"Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy": Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk
"Поле Берестецької битви" Національний Історико-Меморіальний Заповідник ; путівник
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Ukrainian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Rivne
[s.n.]
2010
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | PST: "The battlefield of Berestechko". - In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 107 S. zahlr. Ill. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | ЗМІСТ
Козацькі могили. Замість передмови
........................................13
Вступ
.......................................................................................15
Місце табору польсько-шляхетських військ
...........................20
Поле битви
...................................................................................................24
Табір козацько-селянських військ
...............................................32
Переправа
...........................................................................................41
Острів Гайок
............................................................................46
Козакова Яма
.....................................................................................48
Урочище Монастирщина
................................................................50
Архітектурний ансамбль заповідника
.......................................51
Музей «Козацькі Могили»
.............................................................58
Summary
............................................................................................................................80
Редактор Леонід Галабуз
©
Ігор Свєшніков,
тексти,
2010
©
Анатолій Мізерний,
фотографії, дизайн,
2010
©
Ярослав Мізерний,
редагування англійського тексту,
2010
©
Олена
Сергеева,
комп ютерний набір,
2010
Друк
—
Мізерний
Α.,
м. Рівне, вул. Волинської Дивізії
Τ
5/256
—
1000
примірників
::
Staatsbibliothek
München ■
SUMMARY
A long way from big cities, in a quiet nook of Male (Little) Polissia, near
the village ofPliasheva, Radyvyliv District ofRivne Region, the «Cossacks*
Tombs» Preserve is located. It is a place of hallowed memories about the
battle at Berestechko in
1651
that annually attracts tens of thousands of
visitors from various parts of this country and from abroad. They come to
pay tribute to the fallen heroes, to explore the Museum s exhibits, to bow
their heads before the remains of those who died in one of the most bloody
battles in the course of the
17th-century
Liberation War of the Ukrainian
people against the oppression of the Polish gentry.
In
1648,
the working people, under the command of
hetman
(a cossack
military leader in Ukraine)
Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi, rose against social,
national and religious oppression of Polish and Ukrainian magnates.
During the first year of the Liberation War the cossack and peasant troops
of
Bohdan
Khmelnytsky inflicted quite a few defeats on the Polish gentry
army at Zhovti
Vody, Korsun
and Pyliavtsi, reached Lviv and
Zamoście,
then temporarily returned to Ukraine. In
1649
the hostilities recommenced
with new vigour. So
longas
the Treaty of
Zbořiv,
signed by the Polish king and
Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi in August
1649,
contented neither party, the Royal
Seim
decided in September
1650
to resume the war. Thus the Liberation
War entered its second period, which reached its peak in June-July
1651
when the two armies met at Berestechko. Clad in iron armour, perfectly
armed and trained troops of the Polish gentry came there with
afirm
resolve
to subjugate, once and for all, the Ukrainian people that had risen against
their rule, to make them toil for the grand lords.
Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi
brought his cossack regiments and the rebels, not infrequently armed
with axes, scythes and pickets. Islam Khan Hirei III, who came there
with the alleged purpose of supporting Khmelnytskyi, turned out an
unreliable ally. He fled the battle-ground, taking
Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi his
prisoner and thus putting the cossack and peasant army in desperate straits.
The cossacks and rebels did not surrender, they kept on fighting, but had
to retreat to almost impassable marshes in which many of them were lost.
And those who managed to survive went to
Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi (who had
by that time been released from captivity) to continue the fight for freedom
of Ukrainian people.
Over
350
years have elapsed since the cease-fire at Berestechko. The lands
and the bogs that used to be the scene of fighting still bear the traces of the
past events
—
the mortal remains of the honored dead, some of their arms
and belongings. A great number of these relics have been collected in the
halls of the «Cossacks Tombs» Museum-Preserve, built to memorialize the
80
heroes. The aim of the guidebook is to familiarize the reader with the places
associated with the historical events of
1651,
with the architectural ensemble
on the Isle of Zhuravlykha and with the exhibits of the «Cossacks Tombs»
Museum-Preserve.
The Camp of the Royal Troops was located on the right bank of the
Styr
River, now the territory of the south suburb of Berestechko. It was built
by the order of the Polish King
Jan Kazimierz,
in June
1651.
In the diagram
of the battle at Berestechko, the camp fortifications are in the shape of a big
rectangle, on the three sides surrounded by a rampart with twelve redoubts
and a moat The fourth side was protected by the
Styr
River. In the centre
were the tents of the king and his dignitaries, with mounted and unmounted
regiments being located next to them. There are no records providing the
accurate number of the gentry army. Most likely it must have been either
150
thousand or
200
thousand men atrong, provided the armed menial
staff is taken into account. The army complement was heterogeneous:
royal regiments of Polish and Lithuanian lords, private armies of Polish
and Ukrainian magnates, German mercenaries, the gentry
s
volunteer corps
from every corner of Poland, some representatives of the registered cossack
elite, Ukrainian
Uniate
clergymen.
At that time,
Bohdan Khmelnytskyi
was encamped at Kolodne near
Vyshnevets (now Ternopil region), where he was assembling troops
(about
120 - 140
thousand men) and waiting for the Crimean Tatars
(they came about
28
thousand strong). His army was made up of the cossack
regiments, rebellious peasants and urban artisans. Besides, in some records
there are mentionings of the representatives of the Polish petty-gentry catholics
fighting in the ranks of the cossack-peasant army against the arbitrary rule
of magnates.
Khmelnytskyi
misinformed the king by setting a rumour afloat
that he was about to retreat to the eastern part of Ukraine. Guided by the
rumours, the king commanded that his army should move towards Dubno
and cut off
Khmelnytskyľs
path of retreat The reconnoitrers, however,
informed the king of the approach of the Tatar and cossack advanced
detachments, with whom the gentry were to fight on the 28th and the 29th
of June.
The Battlefield. In the morning on the 30th of June
1651,
the fields
between the villages of Soloniv and Pliasheva in the north, between Ostriv
in the east and Mytnytsia in the south were crowded with hundreds of
thousands of armed people. Haifa million people, from both sides, met there
for a battle to the death. The cossack-peasant regiments took up the northern
part of the field, the khan settled south of them, on the hill between Ostriv and
Mytnytsia, with his troops disposed around the foot of the hill in a crescent-
shape. The cossacks started their defensive works by arranging several
rows of carts in the semblance of a big rectangle.
81
The king divided his army into three parts, charging
Martyn Kalinowski
and Yarema Vyshnevetsky with command of the
lefi
wing. Their troops
lay along the bank of the
Styr
River, stretching from the camp to the village
ofSoloniv. The right wing, stationed near the forest on the bank of the
Styr,
was under command of
Nikolaj
Potocki,
a coroneted
hetman,
and the army
centre was in command of the king himself, who had gathered here German
mercenaries, a hussar regiment and all available artillery. Screened by a
thick fog, both armies were getting ready for action which started at about
4
p.m. with Vyshnevetskys cavalry charging the cossack regiments.
The Royal army centre started an attack against the Tatars, firing the
guns on the khans camp. The Tatars did not endure the gunfire and took
to flight together with their khan, leaving behind their equipment.
Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi overtook the khan at a distance of seven kilometers from the
battleground, trying to persuade him to come back, but the khan, waxed
angry with the defeat, took him captive and drove away with him. After the
Tatars* rout, the cossack-peasant army withdrew south-east and began to
fortify there its position. North-west of the «Cossacks Tombs» Preserve
there are traces of a ploughed-up creeping barrage which in those olden
days used to be part of the fortification work of the cossack fighting camp.
According to the accounts of eye-witnesses, the cossack-peasant camp was
on the left bank of the Pliashivka River
—
«along the Plisniava River». Today
this dried-up branch of the Pliashivka, that has retained its original name,
is in the centre of the village ofOstriv. In their letters from Berestechko, Polish
lords noted a strategically convenient arrangement of the camp and the
military might of its earthwork. In the centre of the camp were the tents of
Bohdan Khmelnytsky,
the cossack leaders and the Corinthian metropolitan
Ioasaph, KhmelnytskyVs ideological assistant. In the course often
days the gentry were unsuccessfully besieging the camp on its three sides,
the fourth being protected by the marshlands of the Pliashivka River.
Having elected colonel
Filon Dzhadzhaliifrom
Kropyva their provisional
hetman,
the cossacks made some daring sallies to parley with the king for an
armistice in terms of the
Zbořiv
Treaty. On the 19th of June they elected
colonel Ivan Bohunfrom Vinnytsia as their provisional
hetman.
The Fording In the morning on the 10th of July, Bohun attempted a sally
to force a crossing to clear the road for the troops. But he had not coordinated
his plans with the rebels who, being ignorant ofBohuns intentions, decided
that the cossacL· had left them to the mercy of fate and thus panic-stricken
they all rushed to the ford. Ivan Bohun failed to hold them back, neither did
he manage to return to the camp. The gentry troops broke into the camp
and killed all the people that had remained there, including the metropolitan
Ioasaph and his deacon
Pavios,
a Greek monk. They plundered the camp
and started a pursuit of the people retreating toward the marshes.
82
Since
1970,
the Rivne Museum of Regional Studies has been carrying out
archaeological excavations on the site of the former ford. Over two hectares
of the battleground that have been explored, revealed
90
human and
36
horse skeletons, over
5,000
objects belonging to the fighters
—
rank-and-file
cossacks, the cossack leaders, peasant rebels, artisans, the Don cossacks who
took part in the battle within the complement of
Bohdan
Khmelnytskyis
troops. Among the finds are articles of the Polish gentry s accoutrement.
The peat-soil preserved unique wood and leather wares
—
cossack and
peasant foot-ware, powder flasks, utensils and arms.
Haiok Isle, situated amidst the boggy flood-lands of the Pliashivka River
one and a halfkilometres to the south-east of the «Cossacks* Tombs» Preserve,
was, according to all available data, the scene of the heroic combat of
300
Cossacks, who on the 10th of July cushioned the Polish gentry offensive. The
written sources
ofthat
time minutely describe how stubbornly the cossacks
on the surrounded island defended themselves, inflicting considerable losses
upon the enemy and rejecting
hetman
Potockľs
offer to grant them his
pardon. Some more regiments were sent against the defenders to split them
into separate groups. The courageous cossacks would not yield to the enemy
and all of them lost their lives, remaining, according to Polish historians,
unconquered. Today, there is a separated farm on the island. It is called
Haiok (Little Grove), and only the excavated arms lost during the battle
remind one of the brave cossacks1 heroic deed.
The Cossacks Pit. The small lake amidst the boggy flood-lands of the
Pliashivka is believed to be the place of death of the last cossack, out of the
300
of those fighting on the island. The Polish sources hold a mention
of a cossack who, finding a canoe on the boggy lake, throughout a couple of
hours, was trying to beat off the Polish gentry men with a musket and a
scythe. Standing on his dignity, he rejected the mercy offered by the king
and, having been hit by fourteen bullets, he continued fighting until he was
finished off by a Polish gentry man and a German mercenary.
The Monastery Area Reservation isasandyhill in close vicinity to the Cossacks
Pit On a glade among young pine-trees there are two stone crosses, with the
year
1651
carved on one of them. Here the local people buried the remains of
those who fell at the fording and at the camp on the 10th of July
1651.
When
the construction of the «CossacL· Tombs» Preserve was underway, a part
of the cemetery was dug up and the remains of the deceased were recovered
and entombed at the basement of the shrine on Zhuravlykha Island.
The ensemble of the «Cossacks* Tombs» Preserve is located on Zhuravlykha
Island in the flood-lands of the left bank of the Pliashivka. It was built in
1910-1914,
mainly with the funds from public donations. Its central building
is the three-tiered St. George Church, an inimitable example of Ukrainian
baroquey constructed after the design ofV. M. Maximov, a pupil of A. V.
83
Shchusiev, who had approved the project. Both the iconostasis of the church
which is at the same time its western wall and some of the interior wall-
paintings were executed by I. S. Yizhakevych, a famous Ukrainian painter.
In the subterranean tier of the shrine the remains of the dead cossacks and
rebels, recovered on the site of the battle at Berestechkot are kept.
In
1912,
the St. Michael church, built in
1650,
was removed from the
neighbouring village of Ostriv onto the territory of the Preserve. An
underground passage,
50
meters long, connects it with the lower tier of the St.
George Church. The excavations on the site of the former St. Michael Church
at the village of Ostriv ascertained that in its chapel had been entombed the
Corinthian metropolitan Ioasaph and the Greek monk
Pavios,
killed at the
cossack-and-peasant camp on the 10th of July
1651.
The «Cossacks* Tombs» Museum is located on the territory of the Preserve,
in the former monastery building. The exhibits are displayed in seven halls
and elucidate mainly the developments at Berestechko in
1651.
Its first
hall contains the materials pertaining to time preceding the Battle. In
the second hall there is a diorama showing the beginning of the battle
—
Vyshnevetskys unsuccessful attack of the cossack field camp. The third hall,
filled with the original exhibits obtained at excavations, offers specimens of
cossack arms. One show-case is devoted to bullet moulding, in another one
the accoutrement of the Polish gentry is collected, and next to it is a glass-
case with pieces of personal equipment and belongings of the Don Cossacks
and Moscow strelitzs, which include breast-crosses and a small icon, a
Berdan rifle of a strelitz and muskets of Moscow workmanship.
The fourth hall shows the social structure of the cossack-peasant army
and class stratification of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Here one can see things
and arms of the cossack nobility and those of common cossacks, peasants,
rebels, and tools of the arisen craftsmen. The show-cases exhibit collections
of various muskets, copper vessels for cooking food, knives and wooden
spoons in leathern cases. Among the exhibits are sculptural portraits of
cossacks, executed by Moscow anthropologists.
The exhibits of the fifth hall cover the final events of the Berestechko
battle, provide a brief exposition of the history of Ukraine in the 17th
-
18th centuries.
84
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Svješnikov, Ihor Kyrylovyč 1915-1995 |
author_GND | (DE-588)104416655X |
author_facet | Svješnikov, Ihor Kyrylovyč 1915-1995 |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Svješnikov, Ihor Kyrylovyč 1915-1995 |
author_variant | i k s ik iks |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV041417711 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)864595766 (DE-599)BVBBV041417711 |
format | Book |
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genre | (DE-588)4155569-7 Führer gnd-content |
genre_facet | Führer |
id | DE-604.BV041417711 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:56:19Z |
institution | BVB |
language | Ukrainian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026864859 |
oclc_num | 864595766 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 107 S. zahlr. Ill. |
publishDate | 2010 |
publishDateSearch | 2010 |
publishDateSort | 2010 |
publisher | [s.n.] |
record_format | marc |
spelling | 880-01 Svješnikov, Ihor Kyrylovyč 1915-1995 Verfasser (DE-588)104416655X aut 880-03 "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk Ihor Svješnikov (tekst) ... [Red. Leonid Halabuz] "The battlefield of Berestechko" 880-04 Rivne [s.n.] 2010 107 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: "The battlefield of Berestechko". - In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk "Pole Berestecʹkoï Bytvy" (DE-588)103169384X gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4155569-7 Führer gnd-content Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk "Pole Berestecʹkoï Bytvy" (DE-588)103169384X b DE-604 880-02 Halabuz, Leonid Serhijovyč Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026864859&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026864859&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Свєшніков, Ігор Кирилович ut 700-02/(N Галабуз, Леонід Сергійович th 245-03/(N "Поле Берестецької битви" Національний Історико-Меморіальний Заповідник ; путівник Ігор Свєшніков (текст) ... [Ред. Леонід Галабуз] 264-04/(N Рівне |
spellingShingle | Svješnikov, Ihor Kyrylovyč 1915-1995 "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk "Pole Berestecʹkoï Bytvy" (DE-588)103169384X gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)103169384X (DE-588)4155569-7 |
title | "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk |
title_alt | "The battlefield of Berestechko" |
title_auth | "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk |
title_exact_search | "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk |
title_full | "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk Ihor Svješnikov (tekst) ... [Red. Leonid Halabuz] |
title_fullStr | "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk Ihor Svješnikov (tekst) ... [Red. Leonid Halabuz] |
title_full_unstemmed | "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk Ihor Svješnikov (tekst) ... [Red. Leonid Halabuz] |
title_short | "Pole Berestecʹkoï bytvy" |
title_sort | pole berestecʹkoi bytvy nacionalʹnyj istoryko memorialʹnyj zapovidnyk putivnyk |
title_sub | Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk ; putivnyk |
topic | Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk "Pole Berestecʹkoï Bytvy" (DE-588)103169384X gnd |
topic_facet | Nacionalʹnyj Istoryko-Memorialʹnyj Zapovidnyk "Pole Berestecʹkoï Bytvy" Führer |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026864859&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026864859&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT svjesnikovihorkyrylovyc poleberestecʹkoibytvynacionalʹnyjistorykomemorialʹnyjzapovidnykputivnyk AT halabuzleonidserhijovyc poleberestecʹkoibytvynacionalʹnyjistorykomemorialʹnyjzapovidnykputivnyk AT svjesnikovihorkyrylovyc thebattlefieldofberestechko AT halabuzleonidserhijovyc thebattlefieldofberestechko |