Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale: = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Editura Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Aula Magna
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 235 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9789731671994 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
INTRODUCTION
.7
1.
SOURCES
AND METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
.11
2.
ASPECTS CONSERNING THE ADVANCE OF THE ROMAN
TROOPS IN THE BALKANS AND NORTH TO THE DANUBE
.19
3.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND ROLE OF THE FORTIFICATIONS
.33
4.
THE DEPLOYMENT OF TROOPS
.93 /
4.1.
The legions participating to the
Dacian
campaigns
.93 [
4.2.
The auxiliary units participating to the
Dacian
campaigns and
their first garrisons
.100
4.3.
Epigraphic sources concerning the participation of the
auxiliary units to the conquest of
Dacia
and their first
garrisons in the province
.136
5.
A MODEL OF ADAPTATION IN
DACIA. PALMYRENII
SAGITTARI
.148
5.1.
The conditions for recruiting the Palmyrenes
.148
5.2.
Strategies or just debates?
.155
6.
A ROMAN FORT REDISCOVERED
.162
OPEN FRONTIERS. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
.171
ABBREVIATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY
.181
235
ADDENDA
Abstract
Models
of the Roman Civilisation in the
Danubian
provinces. Between local identities and
universal values
This paper is the scientific report of the post-doctoral research stage
"Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene, între identităţi locale şi
valori universale"
("Models of the
Roman
civilization in the
Danubian
provinces.
Between
local
identities
and universal
values"), a project undertaken in the
framework of the general theme of the Post-doctoral School
"Valorificarea
identităţilor culturale în procesele globale"
("Setting on value
cultural
identities in
global processes")
-
POSDRU ID
59758/2010.
Under this title is to be found in
fact part of a larger personal research interest, respectively the one focused
on the
Dacia's
army and frontiers in the first years of the province.
In the framework of this work are synthesized a series of articles
published in the framework of the post-doctoral stage, but also certain
scientific materials drafted in the same context, all of it reunited as chapters
of this book. By bringing together all these papers and research results
ľve
tried to set an ensemble perspective, although not exhaustive, upon the
above mentioned problems. As a result, this volume represents the stage
I've reached throughout my post-doctoral studies, its publishing being a
condition decided by the project's management during the development of
the research stage.
***
By studying the extension of Rome's authority in the Danube's space
I've tried to identify a series of aspects which might provide a nuanced
227
perspective
upon the understanding and interpretation of this
phenomenon. Certain key questions set the landmarks of my research,
respectively: Who determined the frontiers' extension in this area, namely the
central decision or the economic and social factors from the periphery
?,
Is it
possible to argue the existence or the absence of strategic reasons which determined
the frontiers' organization, the deployment of troops or the location of certain
settlements
?,
There have been established strategies adapted to the enemies on
certain areas or border sections as part of a coherent policy or there is just a
combination of tactic solutions pending on individual cases
?
The research focused on the
Danubian
provinces of the Roman
Empire derives as well from a series of theoretical aspect, yet having a
foundation in my previous scholar interests. Throughout my post-doctoral
stage I've deepened and developed different related subjects starting from
my PhD stage, adding new scientific data provided by my recent field
investigations undertaken in the archaeological sites from
Colonia Dacica
Sarmizegetusa, the
Galaţi-Barboşi
zone or
Mălăieşti.
This research started from a synthesis analysis concerning the impact
of the Roman civilization upon the
Danubian
region in terms of
understanding the reasons for building the defensive system and the
related roads, as well as explaining the main moments for setting the
urban, economic and demographic structures. The conception
encompassed by terms as border line
/
frontier line
/
custom line is the
natural result of the human tendency to define distinctively certain
segments or entities without a thorough observation. The frontier of the
Roman Empire was considered as a transition space, and its interpretation
as natural or artificial border might be replaced in my opinion with terms
as separation zone or connection (contact) zone. The mainstream scholar
works regarding the Roman frontier are still outlining the perspective upon
the role of the central authority.
The construction policy regarding the road systems, and during
certain periods the military intervention against the brigands, indicates the
particular importance given by the Romans to the commercial routes. The
relationships of the Roman Empire and the
Dacian
Kingdom, and later the
province of
Dacia,
with barbarian populations living beyond the frontiers
228
seem to be
-
at first glance
-
less important if understood in the ensemble of
historic realities of the first centuries of the Christian era in Europe. In
order to fully understand the evolution of the Roman Empire one has to
study also the centre
-
periphery relations in the European part and
especially the ones around the Middle and Lower Danube. During the
Principate,
the imperial policy regarding the barbarian world was a
constant pursuit of Rome. The army was significantly involved in the
commercial relations, namely in protecting the trade routes. At the
Empire's borders was documented a very intense commercial activity,
employing both the army and representatives of barbarian populations.
In such perspective, the set up of a coherent defensive system,
doubled by a well articulated road network, constituted the fundamental
structure of the Roman province in the
Danubian
area. Albeit it might be
considered as an easy interpretation of major historic phenomena, I believe
that the evolution of these provinces and their complex relations founds a
plausible explanation in the geographic features. Such one can understand
certain solutions chosen for the trade routes and for their control.
Moreover, considering such factors one can understand the danger
represented by the penetration of barbarian populations into Roman
territory or the menace upon the security of trade routes.
The extension of the Roman frontiers towards the Danube starts in
early
Principate
period. By studying this process I was able to follow
certain directions, namely the location of the Roman military structures and
the settlements along the main commercial routes, axed on the Danube, but
also the proximity of certain economic and political interest points. The set
up and organization of the provinces on the
Danubian
region lasted a long
period and generated profound changes regarding the existent
communities or the newly created ones, phenomena which left a very
consistent footprint for the Roman world in the
Danubian
and Carpathian
area. These provinces were set up along the most important roads.
Pannonia,
in the first phase, was developed along the amber route
(approximately South
-
North), and later along the Danube's axis (West
-
East).
Dacia
was mainly organized along the road Drobeta
-
Sarmizegetusa
-
Apulum
-
Potaissa
-
Napoca
-
Porolissum, as a natural extension of the
administrative and military structures of Upper Moesia.
229
The Danubian
frontier is known as
ripa Danuvii, a
denomination
mentioned by inscriptions from the second half of the first century AD, but
also indicated by Tacitus
(".
ripamquem Danuvii legionum duae in
Pannonia,
duae in Moesia attinehant
.").
The choice of a river (bank) as location for
setting military units was determined in Roman time by the need for
supplies and not exactly by the need to reach a natural border. The image
of an empire trying to find its natural limits, especially along rivers, is a
research hypothesis of the 19th century, very much influenced by given
European (political) realities of that time. If we understand the limes not
necessarily as a fortified frontier, but more likely as a demarcation line
between the Roman world and the barbarian one, somehow a border not
precisely defined at least at ideological level, as long as even
imperium
Romanům
itself was infinitely, one can use the term of
Danubian
limes
similar to the one of Lower
Germania
for the Roman frontier along the Rhine
river or the limes of Upper
Germania
and Raetia. Such a perspective has to
be considered especially given the fact that for about two decades
(102-118
AD) the northern border of the Empire was moved north to the Danube up
to the Meridional Carpathians and in Southern Moldavia, without defining
clearly an eventual demarcation line.
For modern historiography, the first century of the
Principate
is
characterized by the axiom of the consolidation of the Empire within its
natural borders. This concept was considered as being inaugurated by the
directing lines of Augustus' foreign policy, the time when the defensive
system is outlined along the Rhine and the Danube.
The interpretation of the Roman borders was made for a long time
under the influence of the European ideologies which interpreted the
ancient writers by following Cicero's dictum
"Historia
magistra
vitae
est"
(Cicero, De Oratore,
II,
9).
As a consequence the Roman frontiers were seen
as a model for the delimitation of the civilized world from the barbarian
world; even in a more recent ideological and political construction, the
European Union, the Roman civilization was considered as a major
predecessor.
Following Luttwak's conception, the Roman frontiers were clearly
defined on the ground following the clear concept of providing security. As
230
a result the Empire's limits were clearly marked in the field during
Hadrian's reign. With only few exceptions, the client kingdoms were
absorde, and the frontiers were established by following natural barriers as
rivers or seas. Thus the Roman imperial power was materialized by
defensive frontiers.
Somehow against this perspective the Roman frontiers are to be
understood as critical zones of interaction since the Empire's economy was
pending of the goods produced and traded by the neighboring populations.
In time there were involved considerable human and financial resources in
order to secure the Empire's control along these frontiers.
ТЋе
existence of an
imperial frontier and the neighboring population in its vicinity played a very
important role in the political ideology of the Empire. This fact is outlined by
the ancient historic sources preserved to contemporary time. These sources
testify for various invasions and the aspects related to the political
perspective of the Roman emperors, and less about economic aspects or the
relations between the communities existing on the borders. But the
archaeological finds allow a much more thorough perception, through the
multitude of data, concerning the interaction of the Roman world with the
barbarians on the frontier zones and not only.
The preference to consider the great rivers as "logical" borders of the
Roman Empire is due to the modern perspective built by the historians in
assessing and integrating in maps the literary, epigraphic and
archaeological data. The great historic atlases and their use as educational
and research materials starting with mid 19th century and up to nowadays,
have influenced essentially the interpretations given by the scholars to such
resources. Moreover, the configuration of modern states in Europe left its
mark upon the perspective of interpretation of ancient historic phenomena.
***
Which are the most significant moments concerning the
Danubian
provinces identified as a result of my research?
The first
Dacian
war of Trajan reached its objectives, providing by a
new treaty a significant set back for king Decebalus' authority. An
important argument that the result of this war was not a genuine conquest
is indicated by the coins issued with the legend
Dacia Vieta,
artefacts on
--------------------------------------------231 ---------------------------------------------
which is represented Victoria. The integration of the territories from the
south-western part of the
Dacian
Kingdom to the Upper Moesdia was
considered as a solution to pacify the area by reducing significantly the
Dacians power and their capacity to attack south to the Danube. The bridge
built at
Dr
obeta
aimed to provide an efficient supply for the troops camped
on the northern bank of the Danube and to allow, in case of an attack,
bringing additional reinforcement units. In such perspective, the discussion
about the presence of the Roman troops in SW
Dacia
between
102
and
105
AD is still an open issue.
On the same time one can observe a clear process for extending the
fortification network along the Lower Danube. Up to the beginning of the
1st century AD there were no indications for Roman fortifications on the
right bank of the Danube between the naval bases from Sexaginta
Prisca
(Ruse) and Noviodunum (Isaccea), since the responsibility to watch this
route belonged to praefectus
classis Flavia
Moesice et
ripae Oanuvii. According
to archaeological and epigraphic sources, during Trajan's reign, most
probably between the two
Dacian
wars
(102-105
AD), there were built the
forts from Carsium
(103
AD), Rasov a-Flaviana
(105-108?
AD), as well as part
of a road, as indicated the milliarium discovered at Sacidava (Muzait,
Dunăreni),
set by cohors IV
Gallorum
in
103-105
AD. This activity to fortify
the Lower Danube's area represents a clear delimitation of the territories in
relation to the Sarmathian populations with whom was set a treaty.
It is unlikely that the largest part of the linear fortifications to
represent the consequence of the presence on indefinite term of troops in
comparison to future advance strategic movements. Such an interpretation
is based on the fact that during the 2nd century AD, the governors were
keen to gain "the glory of extending the province".
I believe that Trajan's policy concerning certain nomad populations,
like the Sarmathians, envisaged to forbid their migration in vital areas for
their economy, but with critical consequences as regards the relations with
Iazyges and, later, with Roxolani.
Later, during the pacification process, Hadrian drew off certain
legions from these territories and reconsiders the entire defensive system.
As a result certain critical points are replaced, new auxiliary troops are
232
deployed etc. One has to outline the adaptability of the solution to the
general situation of the province of
Dacia.
For example the maintenance
costs of such troops were cheaper, since these units had less claims give the
existing conditions in a newly established province.
At the end of the first
Dacian
war fought by Trajan and the
transformation of the former kingdom of Decebalus in a Roman province,
part of the territory north to the Lower Danube, namely the one which
formed the territory of Lower
Dacia
province and nowadays territory of
Walłachia
remained under the control of the army in Lower Moesia, since a
large part of the auxiliary troops of this province were send north to the
Danube. A well known example is cohors I Hispanorum
veterana,
who's
pridianum reminds that part of the soldiers of this unit are north to the
Danuve since September
105
AD.
After the retreat of Roman garrisons from Wallachia, Hadrian will
organize a new procuratorial province, covering the eastern part of
Oltenia
and south-east Transylvania, named Lower
Dacia.
With only two exceptions
(numerus
equitum Illyricorum
şi
numerus
burgariorum
et veredariorum),
the army
of this new province is made of the auxiliary troops deployed north to the
Danube since the
Dacian
wars fought by Trajan.
Moreover, the movement of
legio
V
Macedonica in
170
AD set the
premises for the invasion of the costoboci. This population followed the
same route as the barbarians who attacjed Lower Moesia in
101-102
AD,
since the epigraphic finds indicate that the city of Tropaeum Traiani was
among the most affected ones. One have to remember that on the same spot
but certain decades earlier took place another major battle, as indicated by
the discovered monuments, all aimed to commemorate those events.
Florian Matei-Popescu
considers that the reason for moving
legio V
Macedonica
at Troesmis is to block possible barbarian invasions from that
direction.
Another area confronted with major changes at the end of Trajan's
reign and the beginning of Hadrian's reign is the western frontier of
Dacia.
Tibiscum,
Micia
and Porolissum, located on the western border of
Dacia are
designed as three military commandments where in case of attacks was
possible to concentrate many military units.
233
As concerns the newest administrative and military creation, namely
the province of
Dacia
Porolissensis, Hadrian brought four cavalry troops:
Ala Siliana, ala
Bosphoranorum,
ala
11
Pannoniorum, ala Tungrorum
Frontoniana.
The strategic importance for placing these mobile troops in the
Transylvanian Plain is given by the fact that such units were fit to reach
rapidly any part of the Roman frontier in this area. Also they played a very
important role in the defense of the auriferous area of
Dacia.
During the
second half of the 2nd century AD this part of the province will suffer
significant losses as a result of the marcomannic wars and thus a new
administrative reorganization was
-
once again
-
needed. But these aspects
are to be considered on another occasion.
234 |
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| geographic | Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 gnd Dakien (DE-588)4070197-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Römisches Reich Balkanhalbinsel Dakien |
| id | DE-604.BV041603370 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-05T00:00:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731671994 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027044531 |
| oclc_num | 869894326 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 235 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Editura Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Colecţia Aula Magna |
| spelling | Ţentea, Ovidiu 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)118306053X aut Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces Ovidiu Ţentea Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces Bucureşti Editura Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române 2013 235 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Aula Magna Zsfassung auf Englisch Geschichte 60-150 gnd rswk-swf Zivilisation (DE-588)4067906-8 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 gnd rswk-swf Dakien (DE-588)4070197-9 gnd rswk-swf Dakien (DE-588)4070197-9 g Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 g Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Zivilisation (DE-588)4067906-8 s Geschichte 60-150 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027044531&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027044531&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ţentea, Ovidiu 1974- Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces Zivilisation (DE-588)4067906-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4067906-8 (DE-588)4076778-4 (DE-588)4004334-4 (DE-588)4070197-9 |
| title | Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces |
| title_alt | Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces |
| title_auth | Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces |
| title_exact_search | Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces |
| title_full | Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces Ovidiu Ţentea |
| title_fullStr | Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces Ovidiu Ţentea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces Ovidiu Ţentea |
| title_short | Modele ale civilizaţiei romane în provinciile dunărene între identităţi locale şi valori universale |
| title_sort | modele ale civilizatiei romane in provinciile dunarene intre identitati locale si valori universale models of the roman civilisation in the danubian provinces |
| title_sub | = Models of the Roman civilisation in the Danubian provinces |
| topic | Zivilisation (DE-588)4067906-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zivilisation Römisches Reich Balkanhalbinsel Dakien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027044531&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027044531&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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