Essentials of ecology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780470909133 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804151766045949952 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Essentials of ecology
Autor: Begon, Michael
Jahr: 2014
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Part 1 Introduction i
Chapter 1 Ecology and how to do it 3
1.1 What is ecology? 4
1.2 Scales, diversity of approaches,
and rigor 7
Questions of scale 7
The diversity of ecological evidence 10
Statistics and scientific rigor 12
1.3 Ecology in practice 15
Successions on old fields in Minnesota:
a study in time and space 15
Hubbard Brook: a long-term commitment to
study at the ecosystem scale 18
Canada s Experimental Lakes Area: decades
of exploring the consequences of human
activities on lakes 20
An introduction of an exotic fish species
to New Zealand: investigation on multiple
biotic scales 21
Why Asian vultures were heading
for extinction:The value of a
modeling study 24
Summary 26
Review questions 27
Chapter 2 Ecology s evolutionary
backdrop 28
2.1 Evolution by natural selection 29
2.2 Evolution within species 32
Geographical variation within
species 32
Variation within a species with man-made
selection pressures 37
Evolution and coevoiution 39
2.3 The ecology of speciation 39
What do we mean by a species ? 39
Allopatric speciation 40
Sympatric speciation? 44
2.4 The effects of climatic change
on the evolution and distribution
of species 46
2.5 Continental drift, parallel and
convergent evolution 49
2.6 Conclusion 52
Summary 52
Review Questions 53
Part 2 Conditions and Resources
Chapter 3 Physical conditions and
the availability of
resources 57
3.1 Environmental conditions 58
What do we mean by harsh, benign,
and extreme ? 58
Effects of conditions 59
Conditions as stimuli 61
The effects of conditions on interactions
between organisms 63
Responses by sedentary organisms 64
Animal responses to environmental
temperature 64
Microorganisms in extreme
environments 68
3.2 Resources for photosynthetic
organisms 68
Solar radiation 69
Water 72
Nutrients 75
Carbon dioxide 75
3.3 Heterotrophs and their resources 80
Nutritional needs and provisions 80
Defense 83
3.4 Effects of intraspecific competition for
resources 86
3.5 Conditions, resources, and the ecological
niche 88
Summary 89
Review questions 89
Chapter 4 Climate and the world s
biomes 91
4.1 The world s climate 92
Redistribution of heat through
atmospheric movement 93
Ocean currents and the redistribution
of heat 95
4.2 Terrestrial biomes 95
Biomes and convergent evolution 99
Tropical rain forest 99
Savanna 104
Temperate grasslands 105
Desert 105
Temperate forest 106
Boreal forest (taiga) 106
Tundra 107
The future distribution of terrestrial
biomes 108
4.3 Aquatic ecosystems on the
continents 108
Streams and rivers 108
Lakes and ponds 112
Wetlands 113
4.4 Ocean biomes 113
The deep ocean 114
Subtropical gyres 115
Coastal upwelling systems 116
Broad continental shelves 117
Nearshore coastal marine
ecosystems 117
Summary 119
Review questions 120
Part 3 Individuals and
Populations 121
Chapter 5
Birth, death, and
movement 123
5.1 Populations, individuals, births
and deaths 124
What is an individual? 126
Counting individuals, births, and deaths 126
5.2 Life cycles 128
Life cycles and reproduction 128
Annual life cycles 129
Longer life cycles 130
5.3 Monitoring birth and death: life tables and
fecundity schedules 133
Cohort life tables 134
Life tables for populations with
overlapping generations 137
A classification of survivorship curves 138
5.4 Dispersal and migration 138
Dispersal determining abundance 140
The role of migration 142
5.5 The impact of intraspecific competition on
populations 142
Patterns of population growth 143
5.6 Life history patterns 147
Summary 152
Review Questions 152
Chapter 6 Interspecific competition 154
6.1 Ecological effects of interspecific
competition 155
Competition amongst phytoplankton
for phosphorus 155
Coexistence and exclusion of competing
salmonid fishes 156
Some general observations 157
Coexistence of competing diatoms 158
Coexistence of competing birds 159
Competition between unrelated
species 159
The competitive exclusion principle 160
Environmental heterogeneity 165
6.2 Evolutionary effects of interspecific
competition 169
Character displacement and ecological
release in the Indian mongoose 169
Character displacement in Canadian
sticklebacks 170
Evolution in action: selection on
microorganisms 170
6.3 Interspecific competition and community
structure 172
Limiting resources and the regulation of
diversity in phytoplankton
communities 172
Niche complementarity amongst anem-
one fish in Papua New Guinea 172
Species separated in space or in time 174
Spatial separation in trees and tree-root
fungi 175
Temporal separation in mantids and
tundra plants 175
6.4 How significant is interspecific competition
in practice? 176
The prevalence of current competition 177
Competition or mere chance? 180
Summary 183
Review questions 184
Chapter 7 Prédation, grazing, and
disease 185
7.1 What do we mean by prédation? 186
7.2 Prey fitness and abundance 187
7.3 The subtleties of prédation 189
Interactions with other factors 190
Compensation and defense by
individual prey 191
From individual prey to prey
populations 192
7.4 Predator behavior: foraging and
transmission 195
Foraging behavior 197
7.5 Population dynamics of prédation 199
Underlying dynamics of predator-prey
interactions: a tendency to cycle 199
Predator-prey cycles in
practice 203
Disease dynamics and cycles 204
Crowding 207
Predators and prey in patches 209
7.6 Prédation and community structure 211
Summary 214
Review questions 215
Chapter 8 Molecular and evolutionary
ecology 216
8.1 Molecular ecology: differentiation within
and between species 217
Differentiation within species:
albatrosses 221
Differentiation between species: the red
wolf—species or hybrid? 223
8.2 Coevolutionary arms races 226
Coevolution 226
Insect-plant arms races 226
Coevolution of parasites and their
hosts 229
8.3 Mutualistic interactions 232
Mutualistic protectors 232
Farming crops or livestock 233
The dispersal of seeds and
pollen 235
Mutualistic gut inhabitants 236
Mycorrhizas 236
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in
mutualistic plants 237
Summary 240
Review questions 240
Part 4 Communities and
Ecosystems 243
Chapter 9 From populations to
communities 245
9.1 Multiple determinants of the dynamics of
populations 246
Fluctuation or stability? 247
Determination and regulation of
abundance 248
Using k-value analysis 250
9.2 Dispersal, patches, and metapopulation
dynamics 255
9.3 Temporal patterns in community
composition 259
Founder-controlled and
dominance-controlled
communities 259
Community succession 262
9.4 Food webs 269
Indirect and direct effects 269
Population and community stability and
food web structure 274
Summary 280
Review questions 281
Chapter 10 Patterns in species
richness 282
10.1 Quantifying species richness and
diversity 283
10.2 Spatially varying factors influencing species
richness 285
Productivity and resource richness 286
Energy 288
Prédation intensity 292
Spatial heterogeneity 294
Environmental harshness 295
10.3 Temporally varying factors influencing
species richness 296
Climatic variation and its absence 296
Disturbance 296
Environmental age: evolutionary time 297
10.4 Habitat area and remoteness: Island
biogeography 298
10.5 Gradients of species richness 303
Latitudinal gradients 303
Gradients with altitude and depth 304
Gradients during community
succession 306
Summary 307
Review questions 308
Chapter 11 The flux of energy and matter
through ecosystems 309
11.1 The role of energy in ecology 310
11.2 Geographic patterns in primary
productivity 311
11.3 Factors limiting terrestrial primary
productivity 312
11.4 Factors limiting aquatic
primary productivity 318
11.5 The fate of primary productivity:
grazing 325
11.6 The process of decomposition 330
11.7 The flux of matter through ecosystems 332
11.8 Nutrient budgets and cycling at the
ecosystem scale 334
Summary 338
Review questions 339
Part 5 Applied Issues in Ecology 341
Chapter 12 Global biogeochemical
cycles and their alteration by
humans 343
12.1 What is biogeochemistry? 344
12.2 The global carbon dioxide cycle 345
Understanding the carbon dioxide
sinks 349
Effects of ocean acidification 351
Will the terrestrial carbon dioxide sink
change in the future? 351
Can we reduce carbon dioxide
emissions? 354
12.3 The global methane cycle 354
The natural sources of methane 356
Anthropogenic sources of methane 357
Methane and the global climate
system 357
How do we reduce methane
emissions? 360
12.4 The nitrogen cycle at global
and regional scales 361
Human acceleration of the nitrogen
cycle 362
The ecological and human-health
costs of nitrogen 364
Regional variation in nitrogen pollution 365
How can we reduce nitrogen
pollution? 367
Summary 368
Review questions 368
Chapter 13 Conservation ecology 370
13.1 The need for conservation 371
13.2 Small populations 375
The classification of risk 375
Demographic risks associated with
small populations 375
Genetic problems in small populations 376
Habitat reduction 378
13.3 Threats to biodiversity 378
Overexploitation 378
Habitat disruption 379
Global environmental change 382
Introduced and invasive species 383
Infectious disease 386
Combinations of risks and extinction
vortices 386
Chains of extinctions? 386
13.4 Conservation in practice 389
Population viability analysis 390
Protected areas 393
Selecting conservation areas 397
Collections of areas 400
13.5 Ecosystem services 401
Summary 404
Review questions 404
Chapter 14 The ecology of human
population growth, disease,
and food supply 406
14.1 Human use of ecological resources 407
14.2 The human population problem 408
Population growth up to the present 408
Predicting the future 410
Two future inevitabilities 411
A global carrying capacity? 414
14.3 Ecology and human health 414
Loss of the ozone layer 414
Extreme events 415
Changing global patterns of infection 416
Emerging infectious diseases 418
14.4 Synthetic fertilizer and the intensification
of agriculture 418
14.5 Monocultures, pests, and pesticides in
agriculture 421
Chemical approaches to pest
control 422
Biological control 426
14.6 Global land use and other constraints
on continued intensification of
agriculture 428
14.7 Food from fisheries and aquaculture 434
Summary 439
Review questions 440
References R-i
Index 1-1
Glossary G-l
(available online only: www.wiley.com/
college/begon)
|
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| spelling | Begon, Michael 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)1043008187 aut Essentials of ecology Michael Begon ; Robert W. Howarth ; Colin R. Townsend 4. ed. Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2014 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Biozönose (DE-588)4069495-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Biozönose (DE-588)4069495-1 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s 1\p DE-604 Howarth, Robert W. Verfasser aut Townsend, Colin R. 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)1055083340 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027023797&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Begon, Michael 1951- Howarth, Robert W. Townsend, Colin R. 1949- Essentials of ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Biozönose (DE-588)4069495-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4069495-1 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Essentials of ecology |
| title_auth | Essentials of ecology |
| title_exact_search | Essentials of ecology |
| title_full | Essentials of ecology Michael Begon ; Robert W. Howarth ; Colin R. Townsend |
| title_fullStr | Essentials of ecology Michael Begon ; Robert W. Howarth ; Colin R. Townsend |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essentials of ecology Michael Begon ; Robert W. Howarth ; Colin R. Townsend |
| title_short | Essentials of ecology |
| title_sort | essentials of ecology |
| topic | Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Biozönose (DE-588)4069495-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökologie Biozönose Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027023797&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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