Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New Delhi
Atlantic Publ.
2009
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIV, 429 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 8126909684 9788126909681 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Srivastava, Gyan P. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices |c G. P. Srivastava |
| 264 | 1 | |a New Delhi |b Atlantic Publ. |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIV, 429 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Page No.
Foreword
xxiv
Preview
xxvii
Preface
xxix
Acknowledgements
xxxiii
1.
Introduction
1
1.1
General
1
1.2
Surface observation stations and their basic instrument set-up
2
1.3
Some special characteristic features of surface meteorological instruments
3
1.4
Location of observation stations and exposure of instruments
7
1.5
Standardised observational practices
7
1.6
Training and skill of observational personnel
8
1.7
Periodic maintenance and calibration of instruments in the network
8
1.8
Standardization of all operational instruments in a meteorological service
9
1.9
Units of measurement
10
1.10
Standard times of surface observations
13
2.
Measurement of surface atmospheric pressure
14
2.1
General
14
2.2
The atmospheric pressure
14
2.3
Units of measurement
15
2.4
The principle of mercury barometers
16
2.5
Standard conditions for pressure measurements (the barometer conventions)
18
2.5.1
Effect of temperature on pressure readings
18
2.5.2
Effect of gravity on pressure readings
18
2.5.3
New barometer conventions
19
2.5.4
Old barometer conventions
20
¡V CONTENTS
2.6
Correction tables
21
2.6.1
Gravity correction tables
21
2.6.2
Determination of local acceleration of gravity
22
2.6.3
Temperature correction tables
22
2.6.4
The standard atmosphere
23
2.7
Mercury barometers
23
2.7.1
Types of mercury barometers
24
2.8
Kew pattern barometers
25
2.8.1
Construction details
26
2.8.2
Range of barometers
30
2.8.3
Observational procedure
30
2.8.4
Reduction of station pressure reading to mean sea level
34
2.8.5
Accuracy of pressure observations obtained by a KP barometer
34
2.9 Fortin
barometers
35
2.9.1
Construction details
35
2.9.2
Observational procedure
39
2.9.3
Application of correction to barometer readings
40
2.9.4
Accuracy of pressure observations obtained by
a Fortin
barometer
40
2.10
Improved
Fortin
barometers
40
2.11
Moving scale barometers
41
2.12
Kew pattern marine barometers
41
2.12.1
Construction details
42
2.12.2
The Gold correction slide
42
2.12.3
Observational procedure
43
2Л2.4
Accuracy of pressure readings by a marine
KP
barometer
45
2.13
Location and installation of mercury barometers
45
2.13.1
Location of barometers
45
2.13.2
Installation of barometers
46
2.14
Sources of error in mercury barometers
-
instrumental errors
47
2.14.1
Capillary depression of mercury surface in the glass tube
47
due to surface tension
2.14.2
Defective vacuum
47
2.14.3
Scale error
48
2.14.4
Error in determining contraction value in
KP
barometers
- 48
for graduating barometer scale
2.14.5
The index error
48
CONTENTS
V
2.15
Errors in Kew pattern marine barometers
49
2.16
General errors in the measurement of atmospheric pressure by
49
mercury barometers (common to all mercury barometers)
2.16.1
Error due to the effect of wind
49
2.16.2
Error due to uncertainties in the temperature of the instrument
49
2.16.3
Error due to lack of verticality
50
2.17
Transporting mercury barometers
50
2.18
Care and maintenance of mercury barometers
51
2.18.1
General care
51
2.18.2
Maintenance
51
2.18.3
Test for vacuum
52
2.18.4
Cleaning of cistern and cistern mercury (in
Fortin
barometers)
52
2.18.5
Removal of air bubbles
54
2.19
Some other types of mercury barometers
55
2.19.1
Dines float type recording barometers
55
2.19.2
Weighing type recording barometers
55
2.20
Aneroid barometers
55
2.20.1
Construction details
56
2.20.2
Method of observation
58
2.20.3
Application of correction to aneroid barometer readings
59
2.20.4
Accuracy and reliability of aneroid barometers
59
2.20.5
Location and installation of aneroid barometers
60
2.20.6
Use of aneroid barometers to determine approximate
60
differences in elevation
2.20.7
Care and maintenance of aneroid barometers
61
2.21
Precision aneroid barometers (PABs) or digital barometers
62
2.21.1
Construction details
62
2.21.2
Observational procedure
65
2.21.3
Correction to pressure readings obtained by PABs
65
2.21.4
Accuracy and reliability of precision aneroid barometers
65
2.21.5
Location and installation of precision aneroid barometers
65
2.21.6
Care and maintenance of PABs
66
2.21.7
Use of PABs as travelling standard barometers
. 66
2.21.8
Sources of error in aneroid barometers (including PABs)
66
2.21.9
Calibration of aneroid barometers (including PABs)
68
2.21.10
Other digital barometers
69
Vi
CONTENTS
2.22
Standard
barometers (manometers)
70
2.23
Primary standard barometers
71
2.23.1
National Physical Laboratory (U.K.) primary standard barometer
71
2.23.2
Hass
primary standard barometer
72
2.23.3
Fuess primary standard barometer
72
2.23.4 Theodor-Friedrichs
primary standard barometer
73
2.23.5
Interferometrie
primary standard barometer
73
2.23.6
Dead weight tester (DWT)
73
2.24
Working standard barometers
73
2.25
Classification of barometers in a national meteorological service
74
2.25.1
National primary standard barometer
74
2.25.2
National working standard barometers
74
2.25.3
Reference standard barometers
74
2.25.4
Travelling standard barometers
74
2.25.5
Station barometers
75
2.26
Comparison of station barometers and determination of their index correction
75
2.26.1
Programme of comparison
76
2.26.2
The principle of comparison
76
2.26.3
General procedure of comparison
77
2.26.4
Determination of index error of mercury station barometers
79
2.26.5
Determination of index error of aneroid station barometers
79
2.26.6
Determination of index error of marine barometers
79
2.26.7
Criteria for changing the index correction of barometers
80
2.27
Aneroid barographs
80
2.27.1
Construction details
81
2.27.2
Range of barographs g3
2.27.3
Operation, setting and adjustment of barographs for routine
84
recording of atmospheric pressure
2.27.4
Setting of barograph
84
2.27.5
Daily routine operation and care of barographs
85
2.27.6
Evaluation of the record and determination of barometric tendency
85
2.27.7
Sources of error in pressure measurements with a barograph
85
2.27.8
Accuracy of barographs
86
2.27.9
Location and exposure of barographs
86
2.27.10
Installation of barographs
86
2.27.11
Types of aneroid barographs
86
CONTENTS
vii
2.27.12
The marine barographs
87
2.27 .13
Calibration of barographs
88
3.
Measurement of surface temperature
89
3.1
General
89
3.2
Introduction
-
the concept of temperature
89
3.3
Values assigned on International Practical Temperature Scale
90
(IPTS) to some of the equilibrium states known as fixed points
3.4
Scales and units of temperature
91
3.4.1
Celsius (or centigrade) temperature scale
91
3.4.2
Fahrenheit temperature scale
91
3.4.3
Conversion of temperature in the two scales
91
3.4.4
Kelvin scale of temperature
91
3.5
Basic considerations in the measurement of surface air temperature
92
3.6
The principle of measurement of surface air temperature
93
3.7
Types of meteorological thermometers
94
3.7.1
Liquid-in-glass thermometers
94
3.7.2
Liquid-in-metal thermometers
94
3.7.3
Bimetallic thermometers
94
3.7.4
Electrical thermometers
94
3.7.5
Sonic thermometers
95
3.8
Liquid-in-glass thermometers (ordinary, maximum and minimum thermometers)
95
3.8.1
Ordinary thermometers (dry-bulb thermometers)
96
3.8.2
Maximum thermometers
98
3.8.3
Minimum thermometers (or spirit thermometers)
99
3.8.4
Grass-Minimum thermometers
102
3.8.5
Inspector s thermometers
102
3.9
Precautions while reading and using liquid-in-glass thermometers
103
3.9.1
Reading liquid-in-glass thermometers
103
3.9.2
Care while using liquid-in-glass thermometers
104
3.10
Response time (or time constant) of thermometers
105
3.11
Errors in liquid-in-glass thermometers
106
3.11.1
Elastic errors: reversible and irreversible errors
106
3.11.2
Emergent stem errors
106
3.11.3
Parallax errors
107
3.12
Performance of spirit thermometers
107
3.12.1
Adhesion of spirit to glass
107
Viii CONTENTS
3.12.2
Breaking of the spirit column
107
3.12.3
Index protruding out of spirit column or stuck in expansion chamber
108
3.12.4
Degeneration of spirit
108
3.13
Calibration of liquid-in-glass thermometers
108
3.14
Checking of liquid-in-glass thermometers at field stations
109
3.15
Exposure of thermometers for measuring surface air temperature
109
3.16
Louvered thermometer screens
110
3.16.1
Errors caused by thermometer screens 111
3.16.2
Location or siting of screens
112
3.16.3
Installation of screens
112
3.16.4
Installation of thermometers/instruments in the screen
113
3.16.5
Maintenance of screens
114
3.17
Artificial ventilation of thermometers
114
3.18
Bimetallic thermometers
115
3.19
Mechanical thermographs
115
3.20
The bimetallic thermograph
116
3.20.1
Construction details
117
3.20.2
Setting and adjustment of thermograph for routine recording
120
of air temperature
3.20.3
Method of operation
121
3.21
The Bourdon tube thermograph
122
3.21.1
Operation, setting and adjustment of Bourdon tube thermograph
123
3.22
Mercury-in-steel thermograph
123
3.23
Installation of thermographs (bimetal or Bourdon tube thermographs)
124
3.24
Maintenance of thermographs
124
3.24.1
Unsatisfactory records
125
3.24.2
Accuracy and sources of error of the thermographs
125
3.24.3
Performance check of thermographs
126
3.24.4
Calibration of thermographs
126
3.25
Measurement of soil temperature
127
3.26
Soil thermometers
127
3.26.1
Thermometers for smaller depths: bent stem thermometers
127
3.26.2
Deep soil thermometers
128
3.26.3
Exposure and siting of soil thermometers
129
3.26.4
Installation of soil thermometers
129
3.26.5
Reading soil thermometers
130
CONTENTS ix
3.26.6
Precautions in use of soil thermometers
131
3.27
Measurement of sea surface temperature
131
3.27.1
Marine bucket method
131
3.27.2
The condenser intake or engine room intake method
132
3.27.3
The hull temperature measurement method
133
3.27.4
Float type electrical temperature recorder
133
3.28
Electrical thermometers and temperature recorders
133
3.29
Platinum resistance thermometers
135
3.29.1
Method of observation: the measurement of resistance
135
3.29.2
Installation of platinum resistance thermometers
136
3.29.3
Sources of error in measurements by platinum thermometers
137
3.29.4
Calibration and checking of platinum resistance thermometers
137
3.30.
Thermistor thermometers
137
3.30.1
Method of observation
139
3.31
Thermoelectric thermometers or thermocouples
139
3.31.1
Method of observation
141
3.31.2
Sources of error in thermocouple measurements
142
3.32
Sonic thermometers
142
3.32.1
Advantages of sonic thermometers
144
3.33
Measurement of temperature in boundary layer experiments and
144
other research programmes
Measurement of surface atmospheric humidity
146
4.1
General
146
4.2
Definitions and units of measurement
146
4.3
Methods of measurement of atmospheric humidity
149
4.4
Psychrometers
150
4.4.1
Types of psychrometers
152
4.5
Simple dry and wet bulb screen psychrometer (without artificial ventilation)
152
4.5.1
Observational procedure with screen psychrometer
156
4.5.2
Sources of error and accuracy in humidity measurements
157
with screen psychrometers
4.6
Aspirated or artificially ventilated psychrometers
157
4.7
The Assmann psychrometer (clockwork aspirated psychrometer)
158
4.7.1
Observational procedure with an Assmann psychrometer
159
4.7.2
Sources of error and accuracy in measurements with
160
an Assmann psychrometer
CONTENTS
4.8
Whirling psychrometer or sling psychrometer
160
4.8.1
Observational procedure with a whirling psychrometer
161
4.8.2
Sources of error in measurements with a whirling psychrometer
163
4.9
Ventilated screen type psychrometer
163
4.10
Recording psychrometers
164
4.11
The WMO reference psychrometer
165
4.12
Calibration of psychrometers
165
4.13
Mechanical hygrometers
165
4.14
Hair hygrometers
167
4.15
Hair hygrographs
167
4.15.1
Operation of hair hygrograph
169
4.15.2
Routine setting and adjustment of hygrograph
170
4.15.3
Adjustment for full mechanical range of the pen on the chart
170
4.15.4
Adjustment for zero shift/zero error
171
4.15.5
Adjustment for magnification/scale value
171
4.15.6
Sources of error and accuracy in measurements with hair hygrographs
172
4.15.7
Maintenance and care of hair hygrograph
172
4.15.8
Calibration of hair hygrograph
173
4.16
Electrical hygrometers
173
4Л7
Lithium chloride hygrometer
173
4.18
Lithium chloride dewcel
174
4.19
Solid state thin film capacitor hygrometer
175
4.20
Carbon humidity sensor and aluminium oxide sensor for hygrometer
176
4.21
Dew point or frost point hygrometer
176
4.22
Spectroscopie
hygrometers: the infrared hygrometer
177
4.23
Gravimetric hygrometer
178
5.
Measurement of surface wind
180
5.1
General
180
5.2
The surface wind in meteorological practices
180
5.3
Units of measurement of surface wind
180
5.3.1
Wind speed units
181
5.3.2
Wind direction units
181
5.3.3
Beaufort scale for wind speed estimation
181
5.4
Wind gusts (or wind fluctuations)
182
5.5
Wind measuring instruments
182
5.6
Measurement of surface wind direction
184
CONTENTS Xi
5.7
Types of wind
vanes
184
5.8
Characteristic parameters of a wind vane
186
5.9
Wind sock or wind drogue
187
5.10
Remote indication and recording of wind direction
188
5.11
Measurement of surface wind speed
191
5.12
The cup anemometers
191
5.12.1
Characteristics of cup anemometers
192
5.13
Cup counter anemometers
194
5.13.1
Method of observation
194
5.14
Cup generator anemometers
196
5.14.1
Performance characteristics of a typical cup generator anemometer
197
5.15
Combined electrical windspeed and direction indicator/recorder
198
5.16
Cup contact anemometers
198
5.17
Photo-electric (hand held) cup anemometers
199
5.18
Photo-electric cup anemometers for high windspeeds
200
5.19
Portable magnetic-drag type cup anemometers (hand anemometers)
201
5.20
Aerovanes/propeller anemometers and vanes (composite wind vanes)
202
5.21
Portable vane anemometers or air meters
203
5.22
Dines pressure tube anemograph (DPT anemograph)
205
5.22.1
Principle of measurement of wind speed with DPT anemograph
205
5.22.2
Head and vane
207
5.22.3
The mast
209
5.22.4
Wind speed recorder
209
5.22.5
Wind direction recorder
211
5.22.6
Clock and drum
212
5.22.7
Remote electrical wind recording with DPT anemograph
213
5.22.8
Installation of the anemograph
213
5.22.9
Setting and adjustments for proper recording
214
5.22.10
Method of operation of the DPTA recorder
215
5.22.11
Maintenance and care
216
5.22.12
Accuracy of measurement
217
5.22.13
Sources of error
217
5.23
Pressure plate anemometers
217
5.24
Special types of ultra-sensitive anemometers and wind vanes
218
5.25
Ultra-sensitive cup anemometers and wind vanes
218
5.26
Gill propeller anemometers
219
xii CONTENTS
5.27 Sensitive UVW-propeller
anemometers
220
5.28
Gill bi-vane or bi-directional wind
vane
221
5.29
Hot-wire anemometers
222
5.30
Thermistor anemometers
223
5.31
Transistor anemometers
223
5.32
Sonic anemometers
224
5.32.1
Two or three dimensional sonic anemometers
225
5.32.2
Sonic anemometer
-
thermometer
226
5.32.3
Advantages of sonic anemometers
226
5.32.4
Ultrasonic high wind speed recorder
227
5.33
Dynamic anemometers
227
5.34
Calibration of anemometers
227
5.35
Exposure and siting of wind instruments (anemometers and wind vanes)
227
5.36
Comparison of performance characteristics of various types of
230
anemometers and wind vanes
6.
Measurement of precipitation
234
6.1
General
234
6.2
Units of measurement
235
6.3
Method of measurement of precipitation
235
6.4
The ordinary non-recording rain-gauges
235
6.5
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) ordinary (non-recording)
236
rain-gauge
6.6
The British Meteorological Office rain-gauge
237
6.6.1
The meteorological office rain-gauge
—
MK2
238
6.6.2
The meteorological office rain-gauge
—
MK3
239
6.6.3
The Octapent rain-gauge and the Bradford rain-gauge
239
6.7
The United States Weather Bureau rain-gauge
240
6.8
The Canadian rain-gauge
240
6.9
The observational technique to measure rainfall
240
6.9.1
Measurement with Rain measures
240
6.9.2
Measurement with Dip-rods
242
6.10
Recording rain-gauges
242
6.11
Natural siphon recording rain-gauge
243
6.11.1
Adjustments
245
6.11.2
Method of observation
245
6.11.3
Maintenance and care
246
CONTENTS Xiü
6.11.4
Sources
of error
247
6.12
Tilting siphon recording rain-gauge
247
6.12.1
Adjustments
249
6.13
Tipping bucket remote recording rain-gauge
249
6.13.1
Adjustments
252
6.13.2
Method of observation
252
6.13.3
Maintenance and care
252
6.13.4
Sources of error
252
6.14
Other types of recording rain-gauges
252
6.14.1
Weighing type recording rain-gauge or gravimetric rain-gauge
253
6.14.2
Rainfall intensity recorders
253
6.14.3
Jardi rate-of-rainfall recorder
253
6.14.4
Opto-electronic rainfall intensity recorder
255
6.15
Siting and exposure of rain-gauges
257
6.16
Installation of rain-gauges
259
6.17
Measurement of snowfall
260
6.17.1
Method of measurement
260
6.18
Measurement of depth of snowfall
260
6.18.1
Snowpole method
260
6.18.2
Snow board method
261
6.19
Measurement of snowfall with a snow-gauge
261
6.19.1
Exposure of snow-gauges
262
6.20
Measurement of snow cover
262
6.21
Measurement of dew
263
6.21.1
Method of measurement
263
6.21.2
Measurement with Duvdevani dew-gauge
263
7.
Measurement of evaporation
265
7.1
General
265
7.2
Factors that affect rate of evaporation
266
7.3
Units of measurement
267
7.4
Measurement of evaporation from free water surfaces
267
7.5
Evaporimeters
267
7.6
Open pan evaporimeter or the United States Class
А
-pan
evaporimeter
268
7.6.1
The pan
269
7.6.2
Stilling well
269
7.6.3
Hook gauge/fixed point gauge
270
XiV
CONTENTS
7.6.4
The measuring cylinder
272
7.6.5
Wire-mesh cover
273
7.6.6
Other essential instruments forming part of the evaporimeter set-up
273
7.6.7
Method of observation
274
7.6.8
Maintenance and care of
А
-pan
evaporimeter
276
7.6.9
Installation of
А
-pan
evaporimeter
276
7.7
The Russian GGI-3000 pan evaporimeter
277
7.8
The Russian
20
m2 tank evaporimeter
277
7.9
Siting and exposure of evaporimeter pans/tanks
278
7.10
Operational features of pans in common use
279
7.11
Performance characteristics of different types of evaporimeters in common use
280
7.12
Estimation of lake evaporation
281
7.13
Measurement of evaporation from ground surface
283
7.13.1
Principle of measurement
283
7.13.2
Method of measurement
284
7.14
Measurement of evaporation from plant surfaces: the atmometers
285
7.15
Piche
evaporimeter
286
7.15.1
Method of observation
286
7.15.2
Instrument limitations
287
7.16
The Livingstone atmometer
287
7.17
The Bellani plate atmometer
288
7.18
Automatic recording pan evaporimeters
288
8.
Measurement of solar and terrestrial radiation and duration of sunshine
290
8.1
General
290
8.2
Components of radiation
291
8.3
Terminology, symbols and units of measurements
293
8.3.1
Terminology
293
8.3.2
Radiometrie
units of measurements
295
8.3.3
Time of measurement
295
8.4.
Radiation measuring instruments
298
8.4.1
Design features
298
8.4.2
Classification of radiation instruments
300
8.5
Standardisation of radiation instruments
301
8.6
The Radiation Reference Scale
-
the World
Radiometrie
Reference (WRR)
302
8.6.1
Establishment of World Standard Group
-
the WSG and WRR
304
8.6.2
Accuracy of radiation measurements
305
CONTENTS
XV
8.7
Measurement of direct solar radiation
-
pyrheliometers
306
8.7.1
Geometry of pyrheliometers
306
8.8
Primary standard pyrheliometers
307
8.8.1
Cavity radiometers
308
8.9
Secondary standard pyrheliometers
310
8.9.1
Water-flow pyrheliometer (Smithsonian Institution)
311
8.9.2
Abbot silver-disk pyrheliometer (Smithsonian)
311
8.9.3
Ångström
pyrheliometer
312
8.9.3.1
Construction of pyrheliometer
312
8.9.3.2
Auxiliary equipment needed
314
8.9.3.3
Method of observation
315
8.9.3.4
Computation of solar irradiance
318
8.10
Operational pyrheliometers or Field pyrheliometers
319
8.10.1
Eppley normal incidence pyrheliometer (NIP)
320
8.10.2
Linke-Fuessner pyrheliometer
(Kipp &c Zonen) 321
8.10.3
Indian thermopile pyrheliometer
322
8.10.4
Some other pyrheliometers
322
8.11
Calibration of pyrheliometers
322
8.11.1
Data retrieval
323
8.12
Spectral measurement of Direct solar irradiation
323
8.13
Sunphotometry and measurement of atmospheric turbidity
324
8.13.1 Linke
turbidity factor
T
325
8.13.2
Ångström
turbidity coefficient
β
326
8.13.3
Schiiepp s turbidity coefficient B
327
8.14
Sunphotometers
327
8.14.1
Volz sunphotometer
328
8.14.2
WM
О
recommended model
328
8.14.3
Method of observation with sunphotometer
329
8.15
Measurement of Global (sun and sky) solar (short-wave)
330
irradiance
—
pyranometers
8.15.1
Design features
330
8.15.2
Characteristic requirements of a pyranometer
331
8.16
Thermoelectric pyranometers
332
8.16.1
Moll-Gorczynski pyranometer
(Kipp
and
Zonen) 333
8Л6.2
Eppley
180°
pyranometer
334
8.16.3
Eppley black and white pyranometer
335
xv¡
CONTENTS
8.16.4
Eppley precision spectral pyranometer
335
8.16.5
Schenk
star pyranometer (Dirmhirn
- Sauberer) 337
8.16.6
Yanichevski pyranometer M-80
M
337
8.16.7
Indian pyranometer
337
8.17
Photosensitive pyranometers
337
8.18
Distillation pyranometers
-
Bellani spherical pyranometer
338
8.19
Bimetallic pyranograph
339
8.20
Siting and installation of pyranometers
341
8.20.1
Site selection and exposure of pyranometers
341
8.20.2
Installation of pyranometers
342
8.20.3
Maintenance and care of pyranometers
342
8.20.4
Calibration of pyranometers
343
8.21
Recording of global irradiance
345
8.22
Diffuse irradiance measurement
346
8.22.1
The shading disc arrangement
346
8.22.2
Shading ring arrangement
346
8.22.3
Shading ring correction
349
8.23
Measurement of spectral solar irradiance
350
8.24
Measurement of reflected solar radiation
351
8.25
Measurement of total and terrestrial (Long wave) flux densities
— 353
pyrradiometers and pyrgeometers
8.26
Pyrradiometers
353
8.26.1
Pyrradiometers/net pyrradiometers (unshielded)
355
8.26.1.1
Yanichevski M-10M net pyrradiometer
355
8.26.1.2 Gier
and
Dunkle
net pyrradiometer
355
8.26.1.3
Kew net pyrradiometer
356
8.26.1.4
Soumi-Franssila net pyrradiometer
356
8.26.2
Pyrradiometers/net pyrradiometers (shielded)
356
8.26.2.1 Schulze
net pyrradiometer
356
8.26.2.2
Funk net pyrradiometer
357
8.26.2.3
Indian net pyrradiometer
357
8.26.2.4
Miniature net pyrradiometer (Fritschen type)
358
8.26.2.5
Soumi-Kuhn economical net pyrradiaometer
358
8.26.3
Siting and installation of pyrradiometers
358
8.26.4
Maintenance of net pyrradiometers
359
8.27
Pyrgeometers (infrared radiometers)
360
CONTENTS xvii
8.27.1
Angstrom pyrgeometer
360
8.27.2 Eppley pyrgeometer 362
8.27.3 Data
reduction
363
8.28
Calibration of pyrradiometers
363
8.29
Measurement of ultraviolet irradiation
364
8.29.1
Robertson-Berger ultraviolet meter
365
8.29.2 Dehne UV-B
radiometer
365
8.29.3
Eppley total UV radiometer
365
8.30
Measurement of duration of sunshine
366
8.30.1
Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder
366
8.30.2
Foster sunshine switch
368
8.30.3
Automatic sunshine duration recorders
368
Appendices
31
A
Glossary of Meteorological Terms
376
Index All
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Srivastava, Gyan P. |
| author_facet | Srivastava, Gyan P. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Srivastava, Gyan P. |
| author_variant | g p s gp gps |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041413029 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10429 UT 8100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)869853253 (DE-599)BVBBV041413029 |
| discipline | Physik Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041413029 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:56:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8126909684 9788126909681 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026860279 |
| oclc_num | 869853253 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XXXIV, 429 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Atlantic Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Srivastava, Gyan P. Verfasser aut Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices G. P. Srivastava New Delhi Atlantic Publ. 2009 XXXIV, 429 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd rswk-swf Meteorologische Messung (DE-588)4169665-7 gnd rswk-swf Messgerät (DE-588)4038825-6 gnd rswk-swf Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 s Messgerät (DE-588)4038825-6 s UBIRST Meteorologische Messung (DE-588)4169665-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026860279&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Srivastava, Gyan P. Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd Meteorologische Messung (DE-588)4169665-7 gnd Messgerät (DE-588)4038825-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4038953-4 (DE-588)4169665-7 (DE-588)4038825-6 |
| title | Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices |
| title_auth | Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices |
| title_exact_search | Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices |
| title_full | Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices G. P. Srivastava |
| title_fullStr | Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices G. P. Srivastava |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices G. P. Srivastava |
| title_short | Surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices |
| title_sort | surface meteorological instruments and measurement practices |
| topic | Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd Meteorologische Messung (DE-588)4169665-7 gnd Messgerät (DE-588)4038825-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Meteorologie Meteorologische Messung Messgerät |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026860279&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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