Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Simferopolʹ [u.a.]
Universum
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Drevnjaja torevtika i juvelirnoe delo v Vostočnoj Evrope
4 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Treasures of the ancient Kuban. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Katalog auch in engl. Sprache. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Toreutics and jewellery in the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore |
| Beschreibung: | 447, 16 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789668048425 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Mordvinceva, Valentina Ivanovna |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani |c V. I. Mordvinceva ; E. A. Chačaturova ; T. V. Jurčenko |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Treasures of the ancient Kuban |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Toreutics and jewellery in the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore |
| 264 | 1 | |a Simferopolʹ [u.a.] |b Universum |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 447, 16 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Drevnjaja torevtika i juvelirnoe delo v Vostočnoj Evrope |v 4 | |
| 500 | |a PST: Treasures of the ancient Kuban. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Katalog auch in engl. Sprache. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Toreutics and jewellery in the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore | ||
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a Krasnodarskij gosudarstvennyj istoriko-archeologičeskij muzej-zapovednik im. E. D. Felicyna |0 (DE-588)5180631-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 700 v. Chr.-300 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Toreutik |0 (DE-588)4138917-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
.......................................................................................................................................................7
ПРЕДМЕТЫ ТОРЕВТИКИ И ЮВЕЛИРНЫЕ УКРАШЕНИЯ ПРИКУБАНЬЯ
..............................................................9
УКРАШЕНИЯ ГОЛОВНОГО УБОРА
...............................................................................................................9
СЕРЬГИ И ВИСОЧНЫЕ КОЛЬЦА
................................................................................................................12
ГРИВНЫ, БРАСЛЕТЫ
...............................................................................................................................17
ОЖЕРЕЛЬЯ И ИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ
...................................................................................................................24
ФИБУЛЫ
..................................................................................................................................................29
НАШИВНЫЕ БЛЯШКИ И АППЛИКАЦИИ
...................................................................................................36
30Л0ТН0Е ШИТЬЕ
...................................................................................................................................43
«ЛИЦЕВЫЕ» ПЛАСТИНЫ
.........................................................................................................................44
ФАЛАРЫ, ДЕКОРАТИВНЫЕ БЛЯХИ И УКРАШЕНИЯ УПРЯЖИ
....................................................................45
СОСУДЫ
...................................................................................................................................................48
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
................................................................................................................................................51
SUMMARY. TOREUTICS AND JEWELLERY IN THE KRASNODAR MUSEUM OF LOCAL LORE
....................................53
1.
HEAD-ORNAMENTS
..............................................................................................................................53
2.
EARRINGS AND TEMPLE-PENDANTS
......................................................................................................54
3.
TORQUES AND BRACELETS
....................................................................................................................55
4.
BROOCHES
...........................................................................................................................................56
5.
SEWN
APPLIQUÉS
.................................................................................................................................58
6.
GOLD THREADS
.....................................................................................................................................61
7.
FACE COVERINGS
................................................................................................................................61
8.
HORSE TRAPPINGS
...............................................................................................................................61
9.
VESSELS
...............................................................................................................................................62
АРХИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ К КАТАЛОГУ КРАСНОДАРСКОГО МУЗЕЯ
..................................................................65
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
...................................................................................................................................67
ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ
/ILLUSTRATIONS
...................................................................................................................77
КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ ИЗ ДРАГОЦЕННЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ АНТИЧНОГО ВРЕМЕНИ
.................................................241
CATALOGUE
....................................................................................................................................................350
СПИСОК ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ПУНКТОВ ПО РАЙОНАМ
.....................................................................................428
СПИСОК КОМПЛЕКСОВ
..................................................................................................................................430
ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
.....................................................................................................................435
ИМЕННОЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
..................................................................................................................................438
ПРЕДМЕТНЫЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
...........................................................................................................................440
ИНДЕКС НОМЕРОВ ХРАНЕНИЯ КГИАМЗ
/
НОМЕРОВ КАТАЛОГА
.....................................................................441
V.
Mordvintseva
Summary
SUMMARY.
TOREUTICS AND JEWELLERY IN THE KRASNODAR MUSEUM OF LOCAL LORE
53
Collections of the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore
(the full name is the Krasnodar State Historic-Archae¬
ological Museum-Reserve) present unique samples of
material culture of people inhabited the Kuban region
in ancient times. The Museum was founded in
1894.
Since then its collections were enriched by many enthu¬
siasts
—
scholars, students of local lore and amateurs.
From the middle of 1930-s the Museum organizes its
own archaeological and ethnological expeditions.
Now in the Museum there is a great collection of
objects made of precious metals, which was formed
thanks to the excavations made in the Kuban region
by the Kuban University, the Krasnodar Museum of Lo¬
cal Lore, and the Regional Committee for Protection of
the Cultural Monuments (Fig.
1).
Part of objects was re¬
ceived by the Museum from other Russian scientific or¬
ganizations, such as Institute of Archaeology (Moscow),
Institute of the History of Material Culture (S.-Peters-
burg), Samara State University, Volgograd State Uni¬
versity. Other representative collections of the Kuban
toreutics and jewellery are kept in the State Hermitage
(S.-Petersburg), the State Historical Museum, and the
State Museum of the Oriental Art (Moscow).
The Catalogue of ancient jewellery and toreu¬
tics in the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore consists
of
606
numbers from
178
burials and
40
chance finds
(3412
items). The description of catalogue objects was
made together by V. Mordvintseva, E. Khachaturova,
and T. Yurchenko. All photos, drawings, archive work,
articles about different kinds of specimens, and transla¬
tion in English were done by V. Mordvintseva.
Authors are grateful for the kind help and advises
to E. Beglova, V. Erlikh, A. Kantorovich, I. Ksenofontova,
A. Leskov,
I. Marchenko, A. Pyankov, Yu. Zaytsev.
The important support to the collaborative work
was a financial help of the Russian Humanitarian Fund
(projects
Nos.
05-01-3811
а/Ю,
07-01-381098/10),
and authors express their deep gratitude to this orga¬
nization.
Ί.
HEAD-ORNAMENTS1 ~
7.7.
Diadems. As usual a diadem was a textile ban¬
dage around the head being sometimes a part of the
complex headdress. In the scientific literature the term
is also used to call a metal band or even a crown. How-
1
In the following chapter there will be discussed some chosen categories of
items from the Catalogue.
ever, many researchers suggest that such using of the
term distorts its meaning2.
Some ornaments from the Catalogue are defined
as parts of diadems
—
appliqués
in shape of rosettes
(Cat.
168-169
Tab.
38
Fig.
3),
and rectangular bands with
representations of animals (Cat.
171
Tab.
38
Fig.
2).
In
both cases the context of find is unknown. But the holes
on their edges could indicate that they were sewn on
some item.
The rosettes (Cat.
168)
are comparable with orna¬
ments (parts of a diadem) from the Majkop Barrow dat¬
ed to the 3td millennium
ВС3.
Other rosettes (Cat.
169)
one
should date rather to the Scythian times
—
ca.
4
с. ВС4.
Rectangular bands with zoomorphic figures (Cat.
171
Tab.
38
Fig.
2)
could belong to a headdress or they can
be facings of a belt. Similar plates were found in the
Ostryi Barrow near Yaroslavskaya village (also Kuban
region) dated to the
2-1
с. ВС.5.
7.2.
Details of a Calathos. Gold openwork plates
were characteristic details of the female funeral head¬
dress in the Scythian graves of the 4th
с. ВС.
This head¬
dress is usually called calathos in the academic litera¬
ture6. Such plates from the Collection of the Krasnodar
Museum (Cat.
164,165
Tab.
36,37
Fig.
3)
are analogous to
those from kurgan
2
ofTenginskaya necropolis dated to
the
4-3
ВС7,
from kurgan
5
of Elizavetinskaya necropo¬
lis8, and from the Chertomlyk Barrow9.
7.3.
Wreaths. Wreaths played the important role
in funeral practice of Greeks and Romans10. All leaves
of the wreaths represented in the Collection belong
to the celery plant {Apium graveolens
L).
They come
from necropolises of the Bosporan cities
—
Phanagoria
and Gorgippia, and from their neighborhood (kurgan
2
near Vyshesteblievskaya village, the
Taman
peninsula).
They are dated to the 1st and 2nd c.AD. On the barbarian
periphery of the Bosporan kingdom the rests of funeral
wreaths are not known.
2 Ritter 1984,106;
Яценко
1986,14.
3
Фармаковский
1914,51-52130.
XXIII:
8,
10;XXIV;H.B.
Анфимов
1987,18,20-21.
4
Analogies:
Алексеев и др.
1991, Fig. 78.
5
Гущина/Засецкая
1989,87,91,128
Tab. 1:
1.
6
For example, headdresses from the Chertomlyk Barrow, Tolstaya Barrow,
Deev Barrow
(ИпьинскаяДереножкин
1983,127,130,134,141,149).
7
Эрлих
2002,233,235
Fig.
1:31.
8
Галанина2003,92,93Саї.24.
9
Алексеев
1986,133-134.
10 Kurtz/Boardman 1971,101,163,165, Fig. 39
(gold leaves from the funeral
wreath).
54
Treasures of the ancient Kuban
2.
EARRINGS AND TEMPLE-PENDANTS
These jewels belong to the most frequent finds.
They are represented by
79
numbers of the Catalogue
from
69
assemblages (Fig.
4-11).
Type
1.
Wire rings.
1.1.
Open-ended rings made of plain wire. (Cat.
124,301,
399,462,506,536
Fig.
4).
Such rings are dated from the
2nd
с. ВС.
to the 2nd
с
AD., mainly to the 2nd and 1st
с. ВС.
(Fig. 9).
1.2.
Spiral wire rings
(1,5
and more turns). It was the
most wide-spread type of temple-pendants. Most of
them are made of plain wire (Cat.
45,56,68,147,240,243,
218,228,308,312,377,378,406,446,537,553
Fig.
4),
some are
curled from the overtwisted, square in section wire
(Cat.
150,155,148,220,447
Fig.
4).
In one case a thin golden
band was twisted around a plain bronze wire (Cat.
202
Fig.
4).
Rings of this type are dated from the 4th
с. ВС
to
the 2nd
с
AD., with the majority in the
2-1
с. ВС.
(Fig. 9).
1.3.
Wire rings with cast pyramidal ornaments at the
ends. (Cat.
263,327,442
Fig.
5).
Earrings of this shape are
well-known among Greek jewellery in Greece and the
North
Pontic
region11, and in the barbarian graves of the
Kuban region12 of the
5-3
с. ВС
1.4.
Wire rings with channeling at the ends. (Cat.
111,278,
265,361,392,499,500,502
Fig.
5).
As a prototype they could
have earrings of the type
1.3.
They are dated from the
4th to the 1st
с. ВС,
mainly to the
3-2
с. ВС
(Fig. 9).
1.5.
Wire rings with knobs at the ends. (Cat.
293, 452
Fig. 5).These rings belong to the 2nd
с. ВС.
Similar knobs
have some bracelets of the
3-1
с. ВС13.
Type2.
Rings with a soldered ornament
2.1.
Rings with a pyramid of
4
granules. (Cat.
43,55,403,
448
Fig.
5).
They are dated from the 3rd to the 1st
с. ВС,
mainly to the 2nd
с. ВС
Similar earrings were found in
the Volga region14.
2.2.
Rings with immovable complex ornament. (Cat.
97,
120,153,219,520
Fig.
5).
They are dated from the 2nd
с. ВС
to the 1st
с.
AD.
ТуреЗ.
Earrings in the shape of a goat/ram. (Cat.
76,112,201,226,
495,497,552
Fig.
7).
These earrings consist of a hollow fig¬
ure of a hoofed animal
—
a goat or a ram with bended
legs
—
and a loop made of either overtwisted, square
in shape wire or several plain wires twisted together.
A number of such jewels also come from the graves of
Sereginskiy necropolis15. They are dated from the 3rd to
the 1st
с. ВС,
mainly to the 2nd
с. ВС
Their finds are lo¬
cated most exclusively in the Kuban region. M.Treister
11
Higgins
1980,
Tab.
24:
CJab.
25:
E, H.
12
Смирнов
1958,308.
13
H.B.
Анфимов
1951, Fig. 17,16.
14
Мордвинцева/Хабарова
2006,
Cat.
116.
15
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,
A375.1, A376.1, A377.1, A378.2.
Summary
suggests their local provenance16. The only find of such
earrings outside the Kuban region is noted in a burial
near Gordievka village, Ukraine17, which is dated much
later than the Kuban ones
—
from the second half of
the 1st to the beginning of the 2nd
с
AD.
Typel
Lion-shapedand griffin-shaped earrings. (Cat.
89,91,109,
197,233,396,397,549,554
Fig.
8).
Such earrings represent
a well-known group of ornaments, which were particu¬
larly in fashion in the antique world from the 4th to the
2nd
с. ВС
They were also well-known on the territory of
the North
Pontic
region, the Lower Don basin and the
Kuban valley18.
Appearance of the lion-head earrings in the North¬
ern Black Sea area M. Pfrommer dates to the end of the
4th or the very beginning of the 3rd
с. ВС19.
Afterwards
this type of earrings becomes widespread.
In the Kuban region there are found
2
variants of
lion-shaped earrings, which could be pointed out after
principles of their decoration, size and shape.
4.1.
Tiny rings with the fine detailed drafting of the lion
head. All such earrings in the Collection come from the
Taman
peninsula (Cat.
89,396,397,554
Fig.
8).
Their diam¬
eter is usually ca.
1,5
cm.They consist of a loop made of
several densely twisted wires and a cone-shaped end-
cap with the lion mask on the top. The cone as a rule
is ornamented with wire elements
—
ovoi , rows of
twisted and plain wires, and an edge shaped as a wolf s
tooth (orVungenkranz ). Earrings of this type are char¬
acteristic for the Greek cities of the North
Pontic
region.
Close parallels there are also in Italy, Greece, Syria, and
Egypt20. The type appeared in the 5th
с. ВС,
and was in
fashion chiefly in the 3rd
с. ВС,
until the 1st
с. ВС,21.
4.2.
Big rings with schematic drafting of the lion head.
(Cat.
91,109,197,233,549
Fig.
8).
They were found in bar¬
barian graves mainly along the Kuban river (Fig.
12,
Map
1).
Their diameter reaches
3
cm. The lion head is
made in a low relief and is not much detailed. The cone
is ornamented by drop-shaped wire elements. A loop is
often made from a plain wire or from
2
slightly twisted
wires. The burial assemblages with such earrings are
dated from the 2nd to the
1
я с. ВС.
Type
S.
Earrings with pendants.
5.1.
Earrings with the plane shield and pendants. (Cat.
551
Fig.
7).
The find from Timashevsk with a segment-
shaped shield is dated to the 2nd
с. ВС
At this time such
16
See an article by M. Treister in:
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,108.
17
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,
A61
.
18
Бабенчиков
1957, 136, Tab. 1: 9;
Арсеньева
1977, Tab.
XXI:
1, 3;
Сымонович
1983, Tab. XXXI: 23, 29;
Античные государства...
1984,
Tab. CXII:
14;Дашевская
1991,37,123, Tab. 67:4;
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007, A13.1, A15.1, A16.1, A142.1, A229.1, A262.1, B40.1,
С/1.10.1.10,
0/1.19.6.1, D8.2.
19 Pfrommer 1990a, 150.
20 Pfrommer 1990a,Tab. 23:4-9,Tab. 24:
Ί-5.
21 Pfrommer 1990a, Tab.
ЗО.
V.
Mordvìntseva
55
Summary
earrings are not known in the North
Pontic
region. Ear¬
rings of the other form
—
with the plane triangular
shield
—
came in fashion outside the Kuban region, in
the Lower Don22 and Volga23 regions, and in the North¬
ern Black sea area24 later, in the 1st and 2nd
с
AD.
5.2.
Earrings with pendants arranged in a circle. (Cat.
106
Fig.6;Cat.450;482Fig.7).Theyaredatedtothe2 dc.BCThe
close ornaments are found in two other Kuban burials
of the same time25. Very likely this form of earrings was
developed in the Kuban region under strong influence
of the Colchis jewellery tradition of the 4th
с. ВС.26.
Type
6.
Loop-and-eye earrings. (Cat.
64,87,395,571,572,587
Fig.
8).
In the Collection they are represented almost ex¬
clusively by examples from the Phanagoria necropolis
(Fig.
11
Map
1).
Such earrings were wide-spread in all
Greek cities of the North
Pontic
region in the first centu¬
ries AD, which was already noted by M.Treister27.
Type
7.
Loop-and-eye earrings with a pendant. (Cat.
587
Fig.
8).
These complicated ornaments were found in the ne¬
cropolis of Phanagoria and are dated from the 1st
с. ВС.
to the 2nd
с
AD. Most of such earrings come from the
necropolises of Bosporan kingdom. They are discussed
in detail by M.Treister28.
3.
TORQUES AND BRACELETS
1.
TORQUES
These ornaments, men s neck-rings in particular,
are traditionally connected with barbarian cultures of
Persians, Scythians, Celts, Germans, and other peoples29.
In the ancient images of barbarians the men s rings of
eastern peoples were represented with zoomorphic
endings, while the torques of the northern peoples
(Celts and Germans) have bulges on the ends30.
In the Collection there are some torques with zoo¬
morphic endings31, however most of them have no orna¬
mentation. In the archaeological context they are often
found in damaged condition32, which could be explained
by special burial rites of the native population.
22
Медведев
1981,
Fig.
5;
Медведев
1990,
Fig.
11:6,7;
Ильюков
1998,89
Nos.
2в, 2г, 2дТаЬ.
5;
Максименко
1998,241 Fig. 58:18,22;
Засецкая и
др.
1999,53,58 Fig. 4:6.
23
Мордвинцева/Хабарова
2006,
Cat.
40,55,154.
24
Симоненко/Лобай
1991, Fig. 19:1, 2
Фото
34,1-2; Simonenko 2002,27
Fig. 10:2;
Loboda
u.a. 2002, Fig. 16:1-2; Mordvintseva 2002, Fig. 1:1-3;
Пуздровский
2004,299.
25
И.И. Марченко
1996,27,311
Complex
160 Fig. 91:10;
Эрлих
2002,234 Fig. 1:1.
26
Cat.Tbilisi2005,36,52,67,81.
27
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,112.
28
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,117-121.
29
Adler2003,13,16.
30 Adler 2003,59.
31
Cat.
49,108,358,515,600.
32
Cat.
159,205,212,241,269,300,384,486.
Typel.
Rings with open endings. Such rings are known al¬
ready in the Scythian graves of the 5th
с. ВС.33,
since then
they were widespread. They could be made from wire
or from a hollow tube.
1.1.
Torques with unornamented endings. (Cat.
481
Tab.
82;
Cat.256Tab. 48).They are dated from the 3rd to the 2nd
с. ВС.
1.2.
Torques with zoomorphic endings. (Cat.
515
Tab.
89
Fig.
12;
Cat.
241
Tab.
47).
They are dated from the 4th to
the 2nd
с ВС.
Type
2.
Spiral rings. Such torques have usually
1,5-1,8
coils made of wire or a tube.
2.1.
Torques with unornamented endings. (Cat.
34
Tab.
9;
Cat.
48
Tab.
11
Fig.
23;
Cat.
211
Tab.
42;
Cat.
444
Tab.
76
Fig.
18).
They are dated from the 4th to the 2 d
с. ВС.
2.2.
Torques with zoomorphic endings. (Cat.
108
Tab.
27
Fig.
14;
Cat.
49
Tab.
11
Fig.
16;
Cat.
358
Tab.
68
Fig.
17).
They
are dated from the 3rd to the middle of the 1st
с. ВС.
Type
3.
Multi-spiral rings with hinge-connection. (Cat.
600
Tab.
102
Fig.
13;
Cat.
300
Tab.
56
Fig.
25;
Cat.
209
Tab.
42
Fig.
24).
They are dated to
3-2
с. ВС.
(Fig. 26).
Such torques were spread mainly on the territory
of the
Taman
peninsula and the Northern Caucasus34.
There are several multi-spiral rings with hinge-connec¬
tion in the Siberian Collection of Peter the Great (State
Hermitage, S.-Petersburg)35.This fact grounded at once
the assertion about the Siberian origin of this type.
However, such torques still are not found in the archae¬
ological context in the Siberia. Therefore this assump¬
tion could be contested, because some of such items
could come to the Peter s Collection or to its
donators
via Siberian market from the Kuban or Volga region36.
Typel
Rings with loop-connection.
4.1.
Ring with connection eye-and-loop . (Cat.
16
Tab.
6
Fig.
21 ;
Cat.
73
Tab.
18
Fig.
19;
Cat.
313
Tab.
58
Fig.
22;
Cat.
504
Tab.
87;
Cat.
582
Tab.
99).
Torques of such construction
are dated to the
1 -3
c. AD.,
mainly to the 2nd and the 3rd
c. AD
(Fig.
26).
4.2.
Rings with connection loop-and-loop . (Cat.
116
Tab.
29
Fig.
19;
Cat.
230
Tab.
45
Fig.
23;
Cat.
274,
Cat.
275
Tab.
51
Fig.
20;
possibly Cat.
486
Tab.
83;
Cat.
509,
Cat.
511
Tab.
88).
They were spread from the 2Di
с. ВС.
to the 3fd
с
AD., mainly in the first centuries AD.
33
Лесков
1968,
158f;
Силантьева
1959,51;
ИльинскаяЯереножкин
1983,97-98.
34
Akhtanizovskaya Find:
Спицын
1909,19-23
Fig.
1-2,4-35;
Артамонов
1973, 178-179;
Королькова
2001a,
108
Fig.
8: 3-5; 110;
Королькова
2001b,
74
Fig.
9:3-5;
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,
B1; Buerova
Mogiła
Barrow: OAK
1870-71,
XXf;
Ростовцев
1918,43-48
Tab. II:
4;
Артамонов
1973,178-179
Fig.
230;
Королькова 2001а,
108
Fig.
8:1; 110;
Королькова
2001b,
74
Fig.
9:1;
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,
A26; Karstovyi:
Гей и
др.
1988,118;
И.И. Марченко
1996,293 Fig. 73
Complex
288;
Зуев
2002,
204 Fig. 1; 207; Ipatovo: Härke/Belinskij 1999,185;
Kazinskiy Treasure:
OAK
1909-1910, 220
f;
Придик
1914,107 f. Tab.
VII,
VIII;
Borovka
1928,
Tab. 36;
Руденко 1962а,
Fig. 9;
Королькова
1994.
35
Руденко
1962a,Tab.
XI:
6,7; Tab. XIII: 1,2; Tab. XVIII: 3,6,8.
36
Веселовский
1902,362;
Шилов
1983,189.
56
Treasures of the ancient Kuban
2.
BRACELETS
Type
7.
Bracelets with open endings.
1.1.
Bracelets with plain endings. (Cat.
122
Tab.
29
Fig.21;
Cat.
203
Tab.
41
Fig.
23;
Cat.
208
Tab.
41;
Cat.
231
Tab.
46
Fig.
23;
Cat. 250Tab.
47;
Cat.
409
Tab.
73;
Cat
438
Tab.
76;
Cat.
484
Tab.
83).
Most of these bracelets are made of a hol¬
low tube. They are dated from the 3rd to the 1st
с. ВС.
1.2.
Bracelets with broadening endings. (Cat.
94
Tab.
24
Fig.
19;
Cat.
271
Tab.
50;
Cat.
273
Tab.
51;
Cat.
314
Tab.
58
Fig.
18).
They are made of a forged core. They are found
in graves dated from the
1
5t
с. ВС.
to the 2nd
с
AD.
1.3.
Bracelets with zoomorphic endings. (Cat.
71
Tab.
16;
Cat.
329
Tab.
59
Рис.
18).
They are dated from the 4th to
the 2nd
с. ВС.
(Fig. 28).
Type
2.
Spiral bracelets.
2.1.
Bracelets with plain endings. (Cat.
35
Tab.
9;
Cat.
107
Tab.
27;
Cat.
123
Tab.
29
Fig.
21;
Cat.
215
Tab.
43;
Cat.
217
Tab.
43;
Cat.
424
Tab.
75;
Cat.
425
Tab.
75
Fig.
25;
Cat.
455
Tab.
77;
Cat.
460
Tab.
79
Fig.
22;
Cat.
483
Tab.
83
Fig.
25)
(Fig.
27).
All spiral bracelets from the burial context are
dated from the 2nd to the
1
st
с. ВС.
2.2.
Bracelets with zoomorphic endings. (Cat.
238
Tab.
46
Fig.
16;
Cat.
491
Tab.
86
Fig.
15;
Cat.
601
Tab.
102
Fig.
16).
They are dated from the 3rd to the 2nd
с ВС.
Typel.
Wire bracelets with fastened endings. (Cat.
290
Tab.
53
Fig. 23).The burial is dated from the second half of the 3rd
to the first half of the 2nd
с. ВС.
Such form is well-known
in the Western Black Sea region and Greece from the 3a
с. ВС.
In the 2 d and the 1st centuries
ВС.
they were wide¬
spread in the cultures of the
La Tene
circle. They were
popular also in the first centuries AD.
Type4. Lamellar bracelets with hinge-connection. (Cat.
83
Tab.
22
Fig.
24).
They are dated to the end of the 2nd
с. ВС.
Such
type of bracelets is known in Alexandria, Wells , and
Western Siberia, and is dated to the 2nd
с. ВС.38
Type
5.
Bracelets with a shield and hinge-connection. (Cat.
13
Tab.
4
Fig.
24).
The burial is dated to the third quarter
of the 2nd
с
AD. As a prototype for such bracelets M.Y.
Treister suggests jewels from Petriki and Bug
Liman39.
^BROOCHES
1.
WIRE FIBULAE ~
Therearetwoexamplesof wire bow-shaped fibulae
with returned foot in the Collection (Cat.
17
Tab.
6
Fig.
33;
Cat.
267
Tab.
49
Fig.
33).
They are found in the context of
the 2nd
с
AD. A.K.
Ambroz
dated such fibulae to the 2nd
and 3rd
c. AD.40.
Most of silver and gold examples of this
37 Pfeiler 1970,
Tab.
10:1,2.
38
Hoffmann/Davidson
1965,159
Cat. No.
56;
Higgins
1980,
Tab.
50:
B.
39
Мордвинцева/Трейстер
2007,146.
40
Амброз
1966,51, Tab. 9,11-13.
Summary
type were found in the necropolises of the Bosporan
cities and Chersonesos.
2.
BROOCHES
The Museum possesses the most representative
collection of Hellenistic brooches, which are particu¬
larly characteristic for the Kuban region. M. Rostovtzeff
suggested that appearance of these jewels in the re¬
gion was connected with the Sarmatians, a new wave
of the Eastern peoples, who came to replace the Scyth¬
ians in the North
Pontic
steppes in the 3rd
с. ВС.
The Sar¬
matians brought these ornaments from the boundaries
of Bactria and Parthia, where such polychrome styles
were always in fashion41.
Special essay about the Kuban brooches was writ¬
ten by K. Smirnov42. He supposes that they originated
from the Greek gold filigree medallions of the 4th
с. ВС.43.
After his point of view, these and similar jewels were
made in the Bosporan production centres for the Sin-
do-Maiotian and Sarmatian nobility44.
Polychrome brooches were also discussed in the
general work of A.K.
Ambroz45.
Majority of brooches
with two needles he dated from the 2nd to the 1st
с. ВС.
Their appearance in the Kuban region he explained as
Hellenization of the local barbarian aristocracy on the
periphery of the Bosporan kingdom46.
Publishing materials of new excavations in the
Kuban region I.I. Marchenko discussed also types of
brooches found on the right bank of the Kuban river. He
gave their new classification and formulated principles
of their evolution47.
Special research of the Kuban brooches was un¬
dertaken by M. Treister48. He discussed in detail a ques¬
tion about the origin of the polychrome brooches,
and pointed on the Greek filigree medallions as their
prototypes49. M. Treister singled out four basic types of
the Kuban brooches:
1)
disc-shaped brooches;
2)
open¬
work brooches;
3)
figured brooches (f.e. in shape of ani¬
mals),^) brooches and pins with pendants. This classifi¬
cation he follows also in his newest work50.
M. Treister also discussed elements of ornamenta¬
tion on the Kuban brooches, and compared them with
other jewellery of the time. He supposed that they
could be made in the same workshop or even by the
41
Rostovtzeff
1929,45.
42
Смирнов
1953,29-30.
43
Смирнов
1953,29.
44
Смирнов
1953,23.
45
Амброз
1966.
46
Амброз
1966,30.
47
Марченко
1996,28-32.
48
Treister
2002.
49
Treister
2002,31.
50
МордвинцеваЯрейстер2007,
131-140.
V.
Mordvintseva
57
Summary
same craftsman51. As a conclusion M.Treister suggested
existence of the distinctive artistic style in the Kuban
region, which generated from the Hellenistic jewel¬
lery tradition spread in the Asiatic part of the Bosporan
kingdom in the 2nd
с. ВС.52.
Thus, there are three typologies of the Kuban
brooches provided by A.K.Ambroz, I.I. Marchenko, and
M.Treister. The most detailed research was made by
M. Treister. As a base for typology he used at the first
level technical and stylistic features of the brooches.
It seems, however, that the first characteristic to build
their typology should be the form of a brooch, as it was
done in works of A.K.
Ambroz
and I.I. Marchenko. The
shape should have certain sense for the local popula¬
tion used such jewels, which is marked by the distribu¬
tion of different types of brooches (Fig.
46; 47).
In the Collection there are
29
brooches. Apart from
this number there are more than
50
examples found in
the Northern Black Sea region and Northern Caucasus53.
2.1.
Brooches
Type
1.
Round and oval brooches
1.1.
Brooches with filigree ornamentation
To this type belong majority of the Kuban brooch¬
es. In the Collection there are
6
round54 and
10
oval55
examples. This type is dated from the 3rd
с. ВС
to the 1st
с
AD. (Fig.
40).
Varianti.
The earliest round brooches appeared on
the
Taman
peninsula (Zelenskiy Barrow) and on the
right bank of the Kuban river (Cat.
47,50)
(Fig.
41: 2).
These are round medallions with a hemisphere in the
centre, often with a small inlay, and covered with fili¬
gree ornamentation. A prototype of this scheme were
the Greek relief medallions56. It is important to mention
also a round brooch from
Vani,
Georgia, which is dated
to the 4th
с. ВС.57.
Variante
Other ornamental scheme is represented
by round and oval brooches with a big central inlay in
a high frame (Cat.
44,85,103,229,294,303,348,405,471).
On
the periphery, around the central inlay there are usually
51
Treister
2002,34.
52
Treister
2002,43.
53
Most of them are listed in the article of M. Treister (Treister
2002).
54
Cat.
47
Colour Tab.
8
Tab.
11
Fig.
39;
Cat.
50
Colour Tab.
8
Tab.
12
Fig.
39;
Cat.
93
Tab.
24
Fig.
38;
Cat.
143
Colour Tab.
11
Tab.
32
Fig.
39;
Cat.
454
Colour Tab.
4
Tab.
78
Fig.
40;
Cat.
598
Colour Tab.
10
Tab.
101
Fig.
39;
Cat.
604ColourTab.8Tab.102Fig.39.
55
Cat.
44
Colour Tab.
9
Tab.
10
Fig.
37;
Cat.
85
Colour Tab.
12
Tab.
22
Fig.
37;
Cat.
103
ColourTab.
4
Tab.
26
Fig.
38;
Cat.
229
ColourTab.
11
Tab.
45
Fig.
38;
Cat.
294
ColourTab.
1
Tab.
54
Fig.
36;
Cat.
303
ColourTab.
7
Tab.
56
Fig.
384;
Cat.
311
ColourTab.
13
Tab.
57
Fig.
35;
Cat.
348
ColourTab.
12
Tab.
65
Fig.
35;
Cat.
405
Colour Tab.
10
Tab.
72
Fig.
37;
Cat.
471
Colour Tab.
13
Tab.
81
Fig.
38.
56
Hoffmann/Davidson
1965,224
Cat. 91b,
225
Cat. 91c.
57
Cat. Tbilisi
2005,38,76-77.
small inlays alternated often with filigree ornamenta¬
tion. They are dated from the 2nd
с. ВС.
to the
1
sl
с
AD.
Variant
3.
Open-work brooch with filigree and granulation.
This version is represented by one example of the
3-2
с. ВС
(Cat.
454).
1.2.
Relief brooches with a metal back
In the collection there are two examples of such
brooches dated to the 1S1
с
AD. (Cat.
114
Tab.
28
Fig.
33)
and to the second half of the 2nd
с
AD. (Cat.
27
Colour
Tab.
12
Tab.
8
Fig.
33).
Type
2.
Rhomboid brooches
Cross-shaped form of these brooches is well-known
in the Greek jewellery tradition58. There are known
13
ex¬
amples of this type59, four of them are represented in the
Collection (Fig.
39)
(Cat.
57
Colour Tab.
2
Tab.
14;
Cat.
302
Colour Tab.
2
Tab.
56;
Cat.
449
Colour Tab.
2
Tab.
77;
Cat.
464
ColourTab.
2
Tab.
80).
Rhomboid brooches are dated from
the 2nd
с. ВС
to the
1 -2
с
AD., mainly to the
2-1
с. ВС
Type
3.
Unusual figured form
3.7.
Lotus bud
There is one such find dated to the second half of the
1st
с. ВС.
(Cat.
227
Colour Tab.
4
Tab.
45
Fig.
39).
M. Treister
defined its form first as lyra-shaped 60, and later as the
Isis
crown 61. The
Isis
crown element was well-known
in the jewellery of the Hellenistic period62. However, the
brooch from
Lenina
farm does not look like such element.
As a rule,
Isis
crown consists of a circle (sign of the sun)
framed in the lower part with curls (stylized horns of a ga¬
zelle), and with two standing on the circle extended feath¬
ers of an ostrich (attributes of Horus and the sun). In case
with brooch from
Lenina
farm there are no listed features.
It seems that the form of the brooch is floral and
similar to representations of the lotus bud, which were
quite wide-spread in the Hellenistic jewellery tradition.
Type
4.
Heracles knot
To this type belong
5
brooches63,
3
of which are in
the Collection (Fig.
38)
(Cat
38,295,489).
They are dated
58
Higgins
1980,
Tab.
21:6.
59
Besleneevskaya
(Погребова
1961,156;
Амброз
1966,33;
Мордвинова/
Трейстер
2007,
А22.1);
Loo
(Лордкипанидзе и др.
1980, Tab.
XXVIII); Ten-
ginskaya (3
ex.) (Beglova
2005, 66
Fig.
12: 8-Ю);
Verkhniy: (Cat.
57);
Myskhako (not published); Tsemdolina
(Малышев/Трейстер
1994, 54
Fig.
13; 56
No.
8);
Proletarskiy (Cat.
449);
Novotitarovskaya
(Козенкова
1980,76-78;
Мордвинцева/Трейстер
2007,
A153.1); Scythian Neapolis
(Шульц
1953,44
Fig.
21:75,
Tab. V:
13;
Зайцев
2001,21
Fig.
6:12;
Зайцев
2003,
Fig.
80:2);
Mikhaylovskaya (Cat.
302);
Razdolnaya (Cat
464).
60
Treister
2002,38.
61
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,113.
62
Davidson/Oliver
1984,69-71.
63
Boyko-Ponura (Cat.
38
Tab.
9
Fig.
40);
Karstovyi
(Марченко
1996,
Complex
288
Fig.
73:6);
Mezmay (Cat
295
ColourTab.
10
Tab.
55
Fig.
40);
Starokorsunskaya (Cat.
489
ColourTab.
10.
Tab.
86
Fig.
40);
Chernyshev
(Cat. Speyer
1991,
No.
229-230).
58
Treasures of the ancient Kuban
chiefly to the 2nd
с. ВС.
Most of them apart of the
fi
nd in
Mezmay (Cat.
295)
are open-work species made of wire.
Type
5.
Brooches in shape of figures
The earliest example of such brooches is dated to
the
2-1
с ВС.
(Cat.
115
Tab.
28
Fig.
33).
Other brooches
are dated from the 1st to the 2nd
с
AD. They are found
mainly in the
Laba
river basin64. Outside the Kuban re¬
gion they were found in the Bosporan cities65 and in the
Lower Don basin66.
2.2.
Pins
Type. I Brooch-pin with round shield
ûnd
pendents. In the Collec¬
tion there is one such pin (Cat.
213
Colour Tab.
7
Tab.
43
Fig.
35).
Similar ornaments dated to the 2nd
с. ВС.
are
found in Tenginskaya and Novovochepshiy in the Kuban
region67, and in the Nogaychik Barrow in the Crimea68.
The localization of different types of brooches
shows following tendencies in their distribution (Fig.
41:1;
Fig.
42-43).
The most popular was the round and oval brooches
of the type I.The earliest brooches of the type
1.1
are
found in the Caucasus
(Vani),
on the
Taman
peninsula
and in the (Fig.
41:2;
Fig.
42).
From the 3rd to the
1
st
с. ВС.
brooches of the
1
st type were concentrated on the right
bank of the Kuban river, and were wide spread along
the pre-mountain zone of the Northern Caucasus. In
the first centuries AD. such brooches were spread along
the Kuban river and in the basin of the
Laba
river.
From the 2nd to the
1
st
с. ВС.
rhomboid brooches of
the type
2
were concentrated on the right bank of the
Kuban and in the
Laba
group (Fig.
42).
In later period
one of their stylistic types was characteristic for the
eastern shore of the Black sea (Fig.
43).
The brooches in shape of the Heracles knot (type
4)
are found for a moment only in the assemblages
of the 2nd
с. ВС.
They were spread on the right bank of
the Kuban, in the
Laba
group, and in the western pre-
mountain zone of the Caucasus (Fig.
43).
The figured brooches (type
5)
appeared already
in the Hellenistic period (Fig.
42),
but majority of them
are concentrated in the
Laba
group in the
1-2
centuries
AD. (Fig.
43).
Localization of different elements (granulation and
filigree) of the ornamentation shows also an interesting
picture (Fig.
44:1;
Fig.
44:2).
64
Armavir
(Гущина/Засецкая
1989,105,141
No.
72
Tab.
XIV);
Zubovskiy
(2
ex.)
(Гущина/Засецкая
1989,118,140
No.
ІЗба-6);
Bolshoy Barrow
(Гущина/Засецкая
1989,126,141
No.
84
Tab.
XIV);
Khatazhukaevskiy
(Гущина/Засецкая
1989,101-102,130
No.
53
Tab. Ill); Ust -Labinskaya
(Гущина/Засецкая
1994, № 378
Tab.
42).
65
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,
A171
.1.
66
MaKCHMeHKo1998,Fig.58:18.
67
Treister2002,42.
68
Симоненко
1993;
Трейстер
2000;
Зайцев/Мордвинцева
2003.
Summary
Singular granules as details of wire elements (such
as running dog ,
С
-shaped curls etc.) were spread in
the same area as the brooches of the types
1
and
2,
on
the right bank of the Kuban river and along the pre-
mountain zone of the Northern Caucasus.
Diminutive rosettes made of fine granules were
used on the most gracefully executed examples, which
were found on the eastern shore of the Black sea and
along the Kuban (Fig.
44:1 ).
Pyramids of fine granules are
characteristic for the Bosporan brooches. They are found
also in the
Laba
group and in the eastern Caucasus.
Such elements as rhombs, triangles, rows of gran¬
ules, and covered with granules surfaces are concen¬
trated in the basin of the
Laba
river and on the eastern
shore of the Black sea.
The distribution of these elements on the map
shows definite connections between the monuments
of the eastern pre-mountain zone of the Caucasus and
the right bank of the Kuban river, on the one hand. On
the other, the
Laba
group and the group of the upper
course of the Kuban have many common features with
the Caucasian (Georgia) monuments.
Similar picture shows localization of filigree orna¬
ments (Fig.
44: 2).
Most of them are characteristic for
the group of brooches from the right bank of the Kuban
river. Particularly peculiar were P-shaped and S-shaped
elements, and small wire rings with a granule on the
top On the brooches of the
Laba
group and the Cau¬
casus were used only singular filigree elements. Floral
filigree ornaments (ivy leaf etc.) are concentrated at the
antique monuments, on the
Taman
peninsula.
5.
SEWN
APPLIQUÉS
Gold sewn
appliqués
belong to the cloth s ornamen-
tation.They were wide spread in the ancient Orient69. In the
Eastern Europe sewn
appliqués
are well-known already
in the graves of the Scythian culture of the
5*
с. ВС.70.
M.I.
Rostovtseff has noted as a tendency that characteristic for
the Scythian culture big
appliqués
of rectangular or round
shape with representations of animals and human beings
or deities were replaced in the Sarmatian time by small
plaques of geometrical form. This observation proves to
be true by the finds in the Kuban region.
Group I.
Appliqués
with anthropomorphic
motives
Typel
Representation of a goddess with floral orna¬
mentation
(Rankenfrau).
This
appliqué
dated to the
4-3
с. ВС.
(Cat.
130
Tab.
30
Fig.
45)
is similar to that from the Kul-Oba Barrow71.
69
Rostovtzeff
1922,130.
70
Копейкина1986,28.
71
Копейкина
1986,
Nos.
2-4,6,7,19,24.
V.
Mordvintseva
59
Summary
Type2. Standing Heracles.
Appliqués
representing Heracles with a club and
a shield are found in the assemblage dated to the
4-3
с. ВС.
(Cat.
125
Tab.
30
Fig.
45).
This motive is also known
on the finger-rings dated from the 40-s of the 5th
с
to
the 4th
с. ВС.72.
ТуреЗ.
Human head.
Variant
1.
Human head en face.
The
appliqués
from Ivanovskaya (Cat.
126
Tab.
30
Fig.
45)
have the so-called leaf crown , which is charac¬
teristic for many Celtic images73. M. Treister suggested
that they could imitate the Celtic motives of the Early
la Tene
period74.
Other
appliqués
(Cat.
254
Colour Tab.
8
Tab.
48
Fig.
45;
Cat.
198
Colour Tab.
9
Tab.
41
Fig.
45)
have analo¬
gies in the Scythian monuments of the 4th
с. ВС.75.
Variant
2.
The Gorgon Medusa.
Such
appliqués
(Cat.
127
Tab.
30
Fig.
45;
Cat.
185
Tab.
39
Fig.
45)
are dated to the
4-3
с. ВС.
Similar or¬
naments are found in the Lebedi-3 necropolis76 in the
Kuban region and in the Greek graves77.
Variant
3.
Human head in profile.
These
appliqués
(Cat.
128
Tab.
30
Fig.
45;
Cat.
239
Tab.
46
Fig.
45)
are dated to the
4-3
с. ВС.
Similar
plaques are found in the necropolis of Tanais78.
Type4. Helios.
One such
appliqué
is found in Novolabinskaya
dated to the 3rd
с. ВС.
(Cat.
367 Tab. 68 Fig. 45).
The same
motive is represented on one phalera of the Fedulov
votive deposition79 and on the plate from Karago-
deuashkh80. But stylistically this
appliqué
differs from
others.
Group
II. Appliqués
with zoomorphic motives
Type
7.
One animal attacking the other.
To this type belongs one
appliqué
dated to the
4-3
с. ВС.
with representation of a beast of pray attacking
a boar (Cat.
323
Tab.
59).
Type2. A stepping animal in profile.
Variant
1.
A deer.
The
appliqué
is dated to the
5-4
с. ВС.
(Cat.
166
Tabi.
37).
This type is well-known in the Kuban region81.
72
Неверов
1986,20.
73
Cunliffe
1997,126-127
Fig.
97-99.
74
Treister
1995,60.
75
Манцевич1987,Са12.
76
Гей/Каменецкий
1986, Fig. 2:
За.
77
Marshall
1911,
Cat.
3076;
Копейкина
1986,
Cat.
Nos.
8,12,13;
Алексеев
1986,68
No.
25.
78
Шелов
1961, Tab. XXXVI: 1.
Variant
2.
A griffin.
One of the
appliqués
(Cat.
181
Tab.
39)
has analo¬
gies among the Scythian sewn plaques of the
5-4
с
ВС.82.
The others (Cat.
39
Tab.
9
Fig.
45)
are dated to the
2nd
с. ВС.
and represent a well-known in the Scythian
times type of the griffin with the lifted forepaw. A half
of representations are turned to the left, others
—
to
the right. Such feature was noted by E. Rehm for the
Achaemenidian jewellery83.The same feature one could
find also on the Scythian plaques from the Northern
Caucasus84.
Variant
3.
A lion.
Fragments of the
appliqués
are dated to the
5-4
с
ВС.
(Cat.
248
Tab.
47
Fig.
45;
Cat.
242
Tab.
47
Fig.
45).
Similar
fragment was found in Adygeya85.
Appliqués
with a stepping lion are dated to the 5th
с. ВС.
(Cat.
31
Tab.
8).
Close parallels were found in the
Dnieper region86.
Variant
4.
Asphynx.
To these
appliqués
dated to the
4-3
с. ВС.
(Cat.
328
Tab.
59
Fig.
45)
there are no close parallels.
ТуреЗ.
A butterfly.
Figured
appliqués
in shape of a butterfly dated to
the
4-3
с. ВС
(Cat.
129
Tab.
30
Fig.
45)
have no parallels.
Group III.
Appliqués
with floral ornamentation.
Typel.
Round
appliqués
with representation of a ro¬
sette.
Variant
1.
The realistic representation of a rosette
(Cat.
169
Fig.
3;
Cat.
183,184,371
Fig.
46)
belongs to the
Scythian period
(5-3
с. ВС.)
Variant
2.
«Schematic» representations of a rosette
(Cat.
436,439,466,474,475,476, 490, 516
Fig.
46)
are dated
later, mainly to the 2nd
с. ВС
Typel.
Arc-shaped
appliqués
with representation of
a palmette.
Varianti.
The representation of an antique palmette
(Cat.
182
Fig.
47)
is dated to the
5-4
с. ВС
Variant
2.
A schematic representation of a palmette
(Cat.
284
Fig.
47)
is dated to the
3-2
с. ВС.
Group IV.
Appliqués
of the simple geometrical form
Typel.
Round.
Variant
1.
Hemispherical.
Such
appliqués
are known in all chronological pe¬
riods of antiquity. In the Krasnodar Collection they are
found in assemblages dated from the 4th
с. ВС
to the 1st
c. AD.
(Cat.
141,253,445,494
Fig.
46).
80
Анфимов
1987,154.
81
Лесков и др.
2005,
Colour
Tab.; Platz-Horster/Nagler 2007, Fig. 1 (in
the
centre below) Fig.
10.
82
Пузикова
156
Fig.
15:3.
83
Rehm
1992,213.
84
Platz-Horster/Nagler
2007,
Fig.
10,11.
85
Лесков
1985,23
Tab.
VIII
Cat.
319.
86
Пузикова,
98
Fig.
25:8.
Treasures of the ancient Kuban
60
Variant
2.
Round flat.
Such
appliqués
are found in assemblages dated to
the
1 -2
с
AD. (Cat.
96,546
Fig.
46).
Variant
3.
Round with a hemisphere in centre and
a plain edge.
These
appliqués
were most popular in the Kuban
region. They are dated from the 4th
с. ВС.
to the
1
st
с
AD.,
mainly to the
2-1
с ВС.
(Cat.
80,81,82,102,145,285,296,309,
319,337,356,359,411,463
Fig.
46).
Variant
4.
Round with a hemisphere in centre and
an edge with beaded ornamentation.
They are dated from the 3rd
с. ВС.
to the 3rd
с
AD.
(Cat.
110,118,232,316,321,492
Fig.
46).
Variant
5.
Round with a big hemisphere in centre
and a narrow rim.
Examples of this type are dated from the 3rd
ВС.
to
the 1st
с
AD. (Cat.
59,374,493
Fig.
46).
Type2. Oval.
In the Collection there is the only version of such
appliqués
dated to the 1st
с. ВС.
(Cat.
360
Fig.
47).
Typei. Rectangular.
Variant
1.
The square is filled with relief parallel
lines.
The
appliqué
was found in the assemblage dated
to the 3rd
с. ВС.
^.370^.47).
Variant
2.
The square is filled with a relief figure
made of two ovals and two semi-ovals, which one can
interpret as a rosette.The
appliqués
are dated to the 1st
с
AD. (Cat.
154
Fig.
46).
Variant
3.
In the square there is a relief figure in
shape of a vessel. It is dated to the
3-2
с. ВС.
(Cat.
517
Fig.
47).
Type4. Triangular.
Variant
1.
A triangle with three hemispheres.
Such
appliqués
are found in the assemblages dat¬
ed to the
3-2
с. ВС.
(Cat.
286
Fig.
47)
and to the 1st
с. ВС.
(Cat.
332,336,338 Fig. 47).
Variant
2.
A triangle with pseudo-granulation.
There is on such find (Cat.
189
Fig.
47).
A.Yu. Alekseev
suggests that these
appliqués
were one of the most
popular form in the Scythian graves of the 4th
с. ВС.87
Variant
3.
A triangle with parallel lines.
The
appliqués
are dated to the 1st
c. AD.
(Cat.
317
Tab.
58.
Fig.
47).
Type
5.
Cross-shaped.
Varianti. Big
Х
-shaped
appliqués.
Appliqués
are dated to the 2nd
с. ВС.
(Cat.
36
Fig.
9).
Variant
2.
Cross-shaped
appliqués
with parallel
lines.
They are found in two assemblages dated to the
1
st
с. ВС.
(Cat^HTab.
74
Fig.
47)
and to the 1st
c. AD.
(Cat.
60
Tab.
15
Fig.
47).
Туреб.
Crescent-shaped.
87
Алексеев
1986,64-74.
Summary
Varianti.
Flat crescent.
They are found in the assemblage dated to the
1
st
с
AD.(Cat.318Tab.58Fig.47).
Variant
2.
Crescent-shaped with wire line on the
edge.
There are twofinds of the
1
a
с. ВС.
(Cat. 334Tab.
60
Fig.
47)
and of the end of the 2nd
с. ВС.
(Cat.
79 Tab. 19 Fig. 47).
Туре7.
Drop-shaped.
Variant
1.
With a rim with notches.
There are such
appliqués
and a preparation plate
for them found without context (Cat.
175
Tab.
39
Fig.
47;
Cat.
173
Tab.
38
Fig.
47).
Group V.
Appliqués
of the complicated
geometrical form
Typel
Figured
appliqués
outlined as a semi-square
consisted of several elements.
Variant
1.
Figure consists of four hemispheres. 1st
с
ВС.
(Cat.
411
Tab.
73
Fig.
46).
Variant
2.
Figure consists of a form III.
1.2
and four
hemispheres around.
2-1
с. ВС.
(Cat.
437
Colour Tab.
2
Tab.
76
Fig.
46;
Cat.
478
Tab.
82.
Fig.
46;
Cat.
485
Tab.
83
Fig.
46).
Typel.
Appliqués
of elongated proportions consist¬
ed of hemispheres, ovals and lines.
Variant
1.
A line with
2
hemispheres on both ends.
1
cCÍ^UTa^Fig^ľ).
Variant
2.
A line with
2
hemispheres on one end and
1
hemisphere
—
on the other.
2
finds of the 1st
с. ВС.
(Cat.
413 Tab. 73 Fig. 47;
Cat.
335 Tab. 60 Fig. 47).
Variant
3. Form 111.1.3
with a hemisphere on both
ends. 1st
с. ВС.
—
1st
с.
AD. (Cat.
95
Ta b.
24 Fig. 47).
Variant
4. Form 111.7.1
with a hemisphere on one
end. 2nd
c. AD.
(Cat.
581
Tab.
98
Fig.
47).
Typei. A complicated figure jointed to a strip with
vertical notches.
Variant
1.
A figure consisted of two crescents closed
by their convex edge joints a strip with vertical notches.
3-2
с. ВС.
(Cat.
282
Tab.
52
Fig.
47).
Variant
2.
A figure consisted of two crescents (or
ovoi) closed by their sides joints a strip with vertical
notches.
2-1
с. ВС.
(Cat.
146
Tab.
32
Fig.
47).
Variant
3.
A triangular figure joints a strip with verti¬
cal notches.
3-2
с. ВС.
(Cat.
283
Tab.
52
Fig.
47).
Variant
4.
A figure in shape of
3
amphorae joints
a strip with vertical notches. 2nd
с. ВС.
(Cat.
349
Colour
Tab.
12
Tab.
65
Fig.
47).
Similar
appliqués
are found in
the necropolis Karstovyi, Kuban region, dated to the
same time88.
Variant
5.
A figure in shape of two ovoi joints a strip
with vertical notches. 1st half of the 2nd
c. AD.
(Cat.
544
Tab.
93
Fig.
47).
They are found in the context with a fusi-form unquentarium
(Гей/Сатеев,
Отчет
1986).
V.
Mordvintseva
61
Summary
It is interesting to compare sets of
appliqués
from
the Museums of Krasnodar and Volgograd89. Common
for the both
regionsareforms
IV.1.1, IV.1.2, IV.1.3, IV.1.4.
For the Krasnodar region the most popular were sche¬
matic rosettes (III.
1.2)
and complicated forms using
this component (f.e.,
V.l.2),
and triangular
appliqués
with three big hemispheres (IV.4.1), which are actually
absent in the Volga region. Moreover, the most popu¬
lar in the Volga region forms IV.1
Л,
IV.1
.2,
and IV.1
.3
are
pretty rare in the Kuban region, and some forms90 are
not found yet. This situation could reflect the chrono¬
logical or cultural differences.
6.
GOLD THREADS
In the collection there are gold threads from
eight assemblages91 dated from the 3rd
с. ВС.
to the
3rd c.AD. These threads are made of thin gold strips,
which were twisted up spirally around a basis. Often
such finds are called in the archaeological literature
as rests of brocade92. However, it is not right to use
such a definition. Unlike the embroidery and tapes¬
try93, the brocade is characterized by a special tech¬
nique of inserting of gold or silver threads into the
structure of fabric94. In cases with gold threads from
the Kuban burials it is quite difficult to define, which
kind of technique was used in every case because of
lack of textiles itself. Besides, first documented finds
of the brocade textiles are dated to the 7th
c. AD.95.
Therefore it is at least wrong to describe finds of gold
threads in the complexes of the Hellenistic and Ro¬
man periods as brocade, and use this term to prove
a later date of the grave on the basis of such find,
particularly without discussion of the rest of archae¬
ological evidence96.
7.
FACE COVERINGS ~
To this category of gold items belong plates in
form of eyes and mouth. Sometimes there were breast-
89
МордвинцеваДабарова
2006.
90
Мордвинцевэ/Хабарова
2006,21
Anm.
74;
Anm.
80; 21-22 Fig. 7
Cat.
92,
146,160,206.
91
Cat.
62,
Cat.
279,
Cat.
304,
Cat.
355,
Cat.
369,
Cat.
418,
Cat.
473,
Cat.
585.
92
Шелов
1961,
Tab.
XXXVI: 6;
Ждановский
1990;
Гиджрати
/
Наглер
1985,122.
93
Harris
1993,60.
94
Harris
1993,31;
Seiler-Baldinger
1991,106.
95
Harris
1993,68.
96
A dating feature of the whole assemblage may be the brocade. The
production of the brocade fabric has been mastered for the first time in
China, via China it could appear in the Caucasus region... The find of
brocade allows to date the burial not earlier than the turn of the era
-
the
1st
с
AD.
(Гиджрати/Наглер
1985,122).
pieces also found. In the collection there are such finds
from the necropolis of Gorgippia dated to
150-170
AD.
(Cat.
1-3,8-9).
They are well-know also in other graves of
the Bosporan necropolises.
In the barbarian graves of the Kuban region such
items are not represented. They appear quite early
in the burials of the Crimean barbarians
—
from the
second half of the 2nd
с. ВС.97
—
much earlier than in
the Greek burials.
N.
Pogrebova supposed that they
were parts of funeral masks98. Recently they were dis¬
cussed by Yu. Zaytsev99, who suggests their votive
purpose.
8.
HORSE TRAPPINGS
1.
A set of decorative horse trappings of the 7th
с ВС.
In the Collection there
¡s a
set of items came to the
Museum before
1917.
They have one old number. Sty¬
listic similarity of most of the items allows one to sug¬
gest that they belong to one assemblage (Cat.
190-196
Tab.
40
Fig.
48).
The covering of a knife (Cat.
191)
and segment-
shaped plates (Cat.
196)
could be compared by the or¬
namentation in shape of slanting lines converging at
an angle. Round (Cat.
195)
and segment-shaped (Cat.
196)
plates have such common elements as P-shaped curls
and buldges.
If we accept the assumption that this was a set, the
most important item to provide the date to it is the ar¬
row-shaped bead. Similar beads are found in Carpathi¬
an hoards
—
Pusztahatvan100,
Michałków101,
Fokorú102,
Dálj103,
Mihăeni-Boarta104.
These assemblages are dated
between the 9th and the
7
с. ВС.105.
Majority of other objects from this set belong to
horse harness (Cat
193-196).
Their ornamentation is close
to horse ornaments of the Kelermes Barrows106 and from
the Nartan cemetery in the Central Caucasus107. L.K.
Galanina dates the Kelermes Barrows
1
and
2
to
660-640
ВС.108.
A.I. Ivanchik gives a bit more earlier date109.
97
Зайцев
2004,47-48.
98
Погребова
1961,108-110.
99
Зайцев
2004,47-50.
100
Mozsolics
1977,289-297.
101
Reineke
1899,5101
102
Hoernes
1906,74 f.
103
Ebeit
1908,259 f.
104 Nestor 1934,175-186.
105
Kossak
1996,343.
106
Галанина
1997, Tab. 18: 115,116; Tab. 19: 129,130,143-146; Tab. 20:
244,245; Tab. 26:116.
107
Степи европейской части СССР.
.. 1989, Tab. 86:20,21,70,71.
108
Галанина,
1997,192.
109
Иванчик
2001,68,118,282-283.
62
Treasures of the ancient Kuban
2.
Phalerae of horse harness
from the 3rd
с. ВС
to the 1st
с
AD.
In the Collection there are some objects of horse
harness with zoomorphic ¡mages, which belong to the
Scythian culture (Cat.
133
Tab.
31;
Cat.
363
Tab.
68
Fig.
49;
Cat.
362
Tab.
67
Fig.
49).
They are dated to the 3rd
с. ВС.
The item from the Ivanovskaya (Cat.
133)
find has close
analogies in the Scythian monuments of the Middle
Don basin110.
There are also several small phalerae with a broad
rim and a round hole on the tope (Cat.
373
Tab.
68;
Cat.
287
Tab.
53).
They are dated to the 3rd and from the second
half of the 3rd to the 1st half of the 2nd
с. ВС.
Such roundels
most probably were head-pieces of the horse harness.
They are found quite often in the Scythian graves of the
4th and in hoards of the
3-2
с. ВС.1 .
In some cases they
laid in situ on the head of the horse112. Two such pieces
were found in a tomb near Kralevo, Bulgaria dated to
thefirsthalfoftheS^c.BC113.
To the assemblages of the Hellenistic period be¬
long silver phalerae found in seven complexes (Cat.
51-
54;
Cat.
78;
Cat.
151,152;
Cat.
340-347;
Cat.
480;
Cat.
487;
Cat.
548).
They were many times discussed in the academic litera¬
ture114.
Phalerae from Verkhniy farm (Cat.
53
Tab.
13;
Cat.
52
Tab.
13;
Cat.
51,54
Tab.
12-14)
were executed in Style of
Bosporan medallions 115 and follow the tradition of the
Scythian horse harness116.
Phalerae from Voronezhskaya (Cat.
78
Tab.
20,21 )
and
Temryuk (Cat.
548
Tab.
94
Fig.
53)
dated to the 2nd
с. ВС.
belong to the saddlery phalerae with three loops on the
back side117 and are made in the
Pontic
Graphical Style118.
Other type of the saddlery phalerae demonstrate
species from Korenovsk (Cat.
151-152
Tab.
33-34
Fig.
51-
52)
and Novodzherelievskaya (Cat.
341
Tab.
61 -63
Fig.
50).
Such hemispherical phalerae were spread on the terri¬
tory of the Northern in the 2nd and the 1st
с. ВС.119.
Their
unusual form derives from the so-called Megarian
bowls and silver cups of similar form and decoration.
110
Гуляев
2004,
Fig.
4:10,11.
111
Cat. San Antonio
1999,
Cat.
32
Fig.
12;
Мозолевский/Полин
2005,139
Fig.
21-22;
Ильинская
1973,46-47,54
Fig.
2:5;
Fig.
4:16-17;
Fig.
7,4-5;
Алексеев
etc.
1991,
Cat.
11,44,46-48,50-53;
Смирнов
1984,
Fig.
37:4;
Mordvinceva
2001,
Cat.
71.
112
Мозолевский/Полин
2005,
Tab.
6:1.
113
Cat. Bonn
2004,168
No.
224.
114
Спицын
1919;
Тревер
1940;
Берхин
1962;
Засецкая
1965;
Смирнов
1984;
Pfrommer
1993; freister 1999;
Mordvinceva
2001.
115
Mordvinceva
2001,36.
116
Засецкая
1965,33;
Мозолевский/Полин
2005, Tab. 5:2,3; Tab. 6:1-2,4;
Tab.7;Tab.8:3-4;Tab.9:1-3.
117
Засецкая
1965,29-30 Fig. 2; Pfrommer 1993,5-13; Mordvinceva 2001,43 Typ 1.
118 Mordvinceva 2001,37.
119 Mordvinceva 2001,43 Typ 2.
Summary
Small round head- and cheek-pieces there were
found in hoards near Novodzherelievskaya (Cat.
340,342-
347
Tab.
60,64
Fig.
49,53),
Sergievskaya (Cat.
487
Tab.
85
Fig.
53),
and Rogovskaya (Cat.
480
Tab.
82
Fig.
53).
The as¬
semblages are dated to the
2-1
с. ВС.
In the Rogovska¬
ya set of phalerae
N.
Shevchenko mentions one piece
with representation of Helios120. After his point of view
this phalera was published in the Catalogue of Chris¬
tie s Auction121 with the date 4th
с. ВС.
There is another case of appearance in the West of
the objects found in the Krasnodar region. In
2004
there
were published
5
phalerae122 similar to those found on the
territory of the upper stream of the Kuban river and dated
to the 1st
с
AD. In
2005
the identical phalera was bought
by the Krasnodar Museum (Cat.
199
Tab.
41
Fig.
53).
3.
Phalerae of horse harness of the
2-3
с
AD.
From the second half of the 2nd
с
AD. to the 3rd
с
AD.
on the territory of the Bosporan Kingdom and its periph¬
ery there were spread distinctive sets of phalerae in shape
of circles, rhombs, crescents etc. They are made of bronze
and covered with gold foil and have no special decoration.
In the Collection there are two such sets (Cat.
23-24
Tab.
7,8;
Cat.
521-525
Tab.
90,91).
Similar items were found in Kerch
and Anapa123, Simferopol124, and in the Volga region125.
9.
VESSELS
7.
Gold coverings ofrhyta, drinking horns and cups.
In the collection there are details of rhyta or drink¬
ing horns from the assemblages dated to the
4-2
с. ВС.
The upper part of
a rhyton
was found in the kur-
gan mound near Vasyurinskaya village (Cat.
46
Tab.
10).
Similar find was discovered in the burial of the Lebe-
di-1 necropolis126 dated to the 4th
с. ВС.
The same pur¬
pose possibly have the plates from the unknown find
(Cat.
161-162
Tab.
36).
In the Collection there are two tips of drinking
horns in the shape of a lion head (Cat.
131
Tab.
31;
Cat.
163
Tab.
37)
dated to the 4th and the 3rd
с. ВС.
In their orna¬
mentation there are such common details as S-shaped
wire elements with spiral curls. Such tips are particu¬
larly characteristic for the horns of the 4th
с. ВС.
As part of
a rhyton
one could interpret a gold plate
in two fragments from Boyko-Ponura dated to the 2nd
с
ВС.
(Cat.
41
Tab.
10),
which was noted by M. Treister127.
120
Шевченко
2005,131.
121
Christie s (New York
13.12.2002), 33
No.
568.
122
Christie s (New York
11.12.2003),
No.
380.
123
ДБК
1954,
Tab.
XXXI;
OAK
1881,4
f.
124
Шульц
1957,75-76;
Зайцев/Мордвинцева
2007.
125
Смирнов
1959,195 Fig. 33,14-15,296,298.
126
Гей/Каменецкий
1986,46 Fig. 2:36.
127
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,37.
V.
Mordvintseva
63
Summary
To a wooden cup with vertical handles probably be¬
long gold coverings from Ivanovskaya find (Cat.
132-137
Tab.
31,32).
In the Novolabinskaya Barrow was also found
a part of a gold ornamentation of such wooden cup
(Cat.
364
Tab.
68).
Similar cups made of precious metals128
and wood129 are dated to the
З 1
and the 4th
с. ВС.
After Ko-
rolkova s point of view such cups have oriental origin130.
Hemispherical wooden cups like that one from Plas-
tunovskaya (Cat.
426-432
Tab.
75)
are well-known in the
Scythian culture131. Perhaps to such a cup belongs a gold
covering in shape of a leaf (Cat.
170
Tab.
37
Fig.
47).
2.
Cups and goblets made of precious
metais.
The silver skythos from Vodnyi farm is dated to the
1st
с
AD. (Cat.
63
Tab.
16
Fig.
58).
Its profile is a bit convex
and differs from those dated to the Augustean period
with strait sides132. On the external surface of the han¬
dle, on its middle part there is a leaf-shaped curl, which
is known on the Hellenistic vessels133. I.I. Marchenko and
N.Yu. Limberis have found analogies to this element
also on the vessels of the
1
st
с
AD.134.
The goblet with a round bottom and a broadening
rim is found in the context of the 2nd
с. ВС.
(Cat.77Tab.
19).
The main part of its body is damaged, therefore its form
could be restored only hypothetical^ (Fig.
55).
Possibly
this goblet follows the shape of some distinctive silver
vessels dated to the
4-3
с. ВС.135.
The vessel with a spherical body and a short rim
(Cat.
142
Tab.
32
Fig.
58)
by its form is analogous to gob¬
lets with zoomorphic handles found in the Sarmatian
gravesoftheTcAD.136.
The kylix from the burial near
Lenina
farm (Cat.
223
Tab.
44
Fig.
55)
dated to the 2nd
с. ВС.
consists of a egg-
shaped body, fragments of a foot, and two ivy leaf-shaped
overlays. I.I. Marchenko and N.Yu. Limberis reconstruct
these overlays as
attachés,
and thus compare the kylix
with the type Eggers
17О137.
But these overlays hardly
could be used as
attachés
because they are very thin and
have no signs of fastening to handles. Moreover, the up¬
per part of the handle of this kylix resembles the handle
of the skythos from Vodnyi farm (Cat.
63
Tab.
16
Fig.
58)
shaped as a leaf with three pointed tops. Such handles
are not represented among the Italian vessels. Probably
they were made in the Bosporan workshops.
128
Манцевич
1987,
Cat.
61-63;
ИльинскаяЯереножкин
1983,146,147.
129 Härke/Belinskij 1999.
130
Королькова
1999,59.
131
ИльинскаяЯереножкин
1983,112,115.
132
Cat. Malibu
1994,233.
133
Cat.
Malibu
1994,231.
134
Marčenko/Limberis
2008,271-272.
135
Шилов
1959,159;
Пузикова
2001,243 Fig. 43:14;
Манцевич
1987,
Cat.
64-66;
ИльинскаяЯереножкин
1983,144,146,216.
136
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,47,216-218.
137
Marčenko/Limberis
2008,270.
The kylix from the burial of the 2nd
с
AD. near Leni-
nokhabl necropolis (Cat.
272
Tab.
51)
has special signs
—
tamga
—
on the handle. A similar vessel is found in the
burial
1
of the Gorodskoy necropolis138. M.Yu. Treister
suggests them as a local production of the Asiatic Bos¬
porus139.
The kylis (Cat.
339
Tab.
60)
and the cup (Cat.
342
Tab.
64)
from Novodzherelievskaya find I.I. Marchenko
and
N.
Yu. Limberis date to the 2nd
с. ВС.140
In two assemblages there were found shallow cups
of conical form dated to the 1st
с. ВС.
(Cat.
100
Tab.
25
Fig.
56;
Cat.
421
Tab.
74
Fig.
57).
Such vessels are known
also in other burials of the Kuban region141. A hemi¬
spherical cup from Peschanyi Barrow dated to the 1s
с
ВС.
(Cat.
422 Tab. 74 Fig. 57)
has many analogies and was
repeatedly discussed in the academic literature142.
There are two cups of unusual form dated to the
1
st
с
AD. (Cat.
305,306
Tab.
57
Fig.
56).
On the bottom of
both vessels there are a tamga-sign. The form of cups
follows those of red-slip pottery and glass vessels of the
same time143.
The majority of discussed objects come from the
burials of the barbarian population of the Kuban ba¬
sin
—
Scythians, Maiotians, Sarmatians. Most of them
are dated to the period from the 3rd to the
1
st
с. ВС.
Partly
it is caused by the peculiarities of the formation of the
Collection. Rich sets of silver- and goldware of earlier
period found on the
Taman
peninsula are kept now in
other Russian Museums
—
State Hermitage (S.-Peters-
burg) and State Museum of the Oriental Art (Moscow).
But it reflects also part of the historical reality. The buri¬
als of the 2nd and 1st
с. ВС.
were more rich and various
in comparison with the graves of the Roman period.
The ornamentation in this period follows the Hellenis¬
tic fashion and demonstrates a distinctive local artistic
tradition.
Analyzing the Collection of the Krasnodar Museum
it is interesting to compare it with that of the Volgograd
Museum, which was published earlier144. These collec¬
tions contain various categories of jewellery and toreu-
tics, and differ after the types of objects. A distinctive
part of the Volgograd collection is the gold plates
—
coverings of ritual batons145, finds of which are confined
138
Marčenko/Limberis
2008,
Cat.
191:1
Tab.
199:1.
139
МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007,27.
140
Marčenko/Limberis
2008,273
Cat.
18,4-5
Tab.
31:1,32:1.
141
Чаши из Карстового
(Marčenko/Limberis
2008,
Cat.
24,1 Tab. 43: 5)
и
Владимирской
(Marčenko/Limberis
2008,
Cat.
93,4 Tab. 117).
142
Очерк
M.
Трейстера: МордвинцеваЯрейстер
2007, 27-30;
Marcente/
Limberis
2008,274-275.
143
Marčenko/Limberis
2008,275
Cat.
13,3-4Tab.
21:1,2.
144
Мордвинцева/Хабарова
2006.
145
Мордвинцева/Хабарова
2006,39-42
Fig.10-11.
64
Treasures of the ancient Kuban
by the area between the Volga and the Don rivers. The
only find ¡n the Kuban region could be defined as such
a ritual baton (Cat.
453
Tab.
78
Fig.
2).
Other important
part of the Volgograd collection is silver vessels with
zoomorphic handles146, which are absent in the Kras¬
nodar Museum. Swords in gold sheaths also are char¬
acteristic for the Volga-Don area147. They are less often
to find in the Kuban region. Types of sewn
appliqués
in
the two regions also differ.
In the 3rd and the 2nd centuries
ВС.
in the Kuban re¬
gion was formed a specific artistic tradition with a char¬
acteristic set of elements. Many of them were taken from
the Greek jewellery tradition. However, the Kuban jewels
of the Hellenistic period have their distinctive appear¬
ance and combination of details. One of its features is
polychromy.
In the ornamentation of jewels there were
used halves of stone and glass beads of different shape
and size. Such inlays are set in special frames
—
often
shaped as the wolf s tooth ornament with additional
rows of plain and twisted wires. Small frames for inlays
are usually made of gold strips soldered to the surface
and are often surrounded by a wire ring.
Majority of torques and bracelets during the Hel¬
lenistic period were made of gold tubes. In this period
on one or on both of ends of the wire rings (particularly
146
Мордвинцева/Хабарова
2006,31-36.
147
Мордвинцева/Хабарова
2006,23-24 Fig. 8.
Summary
on the temple-pendants) there are often circular notch¬
es. During the first centuries AD. they were produced
mainly of wire
—
plain or twisted.
For many jewels are characteristic such filigree de¬
tails as: S-shaped wire elements ending with spirals with
big granules or bulges inside; P-shaped wire elements;
small wire rings with a granule on the top; wire waves;
V-shaped wire elements; wire rosettes; granulation in
shape of triangles, rosettes, crosses, pyramids, rhombs;
alternation of plain and twisted or bound wires. On
the silver and gold medallions (phalerae, shields of
brooches etc.) there are similar elements made in re¬
lief: P-shaped figures; U-shaped figures; S-shaped curls;
bead border; fish grate , etc. There are also stamped or¬
naments, some of which are similar to relief and filigree
details: ovoi; rows of dots; circles; running dog ; tri¬
angles; rosettes, etc. Most of these details were used in
jewellery of the Hellenistic period. In Roman times the
décor
of jewellery in the Kuban region became easier
and less polychrome.
Thus, there were many local types of the Kuban
jewellery with its distinctive ornamentation. Though
several types of jewels were adopted from the antique-
style objects, their forms were often transformed ac¬
cording to the taste of the local nobility, as was the case
with brooches and temple pendants with zoomorphic
endings.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mordvinceva, Valentina Ivanovna Jurčenko, Tatʹjana Vasilʹevna 20./21. Jh Chačaturova, Evangelina Anatolʹevna |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1046572946 (DE-588)1042471916 |
| author_facet | Mordvinceva, Valentina Ivanovna Jurčenko, Tatʹjana Vasilʹevna 20./21. Jh Chačaturova, Evangelina Anatolʹevna |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Mordvinceva, Valentina Ivanovna |
| author_variant | v i m vi vim t v j tv tvj e a c ea eac |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041578131 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)869883583 (DE-599)BVBBV041578131 |
| era | Geschichte 700 v. Chr.-300 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 700 v. Chr.-300 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4163417-2 Katalog gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Katalog |
| geographic | Kraj Krasnodar (DE-588)5090723-2 gnd Kuban-Gebiet (DE-588)4441028-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kraj Krasnodar Kuban-Gebiet |
| id | DE-604.BV041578131 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:00:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789668048425 |
| language | Russian English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027023448 |
| oclc_num | 869883583 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 447, 16 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Universum |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Drevnjaja torevtika i juvelirnoe delo v Vostočnoj Evrope |
| series2 | Drevnjaja torevtika i juvelirnoe delo v Vostočnoj Evrope |
| spelling | Mordvinceva, Valentina Ivanovna Verfasser aut Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani V. I. Mordvinceva ; E. A. Chačaturova ; T. V. Jurčenko Treasures of the ancient Kuban Toreutics and jewellery in the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore Simferopolʹ [u.a.] Universum 2010 447, 16 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Drevnjaja torevtika i juvelirnoe delo v Vostočnoj Evrope 4 PST: Treasures of the ancient Kuban. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Katalog auch in engl. Sprache. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Toreutics and jewellery in the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore Krasnodarskij gosudarstvennyj istoriko-archeologičeskij muzej-zapovednik im. E. D. Felicyna (DE-588)5180631-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 700 v. Chr.-300 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Toreutik (DE-588)4138917-7 gnd rswk-swf Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd rswk-swf Kraj Krasnodar (DE-588)5090723-2 gnd rswk-swf Kuban-Gebiet (DE-588)4441028-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4163417-2 Katalog gnd-content Krasnodarskij gosudarstvennyj istoriko-archeologičeskij muzej-zapovednik im. E. D. Felicyna (DE-588)5180631-9 b Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 s Toreutik (DE-588)4138917-7 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 700 v. Chr.-300 z DE-604 Kuban-Gebiet (DE-588)4441028-1 g Kraj Krasnodar (DE-588)5090723-2 g Jurčenko, Tatʹjana Vasilʹevna 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1046572946 aut Chačaturova, Evangelina Anatolʹevna Verfasser (DE-588)1042471916 aut Drevnjaja torevtika i juvelirnoe delo v Vostočnoj Evrope 4 (DE-604)BV023386900 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027023448&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027023448&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mordvinceva, Valentina Ivanovna Jurčenko, Tatʹjana Vasilʹevna 20./21. Jh Chačaturova, Evangelina Anatolʹevna Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani Drevnjaja torevtika i juvelirnoe delo v Vostočnoj Evrope Krasnodarskij gosudarstvennyj istoriko-archeologičeskij muzej-zapovednik im. E. D. Felicyna (DE-588)5180631-9 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Toreutik (DE-588)4138917-7 gnd Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5180631-9 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4138917-7 (DE-588)4052945-9 (DE-588)5090723-2 (DE-588)4441028-1 (DE-588)4163417-2 |
| title | Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani |
| title_alt | Treasures of the ancient Kuban Toreutics and jewellery in the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore |
| title_auth | Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani |
| title_exact_search | Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani |
| title_full | Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani V. I. Mordvinceva ; E. A. Chačaturova ; T. V. Jurčenko |
| title_fullStr | Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani V. I. Mordvinceva ; E. A. Chačaturova ; T. V. Jurčenko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani V. I. Mordvinceva ; E. A. Chačaturova ; T. V. Jurčenko |
| title_short | Sokrovišča drevnej Kubani |
| title_sort | sokrovisca drevnej kubani |
| topic | Krasnodarskij gosudarstvennyj istoriko-archeologičeskij muzej-zapovednik im. E. D. Felicyna (DE-588)5180631-9 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Toreutik (DE-588)4138917-7 gnd Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Krasnodarskij gosudarstvennyj istoriko-archeologičeskij muzej-zapovednik im. E. D. Felicyna Funde Toreutik Schmuck Kraj Krasnodar Kuban-Gebiet Katalog |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027023448&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027023448&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023386900 |
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