Identitate naţională şi medicină socială: antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Aula Magna
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: National identity and social medicine |
| Beschreibung: | 270 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789731671291 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Cuprins
1.
CONSIDERAŢII INTRODUCTIVE ŞI METODOLOGIE
.............................7
2.
ANTROPOLOGIE CULTURALĂ ŞI PSIHIATRIE. PSIHIATRIA
ÎN ŢĂRILE ROMÂNE PÂNĂ LA ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI XIX
............14
I.
Context şi istorie medicală
........................................................................14
II.
Conceptualizarea în plan istoric a nebuniei şi evoluţia normelor
colective
...................................................................................................15
III. Primele informaţii cu caracter psihiatric în Ţările Române
...............20
IV.
Evul mediu şi începutul perioadei moderne
......................................22
V.
Medicina populară şi practicile bisericeşti
............................................28
3.
MEDICINĂ SOCIALĂ ŞI MEDICINĂ LEGALĂ. DE LA PRAVILE
LA MORGA ORAŞULUI BUCUREŞTI
..........................................................38
I.
Câteva repere istorice ale
medicinei
legale europene
......................38
II
.
Primele normative
medico-legale
în Ţările Române
........................39
III. Pravila lui Vasile
Lupu,
1646...............................................................41
IV.
Pravila lui Matei Basarab,
1652............................................................47
V.
Imediat după Pravile şi perioada modernă
.......................................48
VI.
începuturile
medicinei
legale academice de la noi
...........................57
VII. Iacob
Felix
şi autopsia unui asasinat politic: Cazul
Barbu
Catargiu,
1862............................................................................61
VIII. Medicina socială şi Bucureştiul medico-legal: Morga
oraşului şi Mina Minovici
.....................................................................75
IX.
Nicolae Minovici şi valenţele sociale
ale
medicinei
legale
...............................................................................97
X.
Şcoala de medicină legală de la Iaşi, Anastasie Fătu
şi
George
Bogdan
.................................................................................102
4.
DE LA
EVOLUTIONISM
LA EUGENISM. DARWIN
SI
MEDICINA
ROMÂNEASCĂ...................................................................
112
I.
Introducere
...........................................................................................112
IL
Apostol
Arsaki
-
De piscium
cerebro
et
medulla
spinali,
1813.
Prima
lucrare de
biologie
evoluţionistă
din ştiinţa românească
.......................................................................113
III. Receptarea
lui Darwin
în Ţările Române
.........................................124
IV.
Iuliu Barasch şi
Pavel Vasici
Ungureanu, popularizatori
medicali ai darwinismului
.................................................................125
V.
Victor Babeş şi
microbiologia
.............................................................128
VI. Nicolae
Paulescu şi contestarea darwinsmului. Disputa
cu Nicolae
Leon
...................................................................................133
VII. Gheorghe Marinescu, Constantin Parhon
şi
Francise Rainer. De la
darwinism
la
eugenism
...........................................................................................138
5.
IDENTITATE CULTURALĂ ŞI ISTORIE MEDICALĂ.
TRANSFERUL DE CUNOŞTINŢE MEDICALE ÎNTRE
OCCIDENT ŞI ROMÂNIA
............................................................................166
I.
Un oaspete german şi un moment de istorie medico-legală:
Vizita bucureşteană a medicului legist
Fritz
Strassmann,
1898.... 166
II.
Turneul anglo-american al lui Thoma lonescu,
1909.
Promovarea
medicinei
româneşti în spaţiul occidental
.................175
III.
Mina Minovici, Cesare Lombroso
şi antropologia
criminală. Ecouri româneşti şi sincronism ştiinţific
........................180
6.
CONSIDERAŢII FINALE
.............................................................................242
BIBLIOGRAFIE GENERALĂ
...........................................................................245
ADDENDA
SUMMARY
......................................................................................263
CONTENTS.....................................................................................
269
Contents
1.
INTRODUCTION
AND METHODOLOGY
..................................................7
2.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY.
PSYCHIATRY IN ROMANIAN TERRITORIES UNTIL THE EARLY
NINETEENTH CENTURY
..............................................................................14
I. Context and medical history
.....................................................................14
II. Conceptualization of madness in history and the evolution
of social rules
............................................................................................15
III. Early information on Psychiatry in Romanian territories
..................20
IV. Middle Age and Early Modern Period
.................................................22
V. Folk medicine and religious practices
....................................................28
3.
SOCIAL MEDICINE AND LEGAL MEDICINE. FROM THE 17TH
CENTURY
PRAVILA
RULES TO THE CITY MORGUE
.........................38
I. Some historical facts about European Forensic medicine
....................38
II. The first forensic regulations in Romanian Countries
.........................39
III. Vasile
Lupu s
Code of Laws,
1646.........................................................41
IV.
Matei Basarab s
Code of Laws,
1652.....................................................47
V. The Period after
Pravila
Rules and the Modern Era
........................48
VI. The beginnings of academic forensic practice
.....................................57
VII.
Iacob Felix and the autopsy of a political assassination:
Barbu
Catargiu Case,
1862 ..............................................................................61
VIII.
Social medicine and Forensic medicine in Bucharest:
The City Morgue and
Mina Minovici
.................................................75
IX. Nicolae Minovici and the social dimension of Forensic medicine....
97
X. Legal medicine in Jassy:
Anastasie Fătu
and George
Bogdan
..........102
269
4.
FROM EVOLUTION TO EUGENICS. DARWIN AND ROMANIAN
MEDICINE
......................................................................................................112
I. Introduction
...............................................................................................112
II.
Apostol Arsaki
-
De piscium
cerebro
et
medulla
spinali.
The first
work of evolutionary biology in Romanian science
.......................113
III. Darwin s reception in Romania
............................................................124
IV. Iuliu Barasch Vasici Paul Ungureanu, popularizers
of Darwin s theories
............................................................................125
V. Victor Babes and microbiology
.............................................................128
VI. Nicolae Paulescu,
a contester
of Darwinism. The dispute with
Nicolae Leon
.........................................................................................133
VII. Gheorghe
Marinescu,
Constantin
Parhon,
and
Francise Rainer.
From Darwinism to Eugenics
...........................................................138
5.
CULTURAL IDENTITY AND MEDICAL HISTORY. MEDICAL
KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BETWEEN WESTERN COUNTRIES
ANDROMANIA
............................................................................................166
I. A German guest at the Forensic Institute in Bucharest: Fritz
Strassmann,
1898..................................................................................166
II. British-American tour of Thoma Ionescu,
1909.
Promoting
Romanian medicine in Western Countries
......................................175
III.
Mina
Minovici,
Cesare Lombroso
and Criminal anthropology.
Romanian Echoes and scientific renewal
.........................................180
6.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
.........................................................................242
GENERAL REFERENCES
.................................................................................245
----------------------------------------------- 270
/a
ADDENDA
Summary
National
Identity and Social Medicine
Cultural Anthropology, Psychiatry, and Forensic
Medicine in Romania:
1800-1945
History of medicine is currently undergoing a remarkable
transformation, one defined by society s need to engage with scientific
advances and the ethical dilemmas they raise on the one hand, and the
inclusion of hitherto ignored case studies on the other. Largely neglected
until
1989,
Eastern European medicine is gradually being rediscovered. The
proposed project contributes this burgeoning historiography by
concentrating on the development of Romanian social medicine,
psychiatry, forensic medicine, and evolutionism between c.
1800
and
1945.
During this period, Romania experienced profound political, social,
and economic upheavals, including its independence from the Ottoman
Empire
(1878),
the Balkan Wars
(1912-1913),
territorial aggrandizement
following the First World War, the rise of far right
(1930s),
loss of territories
(1940)
and the end of the Second World War
(1945).
The history of
Romanian medicine mirrored these historical changes as much as it
reflected the role of medical professionals in creating a modern nation state.
Welfare of the nation was conterminous with the creation of a modern
health system. By creating a network of hospitals, asylums, institutes of
research, and university chairs, psychiatrists, forensic doctors and
evolutionists hoped to provide remedies for the social and medical illnesses
prevalent in Romania. This process of institutionalisation also played a
fundamental role in changing the social position of psychiatry and forensic
263
medicine
from peripheral disciplines of uncertain scientific status to a
socially sanctioned profession able to provide the state with a standardized
language to address medical and social concerns. It was customary for
Romanian physicians, to receive their medical education in France and be
influenced by French medical practices and ideas. With respect to
interpretations of social medicine, public hygiene ideas still flourished in
the 1850s and 1900s, encouraging the view that environmental
modifications could influence certain diseases.
Psychiatrists and
hygienists
accepted that mental diseases were often
a biological reaction to specific environmental conditions. Psychiatrists
accepted that mental diseases were often a biological reaction to specific
environmental conditions. By the beginning of the 20th century, however,
these interpretations of social and biological degeneration
-
which still
found supporters among many French psychiatrists
-
receded in Romania.
Contrary to other countries in Europe and Latin America where the Latin
tradition of France and Italy was strong, and which embraced the modern
theories of human body constitution or biotypology, the predominant view
in Romania was rather that of biological determinism, upholding the idea
that heredity traits were transmitted from generation to generation
independently of the environment.
The First World War marked a turning point in the transition from
social medicine as a diffuse elitist discourse to a nationally wide
programme. This transformation was corroborated with the fact that, after
1918,
the medical profession in Romania gained visibility and prominence.
Evolution, Heredity and Eugenics, initially adopted by a handful of
medical doctors, was now transmitted to broader audiences. New and
more powerful organisations emerged, like the Romanian Royal Society for
Eugenics and Heredity and the Eugenic and Anthropological Section of the
Romanian Social Institute. In
1939
these societies formed the Union of the
Eugenics Societies in Romania under the presidency of
Constantin
Parhon,
at the time also the president of the International Latin Federation of
Eugenics Societies. Between
с
1860
and
1945,
psychiatrists and forensic
doctors in Romania campaigned for the implementation of a professionally
controlled and biologically based form of national belonging, both
264
externally in conjunction with similar developments in Western Europe,
and internally as a direct response to local social and economic conditions.
An analysis of the medical profession s appropriation by the Romanian
state offered a substantial insight into the process of
médicalisation
experienced by various discourses on society, the nation, and the body in
this country.
This study address the relationship between forensic medicine,
psychiatry, and
darwinism
in modern Romania on the basis of a jointly
refined set of methodological precepts; namely, the disentanglement of
European symbolic geography (the East vs. West division); secondly, the
introduction of an asymmetric comparison, that is evaluation of different
national contexts which shared similar eugenic practices; in other words
the originality of Romanian medical traditions versus the influence
exercised by Western European medical and scientific models. Several
interconnected aims were guiding this project:
Professionalization of Forensic Medicine and Psychiatry
Any perspective on the professionalization of medicine in Romania
between
1870
and
1945
is extremely limited unless it incorporates theories
of psychopathology and forensics and discusses the role played by
psychiatrists and medical institutions in disseminating these sets of ideas.
Socialisation of Psychiatry and Darwinism
Any discussion of Romanian psychiatry and social medicine during
this period should engage with broader theories on social and biological
degeneration, economic backwardness, rural versus urban environments,
and, ultimately, ideas of social welfare.
Nationalisation of Medicine
The scientific version of a nation envisioned by psychiatrists and
criminologists cannot be completely comprehended unless it discusses the
ways the biologisation of national belonging had influenced politics in
Romania, especially between
1918
and
1944,
and it inquires into how
-------------------------------------------265 ------------------------------------------
discourses on national
médicalisation
and sanitation gained ascendancy in
the domestic politics of this country (Thomas Jonnesco).
Towards a comparative history of medicine
The project s first task, methodological tool, and tangible outcome is
the need to define the parameters upon which a substantive comparative
analysis of the emergence of the medical profession in Romania can be
built, to write a history of Romanian medicine that is currently greatly
needed. Moreover, and in order to understand the profound political and
national transformations Romania experienced between
1860
and
1945,
a
closer examination of how psychiatrists and medical sociologists
envisioned the modernisation of their countries and of their role in
establishing institutions for health and welfare related to demographic
issues is here given. Through their organisations and specialised journals,
Romanian psychiatrists and pathologists argued for the improvement and
sanitation of the nation. In the name of traditional Romanian values, a new
medicalised vision of the national body was proposed.
Referring to French, British and German medical sciences, Romanian
psychiatrists and forensic doctors
(Mina
and Nicolae Minovici,
Alexandru
Sutzu, George
Bogdan,
Victor Babes, Gheorghe Marinescu or Iacob Felix)
argued for a total transformation of the national health system. It became
clear that only a strong, centralised state could infuse the medical
profession with a new scientific morality and assign medical doctors a
socially and morally responsible role.
A social history of medical welfare
The second aspect to be followed is that of social history. One of the
more illuminating ways to capture the variety of social medical views
expressed by psychiatrists and pathologists in Romania is to compare
various biological definitions of the nation they offered. With respect to the
national strategies devised, we focused on two issues: social
psy
chop athology and health regulations. The social and forensic
assessment of the mentally ill had been central themes of the psychiatric
266
discourse since the mid-nineteenth century. Until the mid-1930s, however,
they did not play an important role in the research agenda of the Romanian
doctors (like
Alexandru
Sutzu, Gheorghe Marinescu,
Francise Rainer
or
Constantin
Parhon).
In other words, Romanian doctors connected the
strength of the nation to its healthy members. As with many linked fields of
research concurrently emerging in Central European states, institutional
psychiatry needed an additional pillar of support in order to establish itself
not only as a respected but also as an innovative discipline within the
canon of the humanities. It found this pillar in the medical profession. So it
is not surprising that the first national scientists in Romania were in most
cases medical doctors or benefited from medical training in their education.
As was the case with history and ethnology, however, the combination of
medicine with social welfare became part of the nationalistic programmes
envisioned by the state. In the name of traditional Romanian social values,
a new medicalised interpretation of the national body was proposed.
Clinical Psychiatry, Criminality and Law Enforcement
The third method to be used in this project reflects developments in
clinical psychiatry and relates to the history of psychiatric disorders.
Closely connected to the protection of race was the issue of heredity,
criminality and social prevention. At the beginning of the twentieth
century, heredity became an influential concept in the debate about the
treatment of a wide range of mental diseases and disorders, and had a
considerable impact on the psychiatric profession. There were many
reasons why heredity and criminality were considered so important. The
main argument was that medical doctors hoped that the knowledge about
how mental diseases are transmitted would also be the key to control them.
For instance, criminologists claimed that mental conditions were, to a large
degree, inheritable. On the other hand, social psychiatrists inspired by
Freudian psychoanalysis stressed the social causes of mental disorders and
diseases and argued that psychotherapy and social preventive measures
would be the only effective treatment. These are two among a spectrum of
possible interpretations, but they illustrate the importance attached to the
heredity problem in explaining aggressive and criminal behaviour, mental
267
г-:; )
and physical degeneration. Psychiatrists helped to popularise the concept
of heredity in the common culture of society; they also connected heredity
to social degeneration. Romanian psychiatrists were preoccupied with the
question of whether and to what extent psychiatric disorders and diseases
were inherited. Although the argumentation about the mental degeneration
of certain groups is phrased entirely in terms of the medical discourse of its
time, it has very specific political overtones. In some rare cases, Romanian
doctors (like Nicolae Paulescu) were supporters of anti-Darwinism,
hereditary determinism and anti-Semitism.
Scientific Knowledge, Medicine and Public Sphere
Finally, the general methodological approach adopted by this project
stresses the complex nature of the production of knowledge and of political
and intellectual discourses. In this respect, we follow the Foucauldian
emphasis on the dynamic nature of the networks by which medical
knowledge was produced and negotiated in the public sphere.
The proposed project addresses the conceptual ramifications of
medical thinking in Romania between
1860
and
1945
by providing an
analysis of the convoluted relationship between theories of forensic
medicine, and psychiatry, on the one hand, and medicine and society, on
the other. During this period, psychiatry, surgery and forensic medicine
were established as an important medical field, contributing directly to the
formulation of a new medical worldview, according to which the mind and
the body of the individual and the nation have been professionally
controlled.
268
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Buda, Octavian 1966 - |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1024667138 |
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| author_sort | Buda, Octavian 1966 - |
| author_variant | o b ob |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041574207 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)869876208 (DE-599)BVBBV041574207 |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1945 |
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| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV041574207 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:59:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731671291 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027019575 |
| oclc_num | 869876208 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 270 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Colecţia Aula Magna |
| spelling | Buda, Octavian 1966 - Verfasser (DE-588)1024667138 aut Identitate naţională şi medicină socială antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 Octavian Buda Bucureşti Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române 2013 270 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Aula Magna Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: National identity and social medicine Geschichte 1800-1945 gnd rswk-swf Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Eugenik (DE-588)4015656-4 gnd rswk-swf Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd rswk-swf Psychiatrie (DE-588)4047667-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 s Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 s Psychiatrie (DE-588)4047667-4 s Eugenik (DE-588)4015656-4 s Geschichte 1800-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027019575&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027019575&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027019575&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Buda, Octavian 1966 - Identitate naţională şi medicină socială antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Eugenik (DE-588)4015656-4 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd Psychiatrie (DE-588)4047667-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4038243-6 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4015656-4 (DE-588)4041282-9 (DE-588)4047667-4 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Identitate naţională şi medicină socială antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 |
| title_auth | Identitate naţională şi medicină socială antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 |
| title_exact_search | Identitate naţională şi medicină socială antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 |
| title_full | Identitate naţională şi medicină socială antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 Octavian Buda |
| title_fullStr | Identitate naţională şi medicină socială antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 Octavian Buda |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identitate naţională şi medicină socială antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 Octavian Buda |
| title_short | Identitate naţională şi medicină socială |
| title_sort | identitate nationala si medicina sociala antropologie culturala psihiatrie si eugenism in romania 1800 1945 |
| title_sub | antropologie culturală, psihiatrie şi eugenism în România 1800 - 1945 |
| topic | Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Eugenik (DE-588)4015656-4 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd Psychiatrie (DE-588)4047667-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Medizin Gesellschaft Eugenik Nationalbewusstsein Psychiatrie Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027019575&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027019575&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027019575&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT budaoctavian identitatenationalasimedicinasocialaantropologieculturalapsihiatriesieugenisminromania18001945 |
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