalyst for Evolution ..............................279 12.3.3 Architecture and Governance as the Interlocking Gears of an Ecosystems Evolutionary Motor .............................................................280 About the Author ...............................................................................................................................281 References ..........................................................................................................................................283 Glossary .............................................................................................................................................289 Index ..................................................................................................................................................295
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spelling	Tiwana, Amrit 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)132142031 aut Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Amrit Tiwana Amsterdam ; Boston ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York ; Oxford Elsevier 2014 XIX, 302 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Softwareplattform (DE-588)4702244-9 gnd rswk-swf Computer software industry New products Softwareplattform (DE-588)4702244-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027153980&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
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title	Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy
title_auth	Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy
title_exact_search	Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy
title_full	Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Amrit Tiwana
title_fullStr	Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Amrit Tiwana
title_full_unstemmed	Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Amrit Tiwana
title_short	Platform ecosystems
title_sort	platform ecosystems aligning architecture governance and strategy
title_sub	aligning architecture, governance, and strategy
topic	Softwareplattform (DE-588)4702244-9 gnd
topic_facet	Softwareplattform
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