Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului: o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucuresti
Ed. Muzeului National al Literaturii Romane
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Colectia Aula Magna
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Epistemological challenges of totalitarianism |
| Beschreibung: | 365 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789731671130 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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INTRODUCERE
.....................................................................................................9
PARTEA ÎNTÂI. TOTALITARISMUL
..............................................................21
I.
TOTALITARISMUL: CONCURENŢA VIZIUNILOR
POLITICO-EPISTEMICE
...............................................................................23
A. Istoricitatea conceptelor
...........................................................................27
i) Apariţia noţiunii. Perioada interbelica
şi Al Doilea Război Mondial
..............................................................27
ii) Războiul Rece şi totalitarismul. Autorii clasici
...............................34
iii) Reconsiderări ale teoriei totalitare în timpul Războiului Rece
....45
iv)
Revigorarea teoriei totalitare după
1989.........................................59
B. Capacitatea explicativă a teoriei clasice a totalitarismului
..................67
С
Responsabilitate şi vinovăţie în regimurile comuniste
......................101
II.
COLAPSUL COMUNISMULUI EUROPEAN:
DILEME ISTORIOGRAFICE
.......................................................................110
A. Căderea comunismului: între ideal politic şi problemă
de studiu
..................................................................................................112
B. De ce au reuşit revoluţiile anului
1989?................................................120
i) Factori endogeni
.................................................................................122
ii) Factori exogeni
...................................................................................125
iii) Centru
................................................................................................128
iv)
Periferie
..............................................................................................134
C. Controversele continuă
..........................................................................137
III. STUDIUL COMUNISMULUI ÎN EUROPA CENTRALĂ
ŞI DE EST. CAZUL ROMÂNESC
...............................................................142
A. Trăsături dominante ale istoriografiei postcomuniste
......................144
i) Dimensiunea instituţională
...............................................................145
ii) Trenduri tematice, preferinţe metodologice
..................................153
iii) Istoriografie şi decomunizare
.........................................................157
Б.
Cazul românesc
........................................................................................164
i) Arhitectura instituţională după
1989...............................................167
ii) Temele predilecte ale istoriografiei
.................................................186
iii) Istoriografia română, între „revoluţie şi „restauraţie
de catifea ?
..........................................................................................191
PARTEA A DOUA. RENOVAREA STUDIULUI COMUNISMULUI
........201
IV.
ATELIERUL ISTORICULUI COMUNISMULUI
....................................203
A. Istorie recentă şi studiul comunismului
..............................................204
B. Sursele cercetării comunismului: implicaţii metodologice
................207
i) Izvoarele istorice produse de dictaturile totalitare
........................208
ii) Istoricul şi sursele comunismului
...................................................229
C. Metode ale istoricului
.............................................................................236
i) Metoda istorică
...................................................................................238
ii) Metoda comparativă
.........................................................................241
iii) Ancheta orală
....................................................................................256
iv)
Metode statistice
...............................................................................263
v) Studiul de caz în istoriografie
..........................................................266
D. Istoriografie şi memorie socială
............................................................268
V.
CERCETĂTORUL ISTORIEI RECENTE: „SPECTATORUL
ANGAJAT
....................................................................................................275
A. Istoricul şi „spectatorii săi
....................................................................275
i) Contactul istoricului cu publicul
......................................................275
ii) Ce cred cetăţenii despre comunism?
..............................................277
iii) In căutarea unor explicaţii
..............................................................283
B. Condiţia meseriei de istoric
....................................................................286
i) Condiţii profesionale
..........................................................................286
ii) Condiţii materiale
..............................................................................289
С
Rolul istoricului, între
„taumaturgie
şi „obiectivism
.....................290
D. Elemente ale unei etici a cercetătorului istoriei recente
....................295
і)
Justiţiarismul
.......................................................................................298
ii) Morala faptelor şi morala istoricului
..............................................300
iii) Excesul de istorie
..............................................................................300
iv)
Drepturile actorilor istoriei
.............................................................301
E. Noi
direcţii în cercetarea comunismului din România
......................302
i) Mai are viitor istoria politică?
...........................................................302
ii) Istoria economică, un tabu pentru istorici?
...................................305
iii) Istoria socială îşi aşteaptă ucenicii
.................................................307
iv)
Istoria culturală: o veritabilă
terra incognita..................................
309
CONCLUZII
.......................................................................................................312
BIBLIOGRAFIE
..................................................................................................319
ADDENDA
.........................................................................................................357
ABSTRACT
...........................................................................................357
SUMMARY
...........................................................................................363
Lista tabelelor
Tabel
3.1 -
Instituţii de studiere a regimului comunist în Europa
Centrală şi de Est
............................................................................150
Tabel
3.2 -
Instituţii create în România după
1989
pentru studiul
comunismului/istoriei secolului
XX
.............................................175
Tabel
3.3 -
Ariile tematice ale istoriografiei române din perioada
1989-2010..........................................................................................188
Tabel
4.1 -
Tipologie a surselor istoriei regimurilor comuniste
...................231
Tabel
4.2 -
Diferenţe între „ancheta orală şi „istoria orală
.......................258
Tabel
5.1 -
Rolul social al istoricului
................................................................294
Tabel
5.2 -
Noi direcţii de cercetare a comunismului
....................................311
ADDENDA
Abstract
Epistemological
challenges
of totalitarianism.
A methodology for studying communist regimes
The need for this research is provided by the abundance of studies,
memories or critical references about communism in Central and Eastern
Europe. During last decades, a huge quantity of historical information
communism was accumulated, but the quality of its interpretation is very
different, from studies which resist the test of time, methodologically well-
founded, to real historiography ballast , including those researches
gradually becoming unusable for academic international standards and
rigours. Therefore, critical reflection concerning results of over two decades
of researching communist regimes has become imperative.
Researching a vast international literature dedicated to
totalitarianism allows us to emphasize the historical contextualization of
the main concepts and interpretative theories concerning communist
regimes. It is quite easy to distinguish a dialectics of concepts and theories
regarding totalitarianism, the initial stage in which totalitarianism had been
considered a positive project, within the broader current of interwar fas¬
cism, being quickly counterbalanced by critical approaches of various doc¬
trinal shades regarding the same phenomenon. During the Cold War time,
totalitarianism was one of fundamental ideological concepts used by the
West in order to categorize the communist regime, at the same time
indicating the moral and functional convergence of Stalinism and Nazism.
Even if the classical totalitarian theory was subject to substantial criticism
and reinterpretation within Western social and political research during the
70s
and
80s,
it managed to resist precisely because it has an important
ethical function. After the fall of communism in Europe, totalitarian theory
was revived, but its explanatory capacity concerning historical research
proved to be limited, in light of new research sources. The great
---------------------------------------------------357 ---------------------------------------------------
epistemological
innovation
in studying communism consisted in turning
classical totalitarianism into a new tenet, not so much for methodological
reasons but for political and moral considerations. Anti-totalitarianism
has become one of those good concepts, endowed with massive
emotional load, as it subsumes condemning all atrocities achieved during
the times of communism and fascism.
Studying of communist regimes is a fully expansive quantitative,
thematic and methodological task. The mark of Sovietology on the
historiography of communist regimes from Central and Eastern European
countries, two decades after the unravelling of the Soviet empire is still
easily identifiable. The historiography revolution in studying
communism, which was so emphatically mentioned after
1989,
is an
unfinished project. Archives become, most of them, accessible to historians
communities, research institutions have multiplied until redundancy, as
well as research programmes, but a Cold War spirit of revenge and
ideological impregnation of the historical discourse seems to have
subsisted to the passing of time, also being passed on to new generations of
researchers. The ethoses of moral history, the exaltation of therapeutic virtues of
historical knowledge upon the change of the post-communist public space, are
easily identifiable within the predominant historical discourse regarding
recent past. The philosophical bases upon which militant history is
grounded can be found in the classical theory of totalitarianism, especially
in Hannah
Arendťs
works, which has become an ineluctable landmark for
20th century researchers.
In Central and Eastern Europe, the totalitarian theory has become an
epitome of politically correctness applied to historiography. The Nazism-
Communism comparison has been trivialized, becoming during last
decades a canonical approach, in historiography as well as in politics. The
simultaneous condemnation of fascism and communism, by identifying
their unhealthy role in the history of humanity, is the main result of
totalitarian theory. Comparative and genealogical study of fascism and
communism has become a stereotype, as we have shown during our
analysis, being one of the ideological remnants of the Cold War. The
repressive nature and actions of fascist and communist regimes against the
358
dignity and freedom of human beings are indisputable in factual terms,
and essential facts or at least their perception are common goods among
European democratic societies. To this end, totalitarian theory has fulfilled
its ideological role and can be withdrawn from the historiography circuit.
Nonetheless, the totalitarian perspective upon the history of communist
regimes is still so strongly impregnated in the thoughts of historians, but
also in the political discourse, that any claim to quarantine the term
totalitarianism is lacking realism. Our suggestion, addressed mainly to
the 20th century history researchers community, is to become conscious of
the cognitive weaknesses of totalitarian theories and concepts, using the
term only for its ethical virtues and less for the methodological ones.
The gradual exit of communist regimes historiography from the logic
of pragmatic-therapeutic history specific to the Cold War is perceptible due
to the emergence of an alternative discourse concerning recent past, coming
from
socio-cultural
history, which attempts to stabilize its
epistemic
foundations in post-structuralism.
Socio-cultural
history is still perceived as
a subversive product of the intellectual left, which questions the
predominance of political history having as central subject the totalitarian
state, ignoring society with its successive transformations.
The differences between East of West concerning approaching the
history of communism, to which alternative methodological devices are
dedicated, must not be interpreted exclusively using the traditional grid of
the gap between West and East, of the latter s delay, but also as a form of
geopolitical differentiation between the two parts of Europe. The historical
discourse about the East s sufferance does not always find its best audience
in the West because it is inevitably accompanied by evoking the West s
moral duty towards former Soviet bloc states. Recently, in the East it is
increasingly stated that repairing the injustices of the past must be
accomplished not only by mere accession to NATO and the European Uni¬
on, but also by implementing European policies of cohesion financed by the
West, which became richer during the Cold War. Or, in the context of the
current economic crisis, during which the West creates its own discourse
about the lazy , corrupt and inefficient East, the traditional historical
discourse, centred on sufferance, also becomes a subtle instrument of
reacting towards the policies of differentiation within the European Union.
--------------------------------------------359 --------------------------------------------
Following the contact with the study of communism, historiography,
as scientific topic, did not regain its cognitive autonomy. At one extreme of
historiography approaches there is a primitive and counterproductive
positivism and at the other extreme there are eclectic narrative
constructions (sometimes exaggeratedly defined as interdisciplinary
),
in
which the relations between collective memory and historical memory are
imprecise and confuse, lacking a coherent and unified methodological
stand. Between the two extreme types of writing history we identify a
broad spectrum of study themes and research methods, but without being
able to identify an integrating direction. Political history is quantitatively
predominant, but its innovating potential is reduced. The usage of
sociological concepts created during the Cold War in order to describe
communist regimes is a frequent situation, but starting from a recently
discovered factual basis. The result of conceptual-methodological inertia is
a repetitive, stereotype historiography, in which the main accumulations
are quantitative and less in the direction of new interpretative perspectives.
The study of the communist regime in recent Romanian
historiography has some common features with historiography from other
states from Central and Eastern Europe. Predominance of the therapeutic
historical discourse thematically anchored in the political and
methodological history of
(neo-)
positivism can easily be identified in the
study of communism within the ten states, which belonged to the Soviet
space, acceding to the European Union in
2004
and
2007.
The emergence of
several public institutions specialized in the history of communism, often
in an unfriendly competition with one another, is common to the whole
area from the Baltic to the Black Sea and the Adriatic. With the notable
exceptions of the
KARTA
Foundation in Poland and the Open Society
Archives within the Central European University on Budapest, financing of
historical research is achieved from public budgets, being legitimated not
only by the humanist imperative of knowing the past, but especially by
turning historiography into
a sui
generis form of transitional justice. The
strong relation between history and memory, coming to open confusion, is
another predominant feature of studying communism in the East European
region. Cultural conflicts within the historians guild and the competition
for supremacy can be easily encountered not only in Romania but also in
------------------------------------------360 ------------------------------------------
the other countries of the region. The specific feature of Romanian
historiography is given by the quasi-absence of assumed neo-Marxist
historical literature, unlike Poland or Hungary, states in which Marxist
critical thinking has a prestigious tradition. The weakness of Romanian
neo-Marxist historiography must be corroborated with the relatively small
number of historiography projects alternative to those inspired by the
theory of totalitarianism. The need for a critical discourse towards predo¬
minant historiography narration is not cause by ideological reasons, but by
methodological ones, being convinced that scientific disputes and debates
can help to revive a research field which seems to function following the
automatic pilot principle, in a mechanical and stereotype manner.
Meditating upon the perspectives of studying communist regimes
reveals to us two main challenges lying ahead of the researcher of recent
past. The first of them refers to the relation of the historian not to his
research object but with the public to which it addresses and, consequently,
with the sponsors of his work. The history of communism increasingly
loses its thaumaturgical function, because the threat of totalitarianism for
new generations does not have a direct reference object and the Evil in
society is increasingly associated not with the period of the communist
regime, but with the years of transition to democracy and market economy.
The second challenge for the historian of communist regimes is
common to the whole recent history and consists in the perverse effects of
memory democratization , a process following which researchers lose
their royal right of intermediating knowledge. Abundance of memoirs and
other memory places, proliferation of the past s popularization history type
exercise pressure upon the nature of historical knowledge. As long as any
presentation of the past risks being associated with historiography, what is
the role of the historian? The danger of dissolving historical knowledge is
increased by the fact that within the historians guild the preoccupation for
a methodological consolidation of the discipline and demarcation of the
research fields in relation to other socio-humanistic disciplines (sociology,
anthropology) is marginal.
The book was especially conceived in order to become a useful tool
for researchers of communism. General theoretical references were reduced
361
as much as possible, in order to avoid overcrowding with elements that can
be easily grasped within the international specialized literature. The fun¬
damental objective of this project is to generate critical reflections among
researchers of recent past. It is not an ossified research ending a road but it
sets to generate curiosity and interest for broadening the debate, whose
expected result is a richer and more diverse historiography, which offers to
the public new factual landmarks and interpretative perspectives.
The faces of totalitarianism are multiple and multifaceted, bit in order
to fight against them, they must be precisely localized, systematically
described and analyzed in depth in relation to the human nature, in order
to avoid history excess, which is as harmful as lacking a conscience of the
past.
362
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| id | DE-604.BV041558127 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:59:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731671130 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027003710 |
| oclc_num | 869872506 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M496 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M496 |
| physical | 365 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Ed. Muzeului National al Literaturii Romane |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Colectia Aula Magna |
| spelling | Abraham, Florin 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)1136484043 aut Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste Florin Leontin Abraham Bucuresti Ed. Muzeului National al Literaturii Romane 2013 365 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colectia Aula Magna Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Epistemological challenges of totalitarianism Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 gnd rswk-swf Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd rswk-swf Totalitarismus (DE-588)4060491-3 gnd rswk-swf Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd rswk-swf Erforschung (DE-588)4152745-8 gnd rswk-swf Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 s Totalitarismus (DE-588)4060491-3 s Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 s Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 s Erforschung (DE-588)4152745-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027003710&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027003710&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Abraham, Florin 1975- Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Totalitarismus (DE-588)4060491-3 gnd Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd Erforschung (DE-588)4152745-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070914-0 (DE-588)4139716-2 (DE-588)4060491-3 (DE-588)4031892-8 (DE-588)4152745-8 |
| title | Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste |
| title_auth | Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste |
| title_exact_search | Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste |
| title_full | Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste Florin Leontin Abraham |
| title_fullStr | Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste Florin Leontin Abraham |
| title_full_unstemmed | Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste Florin Leontin Abraham |
| title_short | Provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului |
| title_sort | provocari epistemologice ale totalitarismului o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste |
| title_sub | o metodologie a studiului regimurilor comuniste |
| topic | Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Totalitarismus (DE-588)4060491-3 gnd Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd Erforschung (DE-588)4152745-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erkenntnistheorie Methodologie Totalitarismus Kommunismus Erforschung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027003710&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027003710&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT abrahamflorin provocariepistemologicealetotalitarismuluiometodologieastudiuluiregimurilorcomuniste |