Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat: a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Romanian English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Kolozsvár
Kriza János Néprajzi Társulat
2012
Nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézet |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. rumän. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 320 S. Ill. |
ISBN: | 9786068377056 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804151888365486080 |
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adam_text | Tartalom
Előszó
9
Bevezető
11
A kutatás tárgya és célja
11
A könyv felépítése
12
Elméleti keret, terminológia
15
A kutatás kultúraelméleti alapjai
15
Közös tudás, közös jelentés
15
A kultúra mint esemény ló
Az emlékezet mint társadalmi konstrukció
17
Tudomány- és kutatástörténet
19
Idő, hagyomány, emlékezet. A kollektív tudás antropológiai irodalma
19
Tér és idő. A társadalmak ideje
20
Egyéni emlékezés
-
csoportemlékezet
24
A kollektív emlékezet és társadalmi keretei
25
A nép, a nemzet mint az emlékezet kerete
27
Az emlékezet időbeli horizontjai: a múlt tagolása
30
Az emlékezet térbeli dimenziója és médiumai: az emlékezet helyei
33
A (kollektív) emlékezet szervezése és felmutatása:
az emlékezés folyamata
39
Az emlékezet diskurzusai és technikái
-
a társadalom
értelmezési stratégiái
43
A kitalált hagyomány koncepciója és társadalmi funkciói
46
A kollektív emlékezet mint folytonos küzdelem: szimbolikus harcok
49
Kolozsvár kutatásának irodalma
53
Kitérő. A múlt narratívái
-
historizmus és mentalitástörténet
53
A kolozsvári múlt reprezentációi. A hely irodalma
55
Történeti munkák
55
Művészettörténeti munkák
60
Turisztikai irodalom
62
Az
1989
utáni kutatások
67
Összegzés. A lokális emlékezet termelése
70
Néprajzi, antropológiai és szociológiai kutatások
72
TARTALOM
Város
-
kontextus
-
kutatás
75
Kolozsvár és társadalma. A kutatás kontextusa
75
A város
75
A népesség. Etnikumok és felekezetek
78
Társadalmi események, politikai és hatalmi viszonyok
82
A kutatás leírása. Módszertan
84
Adattár és források. Az anyag elrendezése
85
A szövegkorpusz műfaja és tipológiai problémái
85
A gyűjtött emlékanyag műfaja
85
A gyűjtött emlékanyag rendszerezése és tipologizálása
88
Emlékállítás
-
korszak, tematika, alakzat. Elemzés
91
A kezdetektől a reformkorig
(1440-1799).
A datálás gyakorlati funkciója
93
Az alkotó egyén, az építkező polgárság
93
Erődítmények
93
Templomok és iskolák
96
Lakóházak és építészeti elemek
99
A halottak emlékezete
103
Események emlékezete
105
Összegzés. Emlékállítási szokások és attitűdök
110
A reformkortól a kiegyezésig
(1800-1867).
A dátalas
mint emlékállítás
117
Építkezés és építkezők
117
A közösség intézményei, középületek
117
Lakóházak
119
A halottak emlékezete
120
Események emlékezete
121
Összegzés
123
A kiegyezéstől az egyesítésig
(1867-1918).
A dualizmus kora
-
a nemzet
emlékezete
129
Építkezés és építkezők
129
A közösség intézményei, középületek
129
Lakóházak
131
A halottak emlékezete
132
Egyének kultusza
132
Az uralkodók kultusza
132
A személyiségek kultusza
137
Események emlékezete
139
Az 1848-as forradalom és szabadságharc
139
A közösség eseményei
140
Az emlékezet létrehozói és felügyelői
140
Összegzés
142
Az egyesítéstől a
II.
bécsi döntésig
(1918-1940).
A hatalomváltás és emlékezete
147
A felszámolt és a létrehozott emlékezet. A múlt román szempontból
való értelmezése
147
Az elrejtett múlt és a bezárkózott emlékezet. Magyar emlékállítási lehetőségek
153
Összegzés
154
TARTALOM
A „kis magyar világ
(1940-1944).
Visszatérő hatalom
-
rekonstruált emlékezet
160
A helyreigazított múlt
160
A háborúk emlékezete
-
a nemzeti hősök kultusza
161
A nemzet teljesítményei és személyiségei
165
Összegzés
166
A
II.
világháború végétől az 1989-es rendszerváltásig
(1945-1989).
A kommunizmus emlékezetkonstruálása
170
Az átmeneti időszak
(1945-1948) 170
A közelmúlt emlékének leépítése
170
A hősök és az áldozatok
172
Az egyházak, gyülekezetek újjászervezése
177
A szocialista-kommunista integráció és a társadalom feletti
teljes ellenőrzés időszaka
(1948-1965) 177
A kommunizmus genezise: a munkásosztály eredményei és hősei
178
A történelem és a kultúra személyiségei
180
Egyházak, közösségek emlékállításai
182
A korábbi emlékjelek sorsa
184
Az „aranykorszak . A látszólagos liberalizációtól a nemzeti kommunizmus
programjáig
(1965-1989) 185
Kommunista és antifasiszta hősök
186
A román nemzeti múlt megteremtése
186
Az egyházi keretben szerveződő emlékezet
192
A korábbi emlékjelek sorsa
193
Összegzés
194
Egy korszak emlékállításai. Az emlékezet szervezése a demokrácia korában
(1989-2004) 211
Felszámolt hagyomány
-
a felejtés ritualizálása
212
A múltteremtés irányultságai
213
1989.
december
21. -
az új rend(szer) genezise
214
A demokrácia hősei, személyiségei
216
A román nemzeti múlt (újra)szerkesztése
218
A román emlékállítás alakzatai
221
A tér megválasztása
222
Az esemény megválasztása
223
Az idő megválasztása
225
Magyar reakciók és emlékáüítások
-
a mártírium konstrukciói
227
A templom és az iskola
-
az emlékezet tárgya és helyszíne
228
A tudományos és kulturális intézmények emlékállításai
230
A zsidó emlékállítások
231
Összegzés. A nemzeti diskurzusok
232
Esetelemzés.
1848-1849
emlékezetének szervezése és használata
239
Az esemény. Az alapnarratíva
239
A hagyományteremtők
241
TARTALOM
Hatalomváltások
-
az emlékezet újrakihelyezése
250
Az
1989
utáni szimbolikus térszervezések
és az emlékezet(ek) használata(i)
254
A román emlékállítások
254
A magyar emlékállítások
257
Párhuzamosság és rivalizálás
-
az emlékezet használata
258
Összegzés
264
Következtetések
267
Szakirodalom és források
273
Szakirodalom
273
Források
297
Rezumat
311
Abstract
316
8
Abstract
Memory
Construction
and Practice. Representations
of Cultural Memory in Cluj-Napoca
Aim of this volume is to present, describe and interpret all figures of memory, as well as
representations and processes comprehendible into the issue of local, cultural and/or
collective memorial forms and social problems in the city of Cluj-Napoca. Subsequently,
I have analyzed the process of cultural memory-performance, the strategies of memory-
formation and the social usage of memory, as they occur in one urban context. By sort¬
ing out Cluj-Napoca as my fieldwork, I intended to offer a more or less complete image
on time-usage, techniques of dealing with the past and the relation between memory
and locality. Analysis of memory-construction, spatialization and usage was grounded
on a review and research of commemorative actions (memorial plaques and statues) as
well as commemorative rituals and festivities.
Certainly, analysis of memorial performances and practices can be carried trough
many viewpoints, and discerned into various categories; I have chosen two major ones.
My research focuses on memory construction as process, and analyses the practices of
locating the (created) past in public spaces, together with the historical aspects of me¬
morial performances. Aim of such particular approach was either a stock-taking of local
forms in remembrance, or, supported by the former, to find out, how narrating the time
and performing memory (through conservation and unveiling memorial plaques and
statues) shapes and (reconstructs space? How does it convey visibility to the events and
what events are given visibility through it?
A historical analysis of the memorial performances between
1440-2004
has raised
several questions regarding the problem of accumulating time. How has been produced
the idea of present as an entity with promises, and the idea of a linking societal past to
present? Which social-political context draws ones attention to the past? What gener¬
ates an increased attention to the past? How contributes society in organizing its own
history? What are the processes of organizing memory? What sort of social representa¬
tions are reflected by commemorations? What events actuate the performing of mem¬
ory through plaques, statues, etc.? What events, ways of acting, narratives are revealed
through commemoration?
Performing memory, regarded as ritual usage and symbolical seizing, opened anoth¬
er perspective for my research. By following how memory is preserved and performed
(through commemorations and public celebrations), I intended to present actual cul¬
tural mechanisms, that are connected to the past. For Cluj-dwellers, regarded here as
members of one community of memory, the past also shapes processes of identity as
well as their local and regional social mentality. Thus, it was necessary to analyze dis¬
courses associated to commemorations and practices of memory, the cultural relations
they shape, the patterns of identity they offer for society members.
All the tasks to accomplish are presented in the introduction of this book.
Organization of memory has become one of the most sensitive issues in the 20th-
early 21st century social studies. First two book-chapters (Theoretical framework,
termi-
316
ABSTRACT
nology,
and History of science
and research)
tend to
present
all achievements and prob¬
lems of grasping memory, raised by a diversified intellectual tradition. As discourses on
memory are organized into an interdisciplinary context, approaches in history, cultural
studies social studies are equally regarded important components for my theoretical
framework. Subsequently, I combined my frame by assumptions from the French sociol¬
ogy, the British social-anthropology, the American cultural anthropology and, last but
not least, the Hungarian ethnography. I consider the chapters discussing the above-
mentioned issues crucial for my work, as my research and interpretations were con¬
structed under the impact of all these approaches.
Out of an overview of relevant literature, a separate chapter was dedicated to the
narrative framing of Cluj-Napoca (History of researching Cluj-Napoca). Literature on lo¬
cal history
-
understood in a broader sense
-
collected for this chapter draws attention
on representations (objects and texts) of the locality; all these sources represent the past
as a useful, interesting and admirable constitute of the national tradition. A special at¬
tention was given to the post-
1989
sources, submitted by local historians, erudite, who
preserve their rights of editing adjusting, interpreting local history. These authors, by
revealing their sources, turn the past into a public commodity and democratize knowl¬
edge for the local society. By a permanent return to this knowledge, by recording prac¬
tices of memory, by re-writing the tradition linked to the figures of local past, these pro¬
ducers launch the representations of representations in their public sphere.
A special attention was given to the post-
1989
researches on ethnography, anthro¬
pology and sociology. Subsequently, themes of symbolic space in
Cluj,
practices of local
space-usage, studies on nation-building, works on political commemorations and pub¬
lic rituals, achievements in the discipline of ethnicity and nationalism were stock-taken
in this part of the book.
Chapter on City
-
context
-
research gives an overview on the research process and
methodology, and a systematization of the collected data and texts. In the sub-chapter
on the city and its society I analyzed
1.
antecedents of city formation, its extension in
space, all its demands for expansion in population growth, social interactions (like or¬
ganizing the space, working out the image, creating the center, industrialization, dis¬
tricts of blocks of flats)
2.
changes in
rata on
ethnicity and religion within the population
of the city
3.
all political and social events that convey an additional clarification to my
material.
Categorization the collected material after genre, organizing the collected data is,
too, part of this chapter. (Data Archive, a part of the research published in a separate
volume, contains description and photo of
768
inscriptions, plaques, and memorials).
Chapter on Commemoration
-
epoch, theme, figure. Analyses, offers a timing and
presentation of commemorations, through epochs, themes and figures. In doing so, a
chronological approach was used, enabling a comparison of the time-periods; descrip¬
tion based on themes and figures conveys a transparency to the collected material. Thus
practices of commemoration that stood as subject for many sub-chapters were organ¬
ized through the same approach; as each chapter ends with a concluding note, only a
few of basic statements are presented in the following paragraphs.
Enquire for the past and a demand for its possession seems to be a key-note for local
public life in
Cluj.
First source, revealing an interest for the past is from
1440,
the first
plaque is from
1450;
the first statue (Statue of Trinity) on a public place was erected in
317
ABSTRACT
1744,
the first (Transylvanian) political memorial
(Stàtua) in
1831.
Performing memory
through commemoration equally characterizes the past and the coming centuries until
the present. It worth to be mentioned that not all manifestations were memory organi¬
zations, in their actual meaning, due to their incapacity for represent different social-
group identities and compete through symbolical means. (Commemorations based on
and reinforcing national consciousness are products of modernity). Dating, tracing, and
producing techniques of making people remember were of various categories, endowed
with different signification, set of attitudes in each historical context. For this investiga¬
tion they are regarded, and have in common their capacity of structuring social time,
and representation of using the past, especially for future centuries. Changes in histori¬
cal meanings of dating and commemorating were grasped in this particular sense in the
book.
There was a serious of tendencies regarding the content of commemorations. Re¬
lated to the events commemorated, their approach to time was the most salient, as it
shaped even the object of commemoration. In the beginning, commemorations were
dedicated to present objects; later (as nowadays) these were enhancing events in the
near or further spheres of the past. Initially, celebration of the buildings, the individual
and community-wide-important living places and fortresses belonged to this category.
Later, with a consciousness of an accumulated past, with an increase of a retrospective
perception, past events became more frequently present on the plaques. By the end of
the 19th century the retrospective attitude had been become more accentuated, tech¬
niques of creating the past more refined and institutionalized.
From a historical perspective, the processes of registering individual (middle class,
monarchs) deeds and achievements of the church and local communities were replaced
by the 19th century by portraying of the nation. Under the impact of early and mid 19th
century national movements, performances of a nationally bounded groups and com¬
munities, and their deeds had been evaluated by the present time of commemorations.
In parallel, language of rituals was more visibly shifted from Latin to national tongues.
Institutionalization of commemorations also reveals the identity of commemora-
tors. Placing memory was initially a matter of the middle-class (individual) will, or a
decision of local authorities. Under the impact of social diversification in the age of re¬
forms, certain groups, societies, associations and parties become agents of commem¬
orations. Such communities claimed to construct discourses and replacements of the
past through interpretations that were valid within the group. Subsequently, these ritu¬
als focused attentions on themselves (by a textual registration of the creator) through
great narratives on country, national or local history, or they created a community-wide
relevance of their past (through referring to great narratives); sometimes they made
personal past and history visible.
Changes and ceasing of social frameworks lead to a shift from mere commemora¬
tions to a representation-framed past Its presence, as the historical gaps that shaped
them and the representations produced under their influence is proved in the book
through interpretations and analyses of the past.
Commemorations of the past decades are examined in a separate book chapter
(Commemorations of an epoch Organizing memory in the age of democracy). Commemo¬
rations of the
1989-2004
show how great social and political changes reshape attitudes
to the past, and reveal differences between the old system and the new, Reinterpretation
318
ABSTRACT
of the public sphere and the space, its resettlement with past events is a permanent en¬
deavor for dominant groups, and of those in formation.
The book ends with a case study on construction and permanent usage of one event,
commemoration of the
1848-1849
revolution. My analysis encompasses the events of
creating a tradition, ways of interpreting new histories born under the impact of chang¬
es in state borders and the new political power they effected, the attitudes of commemo¬
ration and the strategies of neglecting and legitimizing.
Main conclusions of this part are summed up as follows:
1.
First commemoration in
Cluj
took place in
1440.
This habitus of commemorating
through plaques and statues can be regarded as constant since then, becoming more in¬
tensive in the 19th century. Commemorations had various topics: representations of the
self-documented, growing or decreasing city, recording urban events, synchronizing local
manifestations with historical events. At the beginning commemorations perpetuated the
present, some centuries later they evoked moments of the near or further past. Records of
the present and ways of evoking the past related to the present shifts from an organic rela¬
tion to an organized one, from a functionalist intention to and endeavor for legitimization.
2.
In accordance with official codes, initially (first sources go back to the 15th century)
Latin was the language of commemorations, gradually replaced by national tongues.
This shift has 16th century grave-inscriptions as premise, and reveals the impact of the
18-19*
century reforms and national movements. Hungarian had become the domi¬
nant language of commemorations until the end of World War II, its substitution with
Romanian goes back to the unification from
1918,
marking the first appearance of this
latter in the public sphere. Reorganization of the public space after
1989
brought a re¬
appearance of the Hungarian, that turned into an unbalanced presence from a pre- 89
vanishing. Choosing language of commemoration has been become source of conflict
beginning with the 20th century.
Style of commemorative texts and discourses is lofty, close to the language of Bible,
politics or science.
3.
Place of commemorations had been changed during the centuries. From closed or
half-public spaces they moved into the public ones, from sacral locations into the pro¬
fane. In the 20th century a new tendency occurred: (ethnic) groups, marginalized from
dominant scenes organized their commemorations in nationally homogeneous places;
this tendency also records a crowing out from public spaces.
4.
Manufacturers of objects for commemoration and their outsourcers are discerned
along the centuries, the formers becoming more and professional (sculptors, hewers,
companies with specialized tasks).
5.
Outsourcing, recording and representing past and present becomes a privilege of
dominant groups and institutions. Unlike in previous centuries, when commemorations
were a task of the church, in the 1800ies profane institutions were the organizers of such
events. Sacred locations become a host for commemorations organized by groups that
were marginalized from the public sphere.
6.
Subsequently, a change of agents engenders a de-sacralization in the rituals of
memory. The passing of, the framework for ceremonies remains as spectacular as be¬
fore, but commemorations are now filled in with profane contents. Secularized com¬
memorations, too, become more and more ritualized, and they turn into political rituals
and manifestations of different, competing (ethnic) groups.
319
ABSTRACT
By the end of the 20th century commemorations become more and more popular,
accosting and mobilizing a bigger and bigger public. In parallel, a new tendency oc¬
curred in the past decades: particularization and professionalization of commemora¬
tions, addressing a small group, re-interpreting the past of smaller and smaller social
entities. In a Hungarian -Romanian context, commemorations divide the urban society.
The Hungarian invented tradition, spaced in a minority framework, embodies either
rituals of unification (demonstrating similarities) or routines of diversification (making
internal differences visible).
JAKAB
Albert
Zsolt
(1979)
is a researcher at the Romanian Institute for Research on
National Minorities and the president of
Kriza János
Ethnographic Society. Volume pub¬
lished:
Ez a kő tétetett... Az emlékezet helyei Kolozsváron
(1440-2012).
Adattár.
[This Stone
was Bestowed... Spaces of Commemoration in Cluj-Napoca
(1440-2012).
Data Archive.]
Kri¬
za János
Ethnographic Society-Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities,
Cluj-Napoca,
2012.
320
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Jakab, Albert Zsolt 1979- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1024480194 |
author_facet | Jakab, Albert Zsolt 1979- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Jakab, Albert Zsolt 1979- |
author_variant | a z j az azj |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV041656771 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)873509434 (DE-599)BVBBV041656771 |
era | Geschichte 1965-2004 gnd Geschichte gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1965-2004 Geschichte |
format | Book |
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geographic | Cluj-Napoca (DE-588)1122053215 gnd |
geographic_facet | Cluj-Napoca |
id | DE-604.BV041656771 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:01:58Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9786068377056 |
language | Romanian English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027097259 |
oclc_num | 873509434 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 320 S. Ill. |
publishDate | 2012 |
publishDateSearch | 2012 |
publishDateSort | 2012 |
publisher | Kriza János Néprajzi Társulat Nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézet |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Jakab, Albert Zsolt 1979- Verfasser (DE-588)1024480194 aut Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron Jakab Albert Zsolt Kolozsvár Kriza János Néprajzi Társulat 2012 Nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézet 320 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. rumän. Sprache Geschichte 1965-2004 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd rswk-swf Denkmal (DE-588)4011453-3 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Cluj-Napoca (DE-588)1122053215 gnd rswk-swf Cluj-Napoca (DE-588)1122053215 g Denkmal (DE-588)4011453-3 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 s Geschichte 1965-2004 z DE-604 Geschichte z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027097259&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027097259&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Jakab, Albert Zsolt 1979- Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Denkmal (DE-588)4011453-3 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4011453-3 (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)1122053215 |
title | Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron |
title_auth | Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron |
title_exact_search | Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron |
title_full | Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron Jakab Albert Zsolt |
title_fullStr | Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron Jakab Albert Zsolt |
title_full_unstemmed | Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron Jakab Albert Zsolt |
title_short | Emlékállítás és emlékezési gyakorlat |
title_sort | emlekallitas es emlekezesi gyakorlat a kulturalis emlekezet reprezentacioi kolozsvaron |
title_sub | a kulturális emlékezet reprezentációi Kolozsváron |
topic | Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Denkmal (DE-588)4011453-3 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
topic_facet | Politik Geschichtsschreibung Denkmal Kollektives Gedächtnis Cluj-Napoca |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027097259&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027097259&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT jakabalbertzsolt emlekallitasesemlekezesigyakorlatakulturalisemlekezetreprezentacioikolozsvaron |