Crystals and crystallinity in polymers: diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 461 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470175767 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Crystals and crystallinity in polymers |b diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals |c Claudio de Rosa ; Finizia Auriemma |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 461 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface
xi
1
Configuration and Conformation of
Macromolecule*
in Polymer Crystals
1
1.1
Crystals of Polymers,
1
1.2
Constitution and Configuration
oï
Crystalline Polymers.
3
1.2.1
Constitution,
3
1.2.2
Configuration,
5
1.2.3
Relative Configurations,
14
1.3
Conformation,
18
1.4
Relationships among Internal
Parameiers
of Macromolecules,
19
1.5
Conformation of Polymer Chains in the Crystalline State,
21
1.5.1
Basic Principles,
21
1.5.2
The Equivalence Principle,
21
1.5.2.1
Symmetry Relations for Cylindrical Coordinates,
29
1.5.2.2
Application of the Equivalence Principle: Stereoregular
Vinyl Polymers,
31
1.5.3
Principle of Minimum Conformational Internal Energy,
33
1.5.4
Relationships between Internal Coordinates and Conformational
Parameters,
36
1.6
Helical Conformations in Isotactic and Syndiotactic Polymers,
46
1.7
Conformational Energy Calculations.
51
1.7.1
Setting Up Molecular Models: Coordinate Transformations,
52
1.7.2
Calculation of the Conformational Energy for Isotactic and
Syndiotactic Polymers,
54
1.8
Helical Conformation and Optical Activity.
66
1.9
Alternating Copolymers.
68
1.10
Polydienes,
73
1.11
Nonhelical Chain Conformations of Isotactic Polymers,
78
References,
81
2
Packing of Macromolecules in Polymer Crystals
88
2.1
General Principles,
88
2.2
The Principle of Density (Entropv)-Driven Phase Formation in
Polymers,
92
vi
CONTENTS
2.3
Symmetry Breaking,
96
2.4
Impact of Chain Folding on Crystal Structure Symmetry,
103
2.5
Frustrated Polymer Crystal Structures.
107
2.6
Chiral Crystallization of Polymers with Helical Chain
Conformations,
110
2.7
Packing Effects on the Conformation of Polymer Chains
in Crystals: The Case of Aliphatic
Polyamides, 113
References,
118
3
Methods in Crystal Structure Determination from
Х
-Ray Diffraction
123
3.1
Х
-Ray Diffraction of Semierystalline Polymers,
123
3.1.1
Basic Principles,
123
3.1.2
Experimental Techniques for Polymer Crystals,
128
3.2
Fourier Synthesis and the Phase Problem in Crystallography,
134
3.3
Х
-Ray Fiber Diffraction Analysis.
14Ü
3.3.1
Determination of the Fiber Period and the Bragg
Distances of Diffraction Peaks,
140
3.3.2
Analysis of Nonhelical and Helical Structures,
142
3.3.3
The Structure Factor ot a Single Molecule: The Continuous
Helix,
144
3.3.4
CCV Formula for Helical Structures.
147
3.3.5
The Case of Incommensurable Helices,
153
3.3.6
Calculation of Structure Factors of a Single Helical
Chain,
162
3.3.7
Calculation of Structure Factors of Crystals of
Helical Molecules Including More Than One Chain per Unit
Cell,
163
3.4
Determination of Parameters of the Unit Cell and Indexing of the
Diffraction Pattern.
165
3.4.1
Х
-Ray Diffraction
Dala
from Oriented Fibers,
165
3.4.2
Х
-Ray Diffraction Data from Powder Samples,
170
3.5
Measure of the Integrated Intensities of the Reflections and
Corrections for Geometric
(Lorentz),
Polarization, and Absorption
Factors,
171
3.6
Calculation of Structure Factors.
174
3.7
Structural Refinement.
180
3.8
Form of Diffraction Pattern and Broadening due to the
Laue
Function,
181
References,
183
4
Defects and Disorder in Polymer Crystals
185
4.1
Classification of Different Types of Structural Disorder,
185
4.2
Crystals with Partial Three-Dimensional Order (Class A): Disorder
with Three-Dimensional Periodicity Maintained for Only Some
Characterizing Points of the Structure.
191
4.2.1
Substitutional Isomorphism of Different Chains,
192
4.2.1.1
Disorder in the Positioning of Right- and Left-Handed
Helical Chains.
192
4.2.1.2
Disorder in the Positioning of Up and Down
Chains,
195
4.2.1.3
Disorder in the Orientation of Chains around the Chain
Axis,
197
CONTENTS
vii
4.2.2 Substitutional
Isomorphism
oť
Different
Monomeric
Units,
200
4.2.3
Conl ormational Isomorphism,
202
4.2.4
Disorder in the Stacking of Ordered Layers of Chains (Stacking
Fault Disorder),
204
4.2.4.1
Stacking Faults in Form I and Form II of sPP,
204
4.2.4.2
Stacking Faults in a- and
γ
-Forms
of iPP,
206
4.2.4.3
Stacking Faults in the
ß-Form
of sPS,
209
4.2.5
Conformational Kink-Band Disorder.
211
4.2.5.1
Conformational Kink-Band Disorder in PVDF,
212
4.2.5.2
Conformational Kink-Band Disorder in PE,
215
4.2.5.3
Conformational Kink-Band Disorder in sPP,
216
4.2.5.4
The Role of Kink-Band Disorder in the Cooperative
Crystal-Crystal Polymorphic Transitions,
218
4.3
Solid Mesophases,
219
4.3.1
LCs in Small Molecules and Polymers.
222
4.3.2
Solid Mesophases in Polymers,
227
4.3.3
Solid Mesophases of Class B: Crystals with Three-Dimensional
Long-Range Order of Not-Point-Centered Features,
229
4.3.3.1
Solid Mesophase in l,4-/mm-Poly(l,3-butadiene)
(trans-PBO),
230
4.3.3.2
Polyte-caprolaetame) (Nylon
6). 232
4.3.3.3
Poly(acryIonitrile)(PAN).
235
4.3.3.4
Ethylene-Propylene Random Copolymers,
239
4.3.3.5
Pseudohexagonal
Form of PE at High Pressure and
Temperature.
243
4.3.3.6
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
(PTFE).
245
4.3.3.7
Random Copolymers of
Tetrafluoroethylene
with
Fluorinated Comonomers.
251
4.3.3.8
Alternating
Ethyle
ne-Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
Copolymers,
255
4.3.3.9
Alternating Ethylene-Norbornene Copolymers
(ENCs),
264
4.3.3.10
Comblike Polymers,
271
4.3.4
Solid Mesophases of Class C: Crystals with Long-Range Positional
Order in Only One or Two Dimensions.
271
4.3.4.1
Polyethylene terephthalate) (PET),
272
4.3.4.2
Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP).
275
4.3.4.3
Copolymers of iPP with Branched Comonomers,
276
4.3.4.4
Syndiotactic Polypropylene (sPP),
279
4.3.4.5
Copolymers of sPP,
284
4.3.4.6
Syndiotactic Polystyrene (sPS) and Methyl-Substituted
Polystyrenes,
286
References.
287
5
Methods of Analysis of Diffuse Scattering from Disordered Structures
of Polymers
296
5.1
Structural Disorder and Diffuse Scattering.
296
5.2
Methods of Diffraction Analysis from Disordered Crystals,
298
5.3
Long-Range Order in Disordered Lattices of Class A,
300
5.4
SRO in Disordered Crystals of Class A.
302
5.5
Short-Range Order in Disordered Crystals with Substitution-Type
Disorder,
305
viii CONTENTS
5.6
Short-Rangé
versus
Long-Range Order in Disordered Crystals of Classes
В
and
С
(Solid Mesophases).
309
5.7
Disordered Models wilh Perturbations Occurring over Continuous
Ranges,
311
5.8
Basic Formulas for the Calculation of
Х
-Ray
Diffraction
Intensity from
Disordered Model Structures of Polymers.
316
5.8.1
Brief Overview of Basic Formalism in
Х
-Ray Modeling,
316
5.8.2
Effect of Longitudinal Translatumal Disorder and Rotational
Displacements of Chains aboul Their Axes: Explicit Formulas,
319
5.8.3
Substitutional and Translation;-)] Disorder in One Dimension,
321
5.9
Examples of Calculation of Average Diffracted Intensity of Structures
Disordered in One Dimension.
328
5.9.1
Substitution-Type Disorder. 32S
5.9.2
Translation-Type- Disorder.
331
5.9.3
Stacking Fault Disorder in ihe
ß-Form
oť sPS.
333
5.
LO Line
and Surface Integration Method of Diffraction Intensity for Fibers
and Powders of Polycrystalline Samples,
337
References,
338
6
Crystal Habit«
341
6.1
Basic Remarks.
341
6.2
Rounded Lateral Habits.
347
6.3
Chain Folding, Molecular Orientation, and Sectorization,
349
6.3.1
Chain Tilting,
349
6.3.2
Sectorization,
350
6.3.3
Nonplanar Lamellae,
352
6.4
Twinning and Secondary Nucleation Theory.
355
6.5
Homoepitaxy, Morphology, Stem Orientation, and Polymorphism.
359
References,
367
7
Influence of Crystal Defects and
Structurai
Disorder on the Physical and
Mechanical Properties of Polymeric
Materiálu
369
7.1
Introduction,
369
7.2
Stress-Induced Phase Transformations during Deformation,
371
7.3
Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP).
373
7.3.
L
Influence of Stereo- and Regiodefects on the Crystallization
Behavior of iPP,
374
7.3.2
Influence of Stereo- and
Regi od e
fects on
lhe
Mechanical Properties
of iPP,
378
7.3.3
Stress-Induced Phase Transformations of iPP during Tensile
Deformation.
382
7.3.4
Elastic Properties and Phase Transformations in Stereodefective
iPP,
388
7.3.5
Influence of Constitutional Defects on the Crystallization Behavior
of iPP,
390
7.3.6
Influence of Constitutional Detects on the Physical Properties of
iPP.
397
7.3.7
Influence of Conditions of Crystallization on the Physical
Properties of iPP:The Mesomorphic Form.
406
7.3.7.1
Morphology of the Solid Mesophase of iPP,
407
7.3.7.2
Mechanical Properties of the Solid Mesophase
of iPP,
412
CONTENTS ix
7.3.7.3
Mechanical Properties of the
γ
-Form
and Solid Mesophase
in Metallocene iPPs,
417
7.4
Syndiotactic Polypropylene (sPP),
422
7.4.1
Influence of Stereodefects on the Crystallization Behavior of
sPP,
424
7.4.2
Influence of Stereodefects on the Crystallization of the
Mesomorphic Form of sPP,
427
7.4.3
Influence of Stereodefects on the Crystallization of trans-Planar
and Helical Forms of sPP in Oriented Fibers: Stress-Induced Phase
Transformations during Deformation.
428
7.4.4
Influence of Constitutional Defects on the Crystallization Behavior
of sPP,
431
7.4.5
Physical and Mechanical Properties of
s
PP.
434
7.4.5.1
Influence of Stereodefects on the Mechanical Properties of
sPP,
434
7.4.5.2
Mechanical Properties of the Solid Mesophase of sPP,
440
References,
442
Index
449
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | De Rosa, Claudio Auriemma, Finizia |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1048106004 (DE-588)1048106144 |
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| id | DE-604.BV041580767 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:00:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470175767 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027026029 |
| oclc_num | 881858390 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XIII, 461 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | De Rosa, Claudio Verfasser (DE-588)1048106004 aut Crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals Claudio de Rosa ; Finizia Auriemma Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2014 XIII, 461 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Polymerkristall (DE-588)4175241-7 gnd rswk-swf Röntgenbeugung (DE-588)4178306-2 gnd rswk-swf Kristallstruktur (DE-588)4136176-3 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Kristallstruktur (DE-588)4136176-3 s Röntgenbeugung (DE-588)4178306-2 s DE-604 Polymerkristall (DE-588)4175241-7 s Auriemma, Finizia Verfasser (DE-588)1048106144 aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027026029&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | De Rosa, Claudio Auriemma, Finizia Crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals Polymerkristall (DE-588)4175241-7 gnd Röntgenbeugung (DE-588)4178306-2 gnd Kristallstruktur (DE-588)4136176-3 gnd Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4175241-7 (DE-588)4178306-2 (DE-588)4136176-3 (DE-588)4046699-1 |
| title | Crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals |
| title_auth | Crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals |
| title_exact_search | Crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals |
| title_full | Crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals Claudio de Rosa ; Finizia Auriemma |
| title_fullStr | Crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals Claudio de Rosa ; Finizia Auriemma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals Claudio de Rosa ; Finizia Auriemma |
| title_short | Crystals and crystallinity in polymers |
| title_sort | crystals and crystallinity in polymers diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals |
| title_sub | diffraction analysis of ordered and disordered crystals |
| topic | Polymerkristall (DE-588)4175241-7 gnd Röntgenbeugung (DE-588)4178306-2 gnd Kristallstruktur (DE-588)4136176-3 gnd Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polymerkristall Röntgenbeugung Kristallstruktur Polymere |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027026029&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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