Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov"
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Long ranged hand weapons from 13th to 14th century on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 217 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789543226245 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija |c Gligor Božinoski |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 217 S. |b zahlr. Ill. | ||
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| 500 | |a PST: Long ranged hand weapons from 13th to 14th century on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1811916775013482496 |
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| adam_text |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Списък на илюстрациите
. 9
Съкращения
. 11
ПРЕДГОВОР
.,. 13
УВОД
. 17
I.
ЛЪК
. 25
Произход, развитие и особености на сложносъставния рефлексен
лък
. 25
Римски период
. 30
Средни векове
. 33
XIII-XIV
век
. 56
II.
ТЕТИВА
. 78
III.
КАЛЪФ ЗА ЛЪК
. 81
IV.
КОЛЧАН ЗА
СТРЕЛИ
. 83
V.
АРБАЛЕТ
. 86
VI.
СТРЕЛИ
. 92
VII.
ТИПОЛОГИЯ НА ВЪРХОВЕТЕ НА СТРЕЛИ
. 95
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
. 128
Литература
. 132
Резюме на английски език
. 156
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
.-. 161
Илюстрации
. 163
Каталог на находки
. 204
Карта на местонаходищата
. 204
Каталог.
. 205
Албум
. 216
7
CONTENTS
List of figures
. 9
Abbreviations
. 11
FOREWORD
. . 13
INTRODUCTION
. 17
I. BOW
. 25
Origins, development and characteristics of composite reflex bows
. . 25
Roman period
. 30
Middle Ages
. 33
XIII-XIV Centuries
. 56
II. STRING
. 78
III. BOWCASE
. 81
IV. QUIVER
. 83
V. CROSSBOW
. 86
VI.ARROWS
. 92
VII.
TYPOLOGY OF ARROW TIPS
. 95
CONCLUSION
. 128
Literature
. 132
Summary in English
. 156
ADDENDA
. 161
Figures
. 163
Catalogue
. 204
Map of archaeological sites
. 204
Catalogue
. 205
Album
. 216
8
LONG RANGED HAND WEAPONS
FROM 13th TO 14th CENTURY ON THE TERRITORY
OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
(Summary)
Bow and arrow as a primitive weapon has a long tradition of use in the Balkans,
including on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. As simple and reinforced
bows are hard to trace archaeologically, we judge on their appearance by the remained
graffiti and other forms of art, without clear morphological features. Besides the
simple bow, schythian bow was the primary composite reflex bow that was in use
in the Balkans in the antiquity. It was a double convex bow with extremly recurved
working tips/siyahs. In the Roman Empire a new type of composite reflex bow was
adopted. This bow had bone laths as reinforcements. The laths formed rigid siyahs
that acted as levers, thus elongating the draw with less
forse.
Such pair of bone laths for siyahs belonging to the Imperial period where
discovered in Heraclea Lyncestis. With the invasion of the Huns in Europe, a new
type of composite reflex bow was introdused, having more frontal and side bone
reinforcements. A pair of charred bone laths that covered the siyahs of the bow were
found in Stobi, along with the coins that provide terminus ante quern in
455
AD,
clearly belonged to hun's bow.
After the Slavic-Avar invasion, the Byzantines armed their troops in Avar style,
including their types of bows. Numerous finds of Avar bone reinforcements for
bows are found throughout whole Balkan Peninsula. During the Early Middle Ages,
different types of bows were in use, such as Slavic simple bow. Primarily, military
utilized bows were the ones that originated from Eurasian steppes, such as Bulgarian,
Hungarian etc., but also the bows that were manufactured in Byzantium, although
thiese were of the same types.
The written sources testify the continuity of bows and arrows production in
Thessaloniki,
from Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages. Manufactured bows were very
close to the Sassanian type of angled double covex bow with straight long siyahs,
and according to written sources and works of art, they differed in their weight,
and in variables in siyahs, thus this leads to conclusion that different materials of
various qualities were used. Also, according to written sources and the scarcity of
archaeological finds, such as bone laths for siyahs, we may assume that transitional
type of bows were in use, along with the above mentioned. Thiese had tendon
backings, wooden siyahs that were part of the wooden core, and bellies made of bone/
antler of different domestic animals. As thiese later had shorter lenght than buffalo
horns, the short laths in greater number were used for forming the belly of the bow.
Thus, thiese small bone or antler finds, that are actually present in great numbers
in archaeological sites in the Balkans, are difficult to interpret as bow laths. Also, the
majority of
slavic
population in the Central Balkans did not embrace the tradition
of making composite reflex bows with reinforcements from their Bulgarian and
156
Byzantine lords.
Nevertheless,
Byzantines
describe Slavic
archers as capable and
very
efficient.
From 10th to 12th
с,
the works
ofart
show
hybridity
of bow types, and a novelty
of monoconvex bows is presented. This profile of the bows was achieved trough
frontal tick bone laths in the handle section. The origins of thiese laths were traced
by the Russian archaeologists in the
10*
c. among the Turkic tribes from the Central
Eurasian steppes. Also, a new form of double convex bow was introduced in the
Balkans by Pechenegs, consisting showel-like frontal bone laths in the handle section,
spreading with their outspread parts on the shoulders of the bow. Such laths are found
near the capital of the First Bulgarian Tzardom, witnessing the Pecheneg invasion.
During High Middle Ages, bone/antler reinforcements were standardized and
unified throughtout whole East, leading to various types of bows, depending on the
combinations of thiese laths. Thiese new powerfull designs were spread from Korea
to Danube by the Mongol-Tartar tribes from the Golden Horde. Most of them had
wooden siyahs and frontal thick laths that gave bigger bow weight. The origins of
thiese thick frontal laths are also traced in the Central Asia, among Turkic tribes. The
new designs with wooden siyahs allowed the introduction of smooth types of bows,
in which the transition along the shoulders and ears in the knee section follows a
smooth path.
The tradition of showing the bows in the hands of the saints and faithftill in
Byzantium is started in
Ohrid
in
1295
by the fresco painter Michael Astrapa. This
tradition in the orthodox art can be traced in
1
1th
c. Fatymid
Egypt in Coptic churches,
where the saints are shown as Fatymid, and later as Mamluk warriors. The bows
shown in some of the frescoes in medieval churches on the territory of the Republic
of Macedonia have exposed horn inserts in the belly section, and they are spread
almost to the tips of the ears. Others have archaisms, like side bone laths in the
handle section. Both belly and hadle laths have carved ornaments. Thiese laths
shown in the frescoes, where found in the acropolis of the capital of Volkashin and
Marko
's Kingdom
-
Prilep.
A true curiosity is the represented bow in the church
of St. Demetrius in
Ohrid:
it is a four-curved bow of Tartar origin, different from
the Mongol-Tartar types mentioned here. From this archetype, a Crimean-Tartar and
Indo-Persian bows were developed. Not until
1389
the bow with characteristics of the
classical turkish bows is shown in one fresco in St. Andrea church near Skopje. It is
of smooth design, but his lenght and not fully developed monoconvex profile shows
us that classical turkish bow was still undeveloped at the end of the 14th
с
.
Bowstrings were usually made of tendons, but also rawhide, hemp, linen and
silk was in use. All of thiese materials were attested as used in making bowstrings in
the written sources, deriving from Balkans. Metal appliques for bow case from 13th
с
were found in mining fortress-watch Dramche. They are analog to the ones found in
Tagancha Kurgan in Ukraine, and also with the bowcases shown in the frescoes of the
same period in Macedonia. Another bone plaque of the bottom-part of the bowcase,
decorated with carved ornaments is found in
Prilep.
Quivers in their majority were
made of impregnated leather, cone-shaped with broadened bottom made of circular
157
wood piece. The broadened bottom served as protection for feathering of arrows.
Before the military action, the arrows were turned with their feathers up, ready for
use, as seen in the local church frescoes. The wealthier soldiers and aristocracy
used box-like quivers, or cones of the the same kind, but richly decorated with bone
apliques-linings that followed the skeleton of the corpus. At the bottoms and in the
openings, the quivers had metal formwork of iron, copper alloys or precious metals.
Inside, a fabric had been stiched to the leather, probably of fine quality, like velvet
or silk, for
adiţional
protection for the arrows. The coverings were piece of cloth, or
special leads that were opened sideways, for easier pulling of the arrows, while on
horseback.
In contrast to bow, the crossbow in Balkans was never considered as domicile
weapon. Like in the East, where it has been named as Frankish bow, in the Balkans
it was reffered to as Latin bow. A recent find of a crossbow trigger in Skopje fortress,
made of two antler pieces, joined by four rivets, testifies for the Norman domination
in Skopje in
1083-1085,
when the town was held by the military commander
Puntes.
This find predates the testimony of Anna Comnene for the
norman
crossbows used by
the crusaders of the First Crusade
(1095),
and along with the other European similar
finds, traces the routes of the spreading of this new weapon from West to East, again
confirming that the Normans were the ones that introduced this weapon in the rest of
the Europe and in the Middle East. From then on, the use of crossbow in the Balkans
was permanent, although no local production can be confirmed archaeologically or in
the written sources, except for
Dubrovnik
(Ragusa).
One 13th
с
hook from the Dramche fortress can be interpreted as part of the waist-
puller for the bowstring of crossbow ad unum
pedem.
This probability is justified by
the fact that this fortress served as watch-post for the nearby mine production, and it
is very likely that crossbowmen were hired to do the watch. Many quarrels, veretons
and other steel tips from the Late Middle Ages shown in this study, testify for the
widespread use of this weapon in this microregion.
The crossbows were imported mainly from the state production manufactures
from
Dubrovnik,
but also some specific arrow points leave the possibility that
mercenaries-crossbowmen like Genoese were engaged.
Almost all of the arrows shown in the frescoes have one feather of different
colouring, as in the survived Turkish medieval speciments. This was done due to
easier nocking of the arrow in the bowstring, when the archer knew the angle of the
colored feather relative to the angle of the groove nock. As well as the fletchings on
the survived turkish arrows, the ones shown in the frescoes start right bellow the
nocks, and some of them are less thick from the "waist" to the tips, thus having the
distinctive military shape.
The morphological characteristics of the arrow tips from 13th to 14th
с
presented
here, differentiated three groups according to their cross-section: I
-
two-sided, II
-
polyhedral and III
-
round, with the possibility of adding new groups based on the
materials of which they were produced (bronze, polymetal, bone). In the first group
we distinguish four types, based on the forms of the tips: Type
1 -
triangular, Type
2 -
158
ellipsoid, Type
3 -
rhomboidal, and Type
4 -
barbed. The type
1
has six variants: A
-
oblique shoulders, tanged;
В
-
shoulders curved inward, tanged;
С
-
shoulders curved
outwards, tanged;
D
-
cutting edges curved inward and shoulders curved inward,
tanged;
E
-
horizontal shoulders, tanged; and
F
-
shoulders curved inward, socketed.
Type
2
has three variants: A
-
regular ellipse, tanged;
В
-
extended upper part, tanged;
and
С
-
extended upper part, socketed. Type
3
has two variants: A
-
equal or nearly
equal sides, tanged; and
В
-
longer shoulders (deltoid), tanged. Type
4
has also two
variants: A
-
with barbs spreaded outside the point basis and the neck, tanged; and
В
-
socketed. All the polyhedral points had armour piercing utility. According to their
cross-section, we have determined four types: Type
1 -
rhomboid; Type
2 -
square;
Type
3 -
rectangular; and Type
4 -
triangular. Type
1
has two variants: A
-
elongated
triangular form, and small, almost unnoticeable shoulders, tanged; and
В
-
oblique
shoulders, tanged. Type
2
has six variants: A- triangular, tanged;
В
—
triangular with
oblique shoulders (the edges were cut in the basis of the point), tanged;
С
-
triangular
with pyramidal
tange
(octahedron);
D
-
triangular, pinched in the basis, ending with
ring, tanged;
E
-
short triangular heads and elongated
tanges;
and
F
-
triangular with
or without formed neck, socketed (crossbow quarrels). Type
3
has one variant A, with
distinctive shape of miniature knife (crossbow bolt). Type
4
also has one variant, A
-
short triangular point and oblique shoulders, with bulbous socket (crossbow bolt).
The third group is represented with one type
-
cone, and with one variant, A
-
cone
with cone socket (crossbow bolt
-
vereton).
The presented arrow points in their majority have their analogies in the studied
microregion; therefore we can conclude that they were made by local smiths. The
origin of the forms of the points can be traced in the wider Byzantine region; many
of the two-sided points find their analogies in Eurasian steppes; the triangular points
with square basis and tangs were used for armour piercing arrows since Antiquity
by many ethnoses; I.I.
D
(variant Vodochki carkvi) has no analogies and is of local
origin; most of the quarrels, if not all of them are manufactured locally, copying the
imported Venetian examples; the triangular (in basis) crossbow bolt is an isolated
specimen, almost certainly an import. The wider appearance of the tanged points
speaks for the stabilized eastern traditions of arrow production by the boyers and
smiths in Balkans, including Macedonia. Functionally, all the two-sided points have
mixed military-hunt purpose, except for the point with Cat No
23,
which was used
for hunting birds and small mammals. The tips of groups II and III have clear military
function. Steel specimens are found only among the shown crossbow bolts.
159 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Božinoski, Gligor 1979- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1047089866 |
| author_facet | Božinoski, Gligor 1979- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Božinoski, Gligor 1979- |
| author_variant | g b gb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041620170 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)873431303 (DE-599)BVBBV041620170 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 1200-1400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1200-1400 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nordmazedonien |
| id | DE-604.BV041620170 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-03T18:01:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789543226245 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027061219 |
| oclc_num | 873431303 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 217 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Božinoski, Gligor 1979- Verfasser (DE-588)1047089866 aut Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija Gligor Božinoski 1. izd. Sofija Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" 2013 217 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Long ranged hand weapons from 13th to 14th century on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1200-1400 gnd rswk-swf Pfeil (DE-588)4174013-0 gnd rswk-swf Bogen Waffe (DE-588)4146211-7 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Bogen Waffe (DE-588)4146211-7 s Pfeil (DE-588)4174013-0 s Geschichte 1200-1400 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027061219&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027061219&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Božinoski, Gligor 1979- Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija Pfeil (DE-588)4174013-0 gnd Bogen Waffe (DE-588)4146211-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4174013-0 (DE-588)4146211-7 (DE-588)1181214262 |
| title | Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija |
| title_auth | Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija |
| title_exact_search | Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija |
| title_full | Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija Gligor Božinoski |
| title_fullStr | Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija Gligor Božinoski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija Gligor Božinoski |
| title_short | Răčno metatelno orăžie ot XIII i XIV vek na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija |
| title_sort | racno metatelno orazie ot xiii i xiv vek na teritorijata na republika makedonija |
| topic | Pfeil (DE-588)4174013-0 gnd Bogen Waffe (DE-588)4146211-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pfeil Bogen Waffe Nordmazedonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027061219&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027061219&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bozinoskigligor racnometatelnoorazieotxiiiixivveknateritorijatanarepublikamakedonija |