Jaskinia Biśnik: wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Bibliogr. s. 161-166 |
| Beschreibung: | 180 Seiten il. (w tym kolor.) 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788323131267 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV041548469 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20230901 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 140108s2013 |||| |||| 00||| pol d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788323131267 |9 978-83-231-3126-7 | ||
| 020 | |z 8323131260 |9 8323131260 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)895306839 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV041548469 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a pol | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 084 | |a 6,11 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Cyrek, Krzysztof |d 1950- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1260686752 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Jaskinia Biśnik |b wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave |c Krzysztof Cyrek |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a The Biśnik cave |
| 264 | 1 | |a Toruń |b Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 180 Seiten |b il. (w tym kolor.) |c 30 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 161-166 | ||
| 546 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Paleolit środkowy / Polska / Biśnik (jaskinia) |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Paläolithikum |0 (DE-588)4140148-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Archäologie |0 (DE-588)4002827-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Biśnik (Polska ; jaskinia) |2 jhpk | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe |0 (DE-588)4096983-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe |0 (DE-588)4096983-6 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Paläolithikum |0 (DE-588)4140148-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Archäologie |0 (DE-588)4002827-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026994267&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026994267&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 930.1 |e 22/bsb |f 0901 |g 438 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026994267 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813276307399639040 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Spis treści
Wstęp
. 9
I. Stan zachowania i depozycja wyrobów krzemiennych. Zagadnienie pseudowyro-
bów
. 15
II.
Metoda opracowania
. 16
III. Inwentarz a zespół
. 17
IV.
Datowanie
. 22
V
Zagadnienie surowców krzemiennych
. 23
Opis i analiza źródeł
. 24
VI.
Inwentarz A8
-
warstwy
19b, 19c,
19d
. 24
VI.1.
Stratygrafia i chronologia
. 24
VI.2.
Paleośrodowisko i analiza przestrzenna
. 24
VI.3.
Technologia i typologia oraz analiza porównawcza
. 29
VII.
Inwentarz A7
-
warstwa 19a
. 34
VILI.
Stratygrafia, chronologia i paleośrodowisko
. 34
VII.2.
Analiza przestrzenna
. 35
VII.3.
Technologia i typologia wyrobów kamiennych oraz analiza porównawcza
. 36
VIII.
Inwentarz A6
-
warstwa
19. 38
VIII.1.
Stratygrafia, chronologia i paleośrodowisko
. 38
VHI.2.
Analiza przestrzenna, technologia i typologia
. 40
VIII.3.
Analiza porównawcza
. 48
IX.
Inwentarz A5
-
warstwa
18. 50
IX.
1.
Stratygrafia, chronologia i paleośrodowisko
. 50
ΙΧ.2.
Analiza mikrostratygraficzna i przestrzenna
. 50
ΙΧ.3.
Technologia i typologia oraz analiza porównawcza
. 53
X.
Warstwa
15 /
inwentarz
A4. 63
Х.1.
Stratygrafia, chronologia i paleośrodowisko
. 63
Χ.2.
Analiza mikrostratygraficzna i przestrzenna
. 64
Χ.3.
Technologia i typologia oraz analiza porównawcza
. 66
Spis treści
XI.
Warstwa
14 /
zespół
A3. 84
XI.1.
Stratygrafia, chronologia i paleośrodowisko
. 84
XI.2.
Analiza mikrostratygraficzna i przestrzenna
. 85
XI.
3.
Technologia i typologia oraz analiza porównawcza
. 86
Podsumowanie. Jaskinia Biśnik na tle innych stanowisk środkowo-wschodniej Europy
. 100
Literatura
. 161
Spis rycin
. 167
Spis tablic
. 169
The Biśnik
Cave. Early Middle Palaeolithic (Summary)
. 171
The Biśnik
Cave. Early Middle Palaeolithic
Summary
Preliminary part.
The
Biśnik
Cave is located in the dry valley of the
Smoleń-Niegownice
range, in the central part
of the
Kraków-Częstochowa
Upland (fig.
1
and
2)
and consists of a number of chambers con¬
nected by corridors (fig.
3).
The current book is a study of flint artefacts found in the Middle Pleistocene fragment of the
stratigraphie
sequence of the
Biśnik
Cave. These are assemblages unearthed in layers between
1
9abcd and
15
(fig.
4
and
5).
However, the origin of layer
14
is unclear (final part of the Wartanian
glacial period or the initial part of the Eemian
interglacial).
The analysed assemblages come from the layers formed in the last part of the Middle
Pleistocene, or possibly in the initial phase of the Upper Pleistocene, i.e. during the period be¬
tween
300
thousand to
110
thousand years ago, which corresponds to isotope stages of oxygen
between
8-6.
It has to be emphasised that the oldest layer (19bcd) is of even older origin, reach¬
ing
500 000
years, but it is re-deposited and partly mixed with younger material. After apply¬
ing chemical analyses of bones and sediments (M. Krajcarz from the Institute of Geology PAN,
Warsaw), the recently conducted research of the oldest sediments (Krajcarz
2010,
Krajcarz,
Gola,
Cyrek
2010)
has brought about significant changes in the interpretation of their origin, chronol¬
ogy and paleoecology.
Almost all artefacts were covered with a patina, although its intensity and colour was differ¬
ent. The finds contained a group of pseudo-tools with natural retouch, which constituted
1-6%
of all stone artefacts found in a given layer.
The classification of tools was based on F.
Bordes'
list
(1961, 1981)
with small supplementa¬
tions, resulting from the specific character of the
Biśnik
source material. The supplementations
to the F.
Bordes
classification list refer to the following categories
:
га-ЬеуаііоІБ
blade,
гЬ-І^аі-
lois retouched blade, 42/43-denticulate-notched tools,
бга-аѕѕуте^са!
unifacial backed knife,
,
bifacial backed knife.
171
Summary
The description of the complete stone assemblage found in layers
:
lííbcd,
19a,
19, 18, 15
and
14
has been presented in tables. In the first row of the tables the consecutive columns are
marked with big letters of the alphabet. The first column (A) contains the number of the category
from the typological
F. Bordes'
list (obviously in the case of cores
,
not included in the list, the
number is not given), second column (B) contains the descriptions of particular artefacts and
their assemblage numbers, the third one (C) provides the number of the table illustrating a given
artefact, the fourth one (D) contains the raw material identification (whenever possible), the
fifth one (E) gives assemblage number of the artefact
,
and the sixth column (F) gives the num¬
ber of artefacts included in a given category. The last row presents a total number of artefacts
in a given assemblage. Cores and semi-product were classified according to commonly accepted
rules (Ginter,
Kozłowski,
1975).
As regards the Levallois technique, the author based his research
on the findings by E. Boeda (1988a, b), Chabay and Sitlivy
(1993)
and has adopted a broad defi¬
nition of a varied Levallois technique.
A number of factors determined the author's decision to ascribe a given group of artefacts
to one assemblage or inventory. The most important ones referred to stratigraphy and spatial
analysis. Thanks to the detailed method of documentation it was possible to distinguish over
a dozen artefact concentrations, which were numbered within the boundaries of particular layers
(e.g. SI). The same marking was given to hearths preserved in the form of charcoal clusters and
coal dust (e.g. PI). Artefacts occurred in zones (levels) between several and several dozen cen¬
timetre thick. On the basis of the three-dimensional location of each artefact (with precision to
lem),
between
1
and three levels of their occurrence have been distinguished within the bounda¬
ries of particular natural layers. There is a lot of evidence in favour of the fact that particular
levels (horizons) of artefact occurrence can be treated as remains of consecutive phases of the
cave inhabitation. It has to be considered that in some cases, levels with artefacts may have been
formed as a result of consecutive inhabitation incidents, overlapping one another in a short time
span. Sometimes, however, the artefacts are evenly distributed in the whole natural layer. We also
have to bear in mind the post-depositional relocation of some artefacts between the layers. This
is possibility indicated by chemical analyses of bone remains, which reveal that in some layers the
percentage of re-deposited bones reached up to
50%.
Thus, while reconstructing particular cultural assemblages, apart from stratigraphy and spa¬
tial analysis, the artefact's state of preservation was also taken into consideration (including the
presence of patina), as well as the technological aspect (raw material, technology and typol¬
ogy). In the current study, the term assemblage denotes a group of stone artefacts found within
one sedimentary layer on the whole site. Thus understood assemblages have been marked with
symbols consisting of big letter A, and Arabic number (A8-A3). On the basis of the micro-strati-
graphic analysis and other methods (spatial analysis, technological-typological method and the
state of preservation) it was possible to divide some assemblages into inventories deposited dur¬
ing single phases of the cave inhabitation. Those inventories, sometimes occurring in clusters, are
principally characterised by chronological and cultural homogeneity.
In recent years, a number of TL dating results were obtained for the levels discussed in the
current study, which were made by
Jarosław
Kusiak from the laboratory of the University of Maria
Curie-
Skłodowska
in Lublin. Also, single UTh dating results were obtained (made by H. Hercman
from the Institute of Geological Sciences in Warsaw) which supplement the experimental dating
from
2002.
172
Summary
In the light of the latest research, it was established that the raw material used at the
Biśnik
Cave was local flint coming from deposits situated between
2-10
km from the cave.
The Description and analysis of the sources.
Assemblage A8
-
layers
1
9b,
1
9c,
1
9d
In the monographic study from
2002,
the formation of layers 19a-19d was dated to the
Zbójnowo
interglacial,
on the basis of lithological,
stratigraphie,
paleo-zoological data, as well as TL dating
(Cyrek
et al.
2010,
Table
3).
Recently, M. Krajcarz has differently interpreted this layer (Krajcarz
2010),
(Krajcarz, Cyrek
2011).
He described it as layered, dark, yellow-brown, dusty clay with
a small admixture of sharp-edged lime gravel (Fig.
4).
On the basis of the detailed geo-chemical
analysis of sediment and the bones it contained, he concluded that layers 19b,
c, d
are delu-
vium of cave clays formed in the cool and dry climatic conditions of the Odranian glacial period
(Krajcarz,
2009,
pp.
160-163,
table
33,
Krajcarz, Madeyska
2012).
Basing on the stratigraphy, as
well as TL and U/Th dating, the time of the final formation of the present state of the layer can
be established as
OIS
8
(Fig.
5-8).
One of the cores is of proto-Levallois character
;
among semi-product and tools, most forms
are made with the use of the Levallois reduction methods (Table I:
1).
The lack of the classic
Levallois core and the presence of the typically Levallois semi-product proves that the Levallois
method was applied, based on convergent preparation of a core surface and parallel with this fea¬
ture, with single or double direction of core exploitation. The discussed assemblage A8, together
with such inventories as
:
Korolevo V and VI, or Markleeberg may indicate a local origin of east¬
ern-middle European variant of the Levallois method. This phenomenon can be observed on the
area of the Foreland of the Carpathian and
Sudety
Mountains, ranging from Western Ukraine to
Thuringia, which was the centre of the first application of the Levallois method of stone knapping,
perhaps alternative to western Europe. The features of the discussed assemblage A8 are as fol¬
lows: the Levallois method of obtaining flakes and blades supplemented with a technique of un¬
prepared core for flakes, the lack of bifacial forms, similar percentage of varied side-scrapers and
denticulate-notched forms, as well as the presence of microlithic forms. The assemblage comes
from the last stage of the Lower Palaeolithic, dated to the late phase of the Great
Interglacial (OIS
9),
or the beginning of the Middle Palaeolithic, dated to the early phase of the Odranian glacial
period
(OIS
8).
Such dating is probably accurate for the younger part of assemblage A8, whereas
older elements can be dated with the use of TL dating method to
500
ky (table
2),
i.e. between
9
to even
14
OIS
and can be linked with the Lower Palaeolithic.
Assemblage A7
-
layer
1
9a
There is a lot of evidence in favour of the fact that layer 19a is the first and the oldest cave layer,
deposited in situ. The sediment has the character of olive brown to dark brown dust, similar to
173
Summary
dusty clay with a large amount of polished lime gravel (Fig.
4).
On the basis of lithology and
chemism of bones, the climate in which a major part of layer 19a underwent sedimentation was
determined as warm one, corresponding to the initial part of
OIS
7,
which can be correlated with
the Lublin
Interglacial (Madeyska,
Krajcarz
2012).
A small assemblage of flint artefacts occurred in the southern part of the main chamber
(fíg.
10).
We should focus on the cluster of denticulate-notched tools and a perforator at the
entrance no
3,
and other artefacts inside the chamber around the hearth remains. (PI). Perhaps
this spatial layout is the effect of different activities performed in those two parts of the chamber.
Moreover, it indicates that during the discussed phase of the cave inhabitation, entrance no
3
was
in use. Today it forms a niche filled with younger sediments (Fig.
1Í).
Summing up the character of the assemblage described above, we have to underline the
Levallois method of obtaining flakes and blades, supplemented by the method of unprepared core
for flakes of
La Quina
type. The stratigraphy and TL dating indicate late Odranian or early Lublin
age of the above assemblage A7.
Assemblage A6
-
layer
19
Layer
19
consists of dusty clay. It is grey-brown in colour and contains gravel. Polished prevails
over sharp-edged one (Fig.
4, 7).
The layer was formed in the older part of the Odranian glacial
period
(Mirosław-Grabowska
2002a,
b
Cyrek
et al.
2009),
according to M. Krajcarz
(2010)
in
the
Lubawa
interglacial,
or
Pilica
interstadial.
TL
dating from an overheated flint artefact was
obtained for this layer, equal to (279±97).
The lower level of artefact occurrence
There were
11
artefacts found around the hearth (PI) in the northern part of the chamber (SI).
It may indicate that this was the entrance to the main chamber (entrance
4)
(Fig.
13).
At the discussed stage of cave inhabitation, the technology used was the Levallois single plat¬
form core for massive blades, which were made with the use of a hard hammer. Some tools are
particularly worth distinguishing, such as
:
unifacial backed knife from a massive Levallois flake,
formed on the edge of a prepared platform of a core (Table
VII:
2).
In the same way a similar,
although slightly smaller, backed knife was formed from a Levallois blade (Table
VII:
1).
If we adopt the
Lubawa
age
(OIS
7)
of layer
19
(Cyrek
2002,
Krajcarz
2010)
this would be the
oldest example of using the Levallois technique and making unifacially prepared backed knives in
Poland, and one of the oldest in central Europe
(сотр. р.
21)
174
Summary
The middle level of artefact occurrence
At the middle level, there were only
12
scattered artefacts in the central part of the main chamber
(fig.
14).
We should underline the classic Levallois character of the discussed assemblage
-
flaking
off pieces around the outline of intended semi-product, exploited afterwards in one direction only.
The typological and technological character of the discussed artefacts, similar to those from the
lower level, points to analogies of both levels to Velyky Hluboczok (Sytnyk
et al.
2010).
The upper level of artefact occurrence
The most numerous
(29
items) of the assemblages from layer
19,
occurred in its upper parts, for¬
ming an oval cluster in the central part of the main chamber (fig.
15).
All blade forms are grouped in the southern part of the cluster, but two fragments of blades,
with the features of inserts of composite tools lay side by side. Similarly, two Levallois points were
positioned in the same way. The location of most denticulate tools and a burin, inside the cham¬
ber, within the boundaries of the bone cluster attracts attention. Some artefacts were situated at
the entrance hole no
1,
which indicates that at this stage of the cave inhabitation, the entrance
was used by the cave dwellers. This was the first incident of this kind, because previously entrance
hole
3
and possibly
4
were in use (fig.
3).
The structure of the assemblage, unlike the previously
discussed assemblages from the middle and upper level, consists of all categories of artefacts.
There is strikingly high percentage of retouched tools and a large number of chips. The structure
of the assemblage proves that the whole process of flint knapping took place on the site, from the
core formation through their reduction to obtaining blades and chips, used for making tools by
applying edge retouch technology. The tools were used and modified on the site. The prevailing
method was the Levallois technique of convergent preparation of a core surface. This type of pre¬
paration and reduction links with the unidirectional Biache's method, which was a developed
variant of the Levallois technique (Chabay, Sitlivy
1993,
pp.
25-27).
The result of applying this
method of semi-product is a large number of slim flakes, which apart from blades, mostly con¬
stituted semi-product for retouched forms. Among tools there is a striking presence of bladelets
with both ends broken and denticulate usage micro-retouch on side edges. Their shape, size and
method of making indicate that they may have been used as inserts.
The above discussed assemblages/inventories
(Аба,
A6b, A6c) from layer
19
are interpreted
as remains of
3
phases of cave inhabitation during the sedimentation of layer
19.
They are of si¬
milar typological-technological character, which can be described as Mousterian with the deve¬
loped Levallois technique. The differences between those assemblages seem to result from their
different number. There is a distinct group of atypical points made of the Levallois semi-product.
Typologically, these are Mousterian, micro-chipped Levallois points.
Similar assemblages come from middle Palaeolithic levels (IIIB and IILA) at Velyky Hluboczok
and Podolia. However, they are younger than A6 assemblages, as they are dated to the
Tarnopol
solifuction level and the Gorochow
interglacial (OIS
6
and 5e) (Sytnyk, Bogucki
1998,
Sytnyk
175
Summary
2003,
Sytnyk
et al
2010).
In terms of climo-stratigraphy layer
19
from the
Biśnik
Cave (Lublin
Interglacial)
corresponds to level III from Velyky Hluboczok (Korszewy
Interglacial),
which consi¬
sted of some, not numerous bifacial forms, absent from
Biśnik
assemblages.
As Sytnyk emphasises (Sytnyk
et al.
2010)
the cited assemblages from VG, dated to MIS
7
and
6
are the evidence of the local origin of the Dniester Mousterien with the Levallois techni¬
que. Analogous assemblages from layer
19
at the
Biśnik
Cave can be regarded as the example
of the local origin of "the Levallois Mousterien" on the territory of southern Poland. Taking into
consideration the "Lublin" (MIS
7)
age of layer
19
and the presence of elements of the Levallois
method in the stratigraphically older levels (layers 19a, 19bcd) it can be assumed that there
is a very old local origin of the Mousterian tradition in which the Levallois tecnique was used
in the eastern and western foreland of the Carpathians, occasionally described in literature as
Carpathian Mousterien or Achelian-Mousterian complex.
Assemblage A5
-
layer
18
Layer
18
consists of green-grey-brown dusty clay, up to lm thick (Fig.
4, 7).
According to the older
research by J.
Mirosław Grabowska,
the layer was formed in the younger part of the Odranian
glacial period (Miroslaw-Grabowska 2002a, b, Cyrek
et al.
2009),
whereas according to recent
research by M. Krajcarz
(2010)
in the Wartanian
stadial.
The
stratigraphie
position and TL dating
(230 ±60)
establish the age as
OIS
6.
The geochemical analysis points to a very cold climate du¬
ring the sedimentation of layer
18.
92
flint artefacts (Fig.
16)
occurred in two surveying levels
:
upper and lower. The lower level
was more abundant in artefacts and contained a cluster of artefacts in the central part of the main
chamber, next to three hearths (Fig.
17).
The location of some flint artefacts corresponds to the
hypothetical entrance hole, probably located in the western part of the chamber (W3) (Fig.
3).
The lower level of artefact occurrence
The presence of a partly bifacial asymmetrical backed knife is striking (Table
XVI:
l).The for¬
mation or rather fixing this type of tools on site can be proved by the presence of characteristic
para-burin spalls (Table
XVI: 3-4).
The discussed level included inter alia
:
a flake with unique
micro-traces (Table VI:
3),
which in the course of chemical analysis turned out to be the remains
of natural adhesive, with which the flake was fastened to the organic handle. Thus, it is likely that
the flake was an element of a composite tool.
Semi-product in the assemblage was obtained in two ways: the method of multifaceted core
for flakes and the Levallois technique. The detailed analysis of the morphology of all tools allowed
the distinguishing of three sequences of processing in the preserved fragments.
Most forms (denticulate and notched tools) are situated in the spectrum of the varied
Mousterian tradition, present in the initial phase of the middle Palaeolithic. A close analogy for
176
Summary
assemblages from layer
18
seem to be early-middle Palaeolithic ones, dated to the late phase
of the Solawa complex
-
finds from layer
14
at the
Kůlna
Cave in Moravia
(Valoch
1988).
The fact
that massive Levallois forms, microlithic flakes and tools, as well as small cores with the change
of orientation co-occur in the discussed level may indicate that the presence of the microlithic
technological stream in the middle Palaeolithic, called Taubachien
(Valoch
1988).
The upper level of artefact occurrence
Spatial analysis points to one cluster of artefacts (SI) located in the vicinity of a hearth (P7), and
at the same time, next to a possible entrance hole from the northern side (W4)
.
In the discussed assemblage the Levallois technique co-occurs with the technique of unprepa¬
red core for flakes and massive forms co-occur with microlithic ones (Table
XIX: 1).
There is also
a technological and typological similarity of artefacts with those from the lower level of layer
18.
Layer 15/assemblage
A4
Layer
15
consists of yellow-brown dusty clay with distinct prevalence of dust fraction over the
sand and loam one with considerable percentage of polished gravel (Fig.
4, 7)
In
stratigraphie
and lithological terms its origin was dated to the
Lubawa
interstadial
(Mirosław-Grabowska
2002a,
b
Madeyska,
Mirosław-Grabowska
2004)
in the first study on the subject. However,
M. Krajcarz
(2009)
dates it to the Wartanian glacial period, basing on the results of geochemical
results. Such climate-chronology of the layer is confirmed by thermo luminescence dating
(comp.
table
2)
which equals to: 195±35, 200±32, and is equivalent to
OIS
6.
The results of lithological
and chemical research point to a cool climate, but warmer and more humid than in the previous
period. The composition of fauna indicates the occurrence of forest complexes of varied character
as well as open areas in the vicinity of the cave.
Within the boundaries of three levels of artefact occurrence, one clear cluster of artefacts was
visible under the overhang
(S3)
and two smaller ones (SI and S2) in the main chamber (Fig.
22
and
25).
The assemblage of the lower level of layer
15
is characterised by a better developed Levallois
technique than in the older layers. The type of semi-product obtained attracts attention. These
are massive blades from which, e.g. a perforator was made (table
XXIII: 1).
It seems that they
were obtained from Levallois cores prepared and reduced by Levallois technique of Biache type
(Chabay, Sitlivy
1993).
The presence of forms of the Upper Palaeolithic type, such as
:
scrapers
(Table
XXIV: 2, XXVI: 5),
burin (Table
XXIV: 8)
and perforator (Table
XXIII: 1),
as well as bifacial
tool form in the shape of an asymmetrical backed knife (Table
XXV: 1).
In
stratigraphie
terms,
it is the oldest bifacial tool at the
Biśnik
Cave. Considering its leaf-like shape, bifacial method
of shaping and the presence of a para-burin method of processing at the top, it bears a number
of analogies to asymmetrical, bifacial knives from the sites which are described as the older pha-
177
Summary
ses
of the Micoquian culture
(Dzierżysław
I, or Pietraszyn
49).
At the lower level of layer
15
we
deal with elements of Micoquian culture in the form of bifacial tools and denticulate tools with
not numerous side-scrapers, typical of the Mousterian culture.
The middle level of artefact occurrence
As in the case of the lower level of layer
15,
in the middle one we also deal with the co-occurrence
of unifacial tools (side-scraper, denticulate-notched tools and a scraper) with bifacial ones (kni¬
ves) and the Levallois technique of processing.
The upper level of artefact occurrence
Within the boundaries of the upper level, a clear cluster of
33
artefacts was visible
(S3),
which
occurred under the overhang, directly in front of the present entrance (Wl), around a hearth.
In cluster
3,
the Levallois technique can be observed, as well as the Mousterian typological charac¬
ter, which manifests itself in the form of numerous denticulate forms and one single side-scraper.
While comparing the distribution of artefacts in the lower and upper level of layer
15,
a si¬
gnificant difference can be observed. The location of artefacts from the upper level is linked with
the main entrance to the chamber (Wl), whereas artefacts from the lower level are linked with
entrance hole no
3
(W3), situated below. This indicates that in the older phase of the formation
of layer
15,
at the lower part of its inhabitation, the lower entrance was still in use, whereas in the
younger phase of sedimentation of layer
15,
the lower entrance was filled with sediment, so the
entrance was only through the upper hole, whose threshold (lower edge) is situated at the level
comparable with the top of layer
15.
This means that during the younger phase of cave inhabita¬
tion, entrance Wl was used within the boundaries of layer
15.
Layer
14/
Assemblage
A3
Layer
14
consists of grey-yellow, dusty clay with dust fraction prevailing over sand and loam.
The percentage of sharp-edged, polished lime gravel is much bigger than in layer
15
(Fig.
4, 7).
According to J. Miroslaw-Grabowska the accumulation of this layer took place in the conditions
of a cold climate, which probably happened during the Wartanian glacial period
(2002).
Recently
M. Krajcarz has come to a different conclusion, on the basis of geo-chemical study of sediment
and bones. He dates the accumulation of layer
14
to the Eemian
interglacial.
Such chronology
seems to be confirmed by TL dating, with tolerance between
120-140
ka.
178
Summary
Artefacts were deposited in three surveying levels, and within their boundaries several clu¬
sters have been distinguished.
The lower level of artefact occurrence
Cores, present in cluster SI, reveal traces of the Levallois core preparation (flaking off pieces
around the outline of the intended semi-product) and reduction (Table XL:
1, 3, XLIII: 1).
Tools
include:
uni-
and bifacial backed knives (Table
XLI: 2-3, XLIV: 1-3)
and truncated blade ((table
XLIII: 2),
accompanied by denticulate tools (Table
XLII: 2-3)
and side-scarpers (Table
XLII: 1,
XLIV: 3).
Artefacts which were dispersed on the whole area of the side-shelter did not form a cluster
(Fig.
28).
There were faint traces of fire burning in the form of stains of coal dust, found at the
wall of the shelter, next to bones and flint artefacts.
The Levallois technique was used with the core with a flat pre-flaking surface, blade exploita¬
tion was conducted parallel with a technique of volumetric prepared core (of the Upper Palaeolithic
type). Not numerous artefacts include denticulate forms, groszaks (Table XL:
9-Ю)
and a massive
bifacial point (Table XL:
4),
which helps describe the assemblage as the Mousterian of denticulate
facies
with a close analogy to assemblages from layers XX,
XIX
and
XVII
from the
Obłazowa
Cave
in
Podhale
(the Tatras Foothill) dated to the early Vistulian (Valde-Nowak
2003).
The middle level of artefact occurrence
As a result of spatial analysis, three clusters of artefacts have been distinguished in the main
chamber, marked as S2,
S3
and S4,as well as one hearth (Fig.
29).
The upper level of artefact occurrence
A small concentration of
artefacts was
located in the close vicinity of a hearth, situated right out¬
side the entrance to the main chamber (P2)
.
Nearby there have been preserved two small clusters
of charcoal (P3 and P4).
Well-developed Levallois technique dominates in assemblages at various levels and clusters
in layer
14.
It was used for processing local Jurassic flint. The tools that attract attention include
:
a numerous group of denticulate-notched forms and specific, partly bifacial knives. There were
also new elements, such as meticulously made, bifacial knife, convergent side-scraper and backed
micro blade. A large number of denticulate-notched tools are linked with the Mousterien of den¬
ticulate
facies,
whereas the group of
uni-
and bifacial asymmetrical backed knives and groszaks
179
Summary
clearly link with the Micoquian assemblages. An improved method of meticulous bifacial proces¬
sing of artefacts, better than in the case of older assemblages, may indicate a local development
of asymmetrical backed knives from unifacial forms, through partly bifacial to entirely bifacial
ones. Thus, the assemblage is made up of one or several inventories, with Micoquian-Mousterian
features, dated to the final phase of the Wartanian glacial period
(OIS
6)
or the beginning of the
Eemian
interglacial.
Summary
To sum up the review of the oldest phases of the
Biśnik
Cave inhabitation (Table
35),
we have to
conclude that it occurred in the period between MIS 7-MIS 5e, i.e. in the time span of c.a.
150 000
years, and it was inhabited several times (Fig.
31).
At least
10
phases of the cave inhabitation
(i.e. levels of artefact occurrence) have been distinguished, which may, with some reservation,
be interpreted as periods, in which campsites were set up in the cave (Fig.
5).
The remains of the
campsites are most probably hearths. On the basis of their small size and lack of stable (e.g. sto¬
ne) lining it can be assumed that these were features of short-lived nature. This is confirmed by
a small number of stone artefacts left in their vicinity (between over a dozen and several dozen),
which lets us make an assumption that the cave witnessed short-lived stays of cave dwellers.
As regards the applied technologies, the striking feature is the domination of the Levallois me¬
thod of processing local stone at all explored levels, supplemented by flake and chip techniques.
The technology of bifacial tool processing occurs in layer
15,
correlated with the younger phase
of
OIS
6.
Because bifacial knives also occurred in the
interglacial
(very warm) layer
14,
it is likely
that the bifacial technology, or the knives made with the use of this technology can be connected
with a warm climate
(?)
On the basis of preliminary and random results of traseological analysis and typological-tech¬
nological analyses of separate assemblages, carried out in this study, it can be assumed that du¬
ring the stays at the cave, cave dwellers dealt with hunting and flint knapping of varied intensity.
In terms of culture we can talk about the presence of elements of the Mousterian and Micoquian
tradition at the cave. The oldest phases unearthed in layers: 19a,
19
and
18
(dated to MIS
8
and
7)
represent the exclusive presence of the Mousterian culture, whereas layer
18
(possibly) and
certainly layers
15
and
14
(MIS 6-5e) is represented by both the Mousterian and Micoquian cul¬
tures.
Similarly, the alternating occurrence (inter-stratification) of cultural levels of varied technolo¬
gical-typological character has been recorded on several other Middle Palaeolithic cave sites. This
type of sites brings us to the conclusion that Neanderthals were strongly attached to some selected
places, which manifests itself in the multiple inhabitation of the same place by consecutive gro¬
ups, or even generations.
The attempt to correlate variants of Mousterian-Micoquian assemblages, e.g. at Combe Grenale
with fluctuations of the climate (cold dry, cold humid, moderate) has not revealed a consistent de¬
pendence between a given variant of assemblage and the type of climate. Thus, it is probable that
different stone assemblages reflect different types of activity that these were used for, regardless
of the changing climatic conditions.
180
Summary
Interesting results are brought about by comparing the
stratigraphie
position, chronology
and cultural content of Middle Palaeolithic levels from several centre- and east-European sites
(Table
36,
Fig.
32).
The correlation of the above mentioned Middle Palaeolithic sites indicates that
during phase
OIS
7
in central and eastern Europe, the developed Levallois technique may have
disseminated. It already occurred on this territory in its archaic form during
OIS
8.
The Levallois
semi-product was used to obtain tools of Mousterian character, that is why the sites give evidence
of the beginnings of the local Mousterien. Bifacial forms appear in eastern Europe as early as in
OIS
7,
and they also co-occur with the Levallois technique in the younger isotope phases, in order
to appear in central Europe during
OIS
6.
The example of this is provided by bifacial knives, which
have been found in layer
15.
The
Biśnik
Cave may evidence the beginnings of the Micoquian cul¬
ture in this part of Europe.
To sum up the current study, which tackles the problem of the oldest phases of the
Biśnik
Cave
inhabitation, it is worth mentioning that the latest version of climate startigraphy and chronology
of the discussed sediments, which appeared as a result of recent detailed lithological and bioche¬
mical research (Krajcarz
2009,
Krajcarz, Gola, Cyrek
2010)
suggests that the dating of the oldest
cave artefacts should be changed as follows
:
layers 19a and
19
to
OIS
7,
layer
15
to
OIS
6
and
layer
14
to
OIS 5e.
Considering that the above mentioned layers contain artefacts belonging to
the oldest phase of the Middle Palaeolithic in this part of Europe, its beginnings should also be
shifted from
OIS
8
to
OIS
7,
following the above findings. The necessity of this change has been
recently described by J.
Richter (2010),
and proved on the basis of new dating results, obtained
for the Middle Pleistocene climate
stratigraphie
items, such as
Holstein
interglacial
(ca. 300
ka)
and Drenthe
stadial (ca. 150
ka).
Finishing
the study of the oldest levels of the
Biśnik
Cave inhabitation, it has to be underlined
that research on the site is still being carried out and it is expected that new source material will
be discovered
Translated by
Agata, Bogusław Marymakowie |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Cyrek, Krzysztof 1950- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1260686752 |
| author_facet | Cyrek, Krzysztof 1950- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cyrek, Krzysztof 1950- |
| author_variant | k c kc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041548469 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)895306839 (DE-599)BVBBV041548469 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV041548469</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230901</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">140108s2013 |||| |||| 00||| pol d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9788323131267</subfield><subfield code="9">978-83-231-3126-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="z">8323131260</subfield><subfield code="9">8323131260</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)895306839</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV041548469</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">pol</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7,41</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">6,11</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cyrek, Krzysztof</subfield><subfield code="d">1950-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1260686752</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Jaskinia Biśnik</subfield><subfield code="b">wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave</subfield><subfield code="c">Krzysztof Cyrek</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">The Biśnik cave</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Toruń</subfield><subfield code="b">Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika</subfield><subfield code="c">2013</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">180 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">il. (w tym kolor.)</subfield><subfield code="c">30 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bibliogr. s. 161-166</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="546" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Paleolit środkowy / Polska / Biśnik (jaskinia)</subfield><subfield code="2">jhpk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Paläolithikum</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4140148-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Archäologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4002827-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Biśnik (Polska ; jaskinia)</subfield><subfield code="2">jhpk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4096983-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4096983-6</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Paläolithikum</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4140148-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Archäologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4002827-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026994267&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026994267&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">930.1</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0901</subfield><subfield code="g">438</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026994267</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Biśnik (Polska ; jaskinia) jhpk Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe (DE-588)4096983-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Biśnik (Polska ; jaskinia) Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe |
| id | DE-604.BV041548469 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:10:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323131267 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026994267 |
| oclc_num | 895306839 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 180 Seiten il. (w tym kolor.) 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Cyrek, Krzysztof 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)1260686752 aut Jaskinia Biśnik wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave Krzysztof Cyrek The Biśnik cave Toruń Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika 2013 180 Seiten il. (w tym kolor.) 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliogr. s. 161-166 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Paleolit środkowy / Polska / Biśnik (jaskinia) jhpk Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Biśnik (Polska ; jaskinia) jhpk Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe (DE-588)4096983-6 gnd rswk-swf Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe (DE-588)4096983-6 g Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026994267&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026994267&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Cyrek, Krzysztof 1950- Jaskinia Biśnik wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave Paleolit środkowy / Polska / Biśnik (jaskinia) jhpk Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4140148-7 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4096983-6 |
| title | Jaskinia Biśnik wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave |
| title_alt | The Biśnik cave |
| title_auth | Jaskinia Biśnik wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave |
| title_exact_search | Jaskinia Biśnik wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave |
| title_full | Jaskinia Biśnik wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave Krzysztof Cyrek |
| title_fullStr | Jaskinia Biśnik wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave Krzysztof Cyrek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jaskinia Biśnik wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave Krzysztof Cyrek |
| title_short | Jaskinia Biśnik |
| title_sort | jaskinia bisnik wczesny srodkowy paleolit the bisnik cave |
| title_sub | wczesny środkowy paleolit = The Biśnik cave |
| topic | Paleolit środkowy / Polska / Biśnik (jaskinia) jhpk Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Paleolit środkowy / Polska / Biśnik (jaskinia) Paläolithikum Archäologie Biśnik (Polska ; jaskinia) Krakau-Tschenstochauer Höhe |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026994267&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026994267&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cyrekkrzysztof jaskiniabisnikwczesnysrodkowypaleolitthebisnikcave AT cyrekkrzysztof thebisnikcave |