Platform ecosystems: aligning architecture, governance, and strategy
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam ; Boston ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York ; Oxford
Elsevier
2014
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | XIX, 302 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
ISBN: | 9780124080669 |
Internformat
MARC
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020 | |a 9780124080669 |c alk. paper |9 978-0-12-408066-9 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)877853208 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)GBV76849611X | ||
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100 | 1 | |a Tiwana, Amrit |d 1974- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)132142031 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Platform ecosystems |b aligning architecture, governance, and strategy |c Amrit Tiwana |
264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam ; Boston ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York ; Oxford |b Elsevier |c 2014 | |
300 | |a XIX, 302 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Softwareplattform |0 (DE-588)4702244-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
653 | |a Computer software industry | ||
653 | |a New products | ||
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999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027153980 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804151976869494784 |
---|---|
adam_text | Contents
Introduction
........................................................................................
,
................................
,
................
χν
PART I THE RISE OF PLATFORMS
__________________________________
CHAPTER
1
The Rise of Platform Ecosystems
..................................................
з
1.1
The War of Ecosystems
..............................................................................................3
1.2
Platform Ecosystems
...................................................................................................4
.2.1
Elements of a Software Platform Ecosystem
...................................................5
.2.2
What a Platform is Not
.....................................................................................7
1.3
Drivers of the Migration Toward Platforms
...............................................................9
.3.1
Driver
#1:
Deepening Specialization
.............................................................
1
1
.3.2
Driver
#2:
Packetizalion
................................................................................. 13
.3.3
Driver
#3:
Software Embedding
..................................................................... 15
.3.4
Driver
#4:
The Internet of Things
.................................................................. 16
.3.5
Driver
#5:
Ubiquity
......................................................................................... 17
.3.6
The Perfect Storm
...........................................................................................19
1.4
Lessons Learned
........................................................................................................20
CHAPTER
2
Core Concepts and Principles
.....................................................23
2.1
Introduction
...............................................................................................................23
2.2
Core Concepts
...........................................................................................................23
2.2.
1 The Platform Lifecycle
.................................................................................24
2.2.2
Multisidedness
..............................................................................................31
2.2.3
Network Effects
............................................................................................33
2.2.4
Muitihoming
..................................................................................................36
2.2.5
Tipping
..........................................................................................................36
2.2.6
Lock-in
..........................................................................................................37
2.2.7
Competitive Durability
.................................................................................37
2.2.8
Envelopment
.................................................................................................37
2.2.9
Architecture
...................................................................................................38
2.2.10
Governance
...................................................................................................39
2.3
Guiding Principles
.....................................................................................................39
2.3.1
The Red Queen Effect
....................................................................................39
2.3.2
The Chicken-or-Egg Problem
.........................................................................41
2.3.3
The Penguin Problem
.....................................................................................41
2.3.4
Emergence
.......................................................................................................42
2.3.5
The Seesaw Problem
.......................................................................................42
IX
üontenis
2.3.6
The Humpty Dumpty Problem
.......................................................................
43
2.3.7
The Mirroring Principle
..................................................................................44
2.3.8
Coevolution
.....................................................................................................
45
2.3.9
The Goldilocks Rule
.......................................................................................46
2.4
Lessons Learned
........................................................................................................47
CHAPTER
3
Why Platform Businesses Are Unlike Product
or Service Businesses
................................................................49
3.1
Introduction
...............................................................................................................49
3.1.1
Market Potential Differences
..........................................................................50
3.1.2
Structural Differences
.....................................................................................50
3.1.3
Management Style Differences
......................................................................52
3.2
Why Platforms Need a Different Mindset
...............................................................52
3.3
How Products and Services Can Evolve into Platforms
..........................................55
3.3.1
The Four Lenses for Spotting Platform Opportunities
..................................56
3.4
Lessons Learned
........................................................................................................58
CHAPTER
4
The Value Proposition of Platforms
.............................................61
4.1
Platform Owners
.......................................................................................................62
4.1.1
Massively Distributed Innovation
..................................................................62
4.1.2
Risk Transfer
...................................................................................................63
4.1.3
Capturing the Long-Tail
.................................................................................63
4.1.4
Competitive Sustainability
..............................................................................64
4.2
App Developers
.........................................................................................................65
4.2.1
Technological Foundations
.............................................................................65
4.2.2
Market Access
.................................................................................................66
4.3
End-Users
..................................................................................................................67
4.3.1
Mix-and-Match Customization
.......................................................................67
4.3.2
Faster Innovation and Network Benefits
........................................................67
4.3.3
Competition Among Rivals
............................................................................68
4.3.4
Lower Search and Transaction Costs
.............................................................68
4.4
Lessons Learned
.................................................................................................. 68
PART II ARCHITECTURE AND GOVERNANCE
__________________________
CHAPTER
5
Platform Architecture
.................................................................
73
5.1
How Unemployed Hairdressers Became France s Mathematical Champions
........73
5.2
Complexity: The Achilles Heel of Platforms
...........................................................77
5.2.1
Two Types of Complexity
..............................................................................
78
5.3
The Two Functions of Ecosystem Architecture
................................................ 79
5.3.1
hrtitioning
................................................................................................
80
532
Systems
Integration
.........................................................................
82
5.4
Ecosystem Architecture
............................................................................................84
5.4.1
App Microarchitecture
....................................................................................85
5.5
Four Desirable Properties of Platform Architectures
...............................................93
5.5.1
Architectural Lessons From Cities
.................................................................94
5.6
Modularity of Architectures
......................................................................................95
5.6.1
Software Modularity
.......................................................................................97
5.6.2
Platform Architecture: An Ecosystem s
DNA...............................................97
5.6.3
Design Precedes Production
...........................................................................98
5.6.4
Design Modularity Enables Production Modularity
......................................99
5.7
Goldilocks Strikes Again
........................................................................................100
5.7.1
Upsides of Modularization
...........................................................................100
5.7.2
Downsides of Modularization
.......................................................................103
5.8
Two Mechanisms for Modularization
....................................................................106
5.8.1
Decoupling
....................................................................................................106
5.8.2
Interface Standardization
..............................................................................110
Chapter Summary
...........................................................................................................115
CHAPTER
6
Platform Governance
................................................................
in
6.1
Platform Governance as the Blueprint for Ecosystem Orchestration
....................117
6.2
Three Dimensions of Platform Governance
...........................................................118
6.2.1
Decision Rights Partitioning
.........................................................................119
6.2.2
Control Portfolio Design
...............................................................................122
6.2.3
Pricing
...........................................................................................................126
6.3
Aligning Governance
..............................................................................................131
6.3.1
Aligning Decision Rights Partitioning
.........................................................131
6.3.2
Aligning Control Portfolios
..........................................................................137
6.3.3
Aligning Platform Pricing Policies
...............................................................144
Chapter Summary
...........................................................................................................150
PART HI DYNAMICS AND METRICS OF ECOSYSTEM EVOLUTION
CHAPTER
7
Metrics of Evolution
.................................................................155
7.1
Three Roles of Evolutionary Metrics
.....................................................................156
7.1.1
Metrics Steer Evolution
................................................................................156
7.1.2
Metrics Separate Signal from Noise
.............................................................156
7.1.3
Metrics Help Manage Tradeoffs
...................................................................157
7.2
Three Guiding Principles
........................................................................................157
7.2.1
Look from Outside in
...................................................................................158
7.2.2
Focus Attention on the Short Term Without Losing Sight of the
Long Term
....................................................................................................158
7.2.3
The Cost of Tracking a Metric Should Never Exceed the Value of
Tracking it
.....................................................................................................159
xii
Contents
7.3
An Overview of Metrics of Evolution in Platform Ecosystems
............................160
7.4
Short-Term Metrics of Evolution
...........................................................................
162
7.4.1
Resilience
......................................................................................................
162
7.4.2
Scalability
......................................................................................................
164
7.4.3
Composability
...............................................................................................
167
7.5
Medium-Term Metrics of Evolution
......................................................................
169
7.5.1
Stickiness
.......................................................................................................
169
7.5.2
Platform Synergy
..........................................................................................
17°
7.5.3
Plasticity
........................................................................................................
m
7.6
Long-Term Metrics of Evolution
...........................................................................172
7.6.1
Envelopment
.................................................................................................172
7.6.2
Durability
......................................................................................................175
7.6.3
Mutation
........................................................................................................176
7.7
Lessons Learned
......................................................................................................177
CHAPTER
8
Real Options Thinking in Ecosystem Evolution
...........................179
8.1
An Introduction to Real Options Thinking
............................................................179
8.2
Volatility in Technologies and Markets
.................................................................180
8.2.1
Technical Volatility
......................................................................................180
8.2.2
Market Volatility
...........................................................................................180
8.3
Types of Real Options
............................................................................................183
8.4
Applying Real Options Thinking in Practice
.........................................................185
8.4.1
Decomposing a Project into Smaller Subprojects
........................................186
8.4.2
Sequencing Subprojects
................................................................................187
8.5
Exercising Real Options: The Devil is in the Details
............................................188
8.5.1
Cost of an Option
..........................................................................................188
8.5.2
Value of an Option
.......................................................................................189
8.5.3
Exercising an Embedded Option: When to Hold and
When to Fold
................................................................................................189
8.6
Lessons Learned
......................................................................................................190
CHAPTER
9
Modular Operators: Platform Ecosystems Evolutionary
Baby Steps
..............................................................................
191
9.1
An Overview of Modular Operators
......................................................... 191
9.1.1
Split
...............................................................................................................,92
9.1.2
Subtract
...........................................................................................
192
9.1.3
Substitute
.............................................................................
l92
9.1.4
Augment
.........................................................................
^
9.1.5
Mutate
..................................................................... ......
)95
9.2
Lessons Learned
..............................................................
Contents xiii
PART IV ORCHESTRATING EVOLUTION
______________________________
CHAPTER
10
Evolving a Platform
................................................................201
10.1
The Bathtub Model: Ecosystem Innovation as Stocks and Flows
......................203
10.1.1
Growing the Stock
....................................................................................204
10.1.2
Creating and Sustaining a Competitive Advantage
.................................206
10.1.3
Evolution Speed: Lessons from American Military Doctrine
.................207
10.2
Orchestrating Platform Evolution: A Preview
.....................................................211
10.3
Orchestrating Short-Term Platform Evolution
....................................................212
10.3.1
Orchestrating Platform Resilience
............................................................212
10.3.2
Orchestrating Platform Scalability
...........................................................215
10.3.3
Orchestrating Platform Composability
.....................................................218
10.4
Orchestrating Medium-Term Platform Evolution
...............................................220
10.4.1
Growing Platform Stickiness
....................................................................220
10.4.2
Growing Platform Synergy Across the Ecosystem
..................................227
10.4.3
Orchestrating Platform Plasticity
..............................................................228
10.5
Orchestrating
Long-Term
Platform Evolution
....................................................232
10.5.1
Orchestrating Platform Envelopment
.......................................................232
10.5.2
Rebuffing Envelopment Attacks on a Platform
.......................................234
10.5.3
Orchestrating Platform Durability
............................................................237
10.5.4
Consistently Contributing Valuable Resources to the
Ecosystem
.................................................................................................238
10.5.5
Accumulating Nonsubstitulable Assets
....................................................241
10.5.6
Orchestrating Platform Mutation
..............................................................244
10.6
Lessons Learned
...................................................................................................246
CHAPTER
11
Evolving an App
.....................................................................247
11.1
Dynamics of Platform Markets
............................................................................248
I I.I.I A Rising Tide Floats all Boats
.................................................................249
11.2
The Eureka Moment and the Origin of Apps
......................................................249
1
1.2.1
Who is the Incumbent? Think Again
.......................................................250
11.3
How App
Microarchitecture
Shapes App Evolvability
.......................................251
11.4
Evolving an App: A Preview
...............................................................................253
11.5
Evolving an App in the Short Term
....................................................................253
11.5.1
Managing App Resilience
........................................................................253
1
1.5.2
Improving App Scalability
.......................................................................255
1
1.5.3
Enhancing App Composability
.................................................................256
11.6
Evolving an App in the Medium Term
...............................................................258
11.6.1
Growing App Stickiness
...........................................................................258
11.6.2
Tradeoffs in Managing an Apps Plaiform Synergy
................................261
11.6.3
Enhancing App Plasticity
.........................................................................262
11.7
Evolving an App in the Long Term
....................................................................262
11.7.1
App Envelopment: How Apps Evolve into Platforms
.............................262
11.7.2
Enhancing App Durability
........................................................................266
11.7.3
Orchestrating App Mutation
.....................................................................267
11.8
Lessons Learned
...................................................................................................267
PART V THE ROAD AHEAD
___________________________________________
CHAPTER
12
Every Product Is a Platform Waiting to Happen
........................271
12.1
Idea I: Migration to Ecosystem Competition
......................................................272
12.1.1
Business Ecosystems in Nontechnology Industries
.................................273
12.1.2
Properties Unique to Business Ecosystems
..............................................276
12.1.3
The Three Stooges of a Business Ecosystem
...........................................276
12.2
Idea
2:
Ecosystem Orchestration Drives Evolutionary Survival
.........................277
12.2.1
The Red Queen Race to Survive
..............................................................277
12.2.2
Business Ecosystems Thrive on Orchestration
........................................277
12.2.3
You Cannot Win the Grand Prix by Watching the Fuel Gauge
..............278
12.2.4
Challenges in Business Ecosystems Evolve Over Their Lifecycle
.........278
12.3
Idea
3:
Orchestration Requires Interlocking of Ecosystem Architecture
and Governance
....................................................................................................278
12.3.1
Architecture is an Ecosystem s
DNA.......................................................278
12.3.2
Ecosystem Governance is the Catalyst for Evolution
..............................279
12.3.3
Architecture and Governance as the Interlocking Gears of an
Ecosystems Evolutionary Motor
.............................................................280
About the Author
...............................................................................................................................281
References
..........................................................................................................................................283
Glossary
.............................................................................................................................................289
Index
..................................................................................................................................................295
|
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isbn | 9780124080669 |
language | English |
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spelling | Tiwana, Amrit 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)132142031 aut Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Amrit Tiwana Amsterdam ; Boston ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York ; Oxford Elsevier 2014 XIX, 302 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Softwareplattform (DE-588)4702244-9 gnd rswk-swf Computer software industry New products Softwareplattform (DE-588)4702244-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027153980&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Tiwana, Amrit 1974- Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Softwareplattform (DE-588)4702244-9 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4702244-9 |
title | Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy |
title_auth | Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy |
title_exact_search | Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy |
title_full | Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Amrit Tiwana |
title_fullStr | Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Amrit Tiwana |
title_full_unstemmed | Platform ecosystems aligning architecture, governance, and strategy Amrit Tiwana |
title_short | Platform ecosystems |
title_sort | platform ecosystems aligning architecture governance and strategy |
title_sub | aligning architecture, governance, and strategy |
topic | Softwareplattform (DE-588)4702244-9 gnd |
topic_facet | Softwareplattform |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027153980&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT tiwanaamrit platformecosystemsaligningarchitecturegovernanceandstrategy |