Verfügbarkeit: České strany a jejich kandidáti

České strany a jejich kandidáti: případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Spáč, Peter 1984- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Czech
Veröffentlicht:	Brno Masarykova Univ., Fak., Sociálních Studií, Mezinárodní Politologický Ústav 2013
Ausgabe:	1. vyd.
Schriftenreihe:	Monografie 51
Schlagworte:	Partei > Künstlervereinigung Geschichte 2010 Parlamentswahl Kandidat Tschechien
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
Beschreibung:	302 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9788021062139

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804151512541167616
adam_text	Obsah OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ..............................................................................................13 2. VYMEZENÍ NOMINAČNÍHO PROCESU .................................17 2.1. Nominační proces jako pojem .......................................................17 2.2. Důvody výzkumu nominačních procesů .....................................20 2.3. Limity výzkumu ...............................................................................26 3. STAV VÝZKUMU NOMINAČNÍCH PROCESŮ ........................31 3.1. Bille: namodelování vztahů ............................................................35 3.2. Norris a Lovenduski: formální a neformální linie .....................38 3.3. Blomgren: etapy procesu a role vedení .........................................40 3.4. Hazan a Rahat: model čtyř linií .....................................................43 3.5. Výzkum nominací v České republice ...........................................49 4. VÝZKUMNÝ DESIGN ..................................................................53 4.1. Výzkumné otázky a okruhy zdrojů ..............................................53 4.2. Rámec výzkumu..... ..........................................................................57 4.2.1. Průběh nominačního procesu ...............................................58 4.2.2. Funkcionální a teritoriální reprezentace .............................64 5. PRÁVNÍ A VOLEBNÍ PROSTŘEDÍ ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY ........77 6. OBČANSKÁ DEMOKRATICKÁ STRANA ................................81 6.1. Základní charakteristika a vnitřní organizace ...........................81 6.2. Průběh nominačního procesu .......................................................86 6.2.1. Navrhování kandidátů ...........................................................87 6.2.2. Výběr kandidátů ......................................................................90 6.2.3. Stanovení pořadí kandidátů ..................................................93 6.2.4. Závěrečné posouzení listin ....................................................99 České strany a jejich kandidati 6.3. Decentralizace kandidatury .........................................................100 6.3.1. Teritoriální hledisko .............................................................100 6.3.2. Funkcionální hledisko ..........................................................105 6.4. Shrnutí ..............................................................................................108 7. ČESKÁ STRANA SOCIÁLNE DEMOKRATICKÁ ...................111 7.1. Základní charakteristika a vnitřní organizace ..........................111 7.2. Průběh nominačního procesu ......................................................117 7.2.1. Navrhování kandidátů .........................................................118 7.2.2. Výběr kandidátů ....................................................................120 7.2.3. Stanovení pořadí kandidátů ................................................123 7.2.4. Závěrečné posouzení listin ..................................................127 7.3. Decentralizace kandidatury ..........................................................129 7.3.1. Teritoriální hledisko .............................................................129 7.3.2. Funkcionální hledisko ..........................................................132 7.4. Shrnutí ..............................................................................................135 8. KŘESŤANSKÁ A DEMOKRATICKÁ UNIE - ČESKOSLOVENSKÁ STRANA LIDOVÁ ......................................139 8.1. Základní charakteristika a vnitřní organizace .........................139 8.2. Průběh nominačního procesu .....................................................145 8.2. L Navrhování kandidátů .........................................................146 8.2.2. Výběr kandidátů ....................................................................148 8.2.3. Stanovení pořadí kandidátů ................................................151 8.2.4. Závěrečné posouzení listin ..................................................154 8.3. Decentralizace kandidatury .........................................................156 8.3.1. Teritoriální hledisko .............................................................156 8.3.2. Funkcionální hledisko ..........................................................160 8.4. Shrnutí ........................................ .....163 9. STRANA ZELENÝCH .................................................................167 9.1. Základní charakteristika a vnitřní organizace ..........................167 9.2. Průběh nominačního procesu ........................ ........................173 9.2.1. Navrhování kandidátů .............................................................173 9.2.2. Výběr kandidátů a stanovení jejich pořadí .......................176 9.2.3. Závěrečné posouzení listin.... ,,..,, .. . ..........180 Obsah 9.3. Decentralizace kandidatury .........................................................182 9.3.1. Teritoriální hledisko .............................................................182 9.3.2. Funkcionální hledisko ..........................................................186 9.4. Shrnutí ..............................................................................................189 10. KOMUNISTICKÁ STRANA ČECH A MORAVY ...................191 10.1. Základní charakteristika a vnitřní organizace ........................191 10.2. Průběh nominačního procesu ....................................................195 10.2.1. Navrhování kandidátů .........................................................196 10.2.2. Výběr kandidátů ....................................................................198 10.2.3. Stanovení pořadí kandidátů ................................................200 10.2.4. Závěrečné posouzení listin ..................................................203 10.3. Decentralizace kandidatury .......................................................205 10.3.1. Teritoriální hledisko .............................................................205 10.3.2. Funkcionální hledisko ..........................................................209 10.4. Shrnutí ............................................................................................212 11. TOP 09.........................................................................................215 11.1. Základní charakteristika a vnitřní organizace ........................215 11.2. Průběh nominačního procesu ....................................................217 11.3. Decentralizace kandidatury .......................................................223 11.3.1. Teritoriální hledisko .............................................................223 11.3.2. Funkcionální hledisko ..........................................................226 11.4. Shrnutí ............................................................................................229 12. VĚCI VEREJNÉ ..........................................................................231 12.1. Základní charakteristika a vnitřní organizace .......................231 12.2. Průběh nominačního procesu ...................................................237 12.2.1. Navrhování kandidátů .........................................................237 12.2.2. Výběr kandidátů a stanovení jejich pořadí .......................239 12.2.3. Závěrečné posouzení listin ..................................................244 12.3. Decentralizace kandidatury .......................................................246 12.3.1. Teritoriální hledisko .............................................................246 12.3.2. Funkcionální hledisko ..........................................................249 12.4. Shrnutí ............................................................................................252 g České strany a jejich kandidati 13. ZÁVĚR .........................................................................................255 13.1. Průběh nominací v českých stranách .......................................255 13.2. Obsah kandidátních listin ..........................................................262 13.3. Český nominační systém? ...........................................................266 13.4. Formální podoba a reálný průběh nominací ..........................268 13.5. Podněty к úvaze ............................................................................270 14. POUŽITÁ LITERATURA A ZDROJE ......................................275 15. PŘÍLOHY ....................................................................................287 15.1. Seznam rozhovorů s představiteli stran ...................................287 15.2. Sada otázek pro rozhovor elektronickou formou ..................288 16. JMENNÝ REJSTŘÍK ..................................................................291 17. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................295 Obsah SEZNAM TABULEK, GRAFŮ A OBRÁZKŮ Tabulky Tabulka 1. Teoretické schéma P. Norris a J. Lovenduski s příklady .............................................................................................39 Tabulka 2. Teoretický rámec M. Blomgrena na vybraných stranách z jeho výzkumu .........................................41 Tabulka 3. Rozdělení krajských listin do částí pro sledování zastoupení žen ...........................................................68 Tabulka 4. Ověřování teritoriální decentralizace kandidatury pomocí rozdělení listiny ...................................................................71 Tabulka 5. Modelové zobrazení proměnných pro index ukončení rotace ................................................................73 Tabulka 6. Počet subnárodních složek ODS ........................................84 Tabulky 7 a 8. Reprezentace okresů na listinách ODS ....................102 Tabulka 9. Kandidátní listina ODS v Jihočeském kraji ve volbách 2010................................................................................104 Tabulka 10. Zastoupení žen na listinách ODS ..................................106 Tabulka 11. Index reprezentace žen za ODS .....................................107 Tabulka 12. Počet subnárodních složek ČSSD ..................................113 Tabulky 13 a 14. Reprezentace okresů na listinách ČSSD .............130 Tabulka 15. Zastoupení žen na listinách ČSSD ................................133 Tabulka 16. Index reprezentace žen za ČSSD ...................................134 Tabulka 17. Počet subnárodních složek KDU-ČSL ..........................141 Tabulky 18 a 19. Reprezentace okresů na listinách KDU-ČSL ......158 Tabulka 20. Zastoupení žen na listinách KDU-ČSL ........................161 Tabulka 21. Index reprezentace žen za KDU-ČSL ...........................162 Tabulka 22. Počet subnárodních složek SZ .......................................169 Tabulky 23 a 24. Reprezentace okresů na listinách SZ.. ..................184 Tabulka 25. Zastoupení žen na listinách SZ ......................................187 Tabulka 26. Index reprezentace žen za SZ .........................................188 Tabulka 27. Počet subnárodních složek KSČM ...............................193 -iq ČESKÉ 5TRANY A JEJICH KANDIDATI Tabulky 28 a 29. Reprezentace okresů na listinách KSČM .............207 Tabulka 30. Zastoupení žen na listinách KSČM ...............................210 Tabulka 31. Index reprezentace žen za KSČM ..................................211 Tabulky 32 a 33. Reprezentace okresů na listinách TOP 09...........225 Tabulka 34. Zastoupení žen na listinách TOP 09.............................227 Tabulka 35. Index reprezentace žen za TOP 09................................228 Tabulka 36. Počet subnárodních složek VV .....................................234 Tabulky 37 a 38. Reprezentace okresů na listinách VV ...................248 Tabulka 39. Zastoupení žen na listinách VV ....................................250 Tabulka 40. Index reprezentace žen za VV .......................................251 Tabulka 41. Údaje o zastoupení okresů ve všech stranách .............263 Tabulka 42. Údaje o zastoupení žen ve všech stranách ...................264 Grafy Graf 1. Zobrazení os otevřenosti rozhodovacích orgánů a decentralizace procesu s modelovými příklady .........................62 Graf 2. Organizační struktura ODS ...................................................... 86 Graf 3. Navrhování kandidátů v ODS .................................................. 89 Graf 4. Výběr kandidátů v ODS ............................................................ 93 Graf 5. Stanovení pořadí kandidátů v ODS ......................................... 98 Graf 6. Závěrečné posouzení listin v ODS ......................................... Graf 7. Průběh nominačního procesu v ODS ................................... Graf 8. Organizační struktura ČSSD ................................................... ll7 Graf 9. Navrhování kandidátů v ČSSD .............................................. l2° Graf 10. Výběr kandidátů v ČSSD ....................................................... 23 Graf 11. Stanovení pořadí kandidátů v ČSSD ................................... i26 Graf 12. Závěrečné posouzení listin v ČSSD ..................................... 129 Graf 13. Průběh nominačního procesu v ČSSD ................................ 136 Graf 14. Organizační struktura KDU-ČSL ........................................ 145 Graf 15. Navrhování kandidátů v KDU-ČSL .................................... l47 Graf 16. Výběr kandidátů v KDU-ČSL .............................................. 50 Graf 17. Stanovení pořadí kandidátů v KDU-ČSL ........................... l53 Grafie. Závěrečné posouzení listin v KDU-ČSL ............................. 156 Graf 19. Průběh nominačního procesu v KDU-ČSL ....................... l64 Graf 20. Organizační struktura SZ ................................................................ l72 Obsah _____________________________________________________________________ Vj_ Graf 21. Navrhování kandidátů v SZ ..................................................176 Graf 22. Výběr a stanovení pořadí kandidátů v SZ ..........................179 Graf 23. Závěrečné posouzení listin v SZ ...........................................181 Graf 24. Průběh nominačního procesu v SZ .....................................190 Graf 25. Organizační struktura KSČM ...............................................195 Graf 26. Navrhování kandidátů v KSČM ...........................................197 Graf 27. Výběr kandidátů v KSČM .....................................................200 Graf 28. Stanovení pořadí kandidátů v KSČM .................................203 Graf 29. Závěrečné posouzení listin v KSČM ....................................205 Graf 30. Průběh nominačního procesu v KSČM ..............................213 Graf 31. Organizační struktura TOP 09.............................................219 Graf 32. Průběh nominačního procesu v TOP 09 (a) ......................222 Graf 33. Průběh nominačního procesu v TOP 09 (b) ......................229 Graf 34. Organizační struktura VV ....................................................236 Graf 35. Navrhování kandidátů ve VV ..............................................239 Graf 36. Výběr a stanovení pořadí kandidátů ve VV .......................243 Graf 37. Závěrečné posouzení listin ve VV .......................................246 Graf 38. Průběh nominačního procesu ve VV ..................................253 Graf 39. Těžiště etapy navrhování kandidátů ve všech stranách ...256 Graf 40. Těžiště etapy výběru kandidátů ve všech stranách ...........257 Graf 41. Těžiště etapy stanovení pořadí kandidátů ve všech stranách ..............................................................................259 Graf 42. Těžiště etapy závěrečného posouzení listin ve všech stranách.... ..........................................................................260 Obrázky Obrázek 1. Osa otevřenosti kandidatury podle Hazaña a Rahata....44 Obrázek 2. Osa otevřenosti rozhodovacího orgánu podle Hazaña a Rahata ......................................................................45 Obrázek 3. Bodová stupnice rozhodovacích orgánů podle Hazaña a Rahata ......................................................................46 17. Executive Summary 293 17. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Elections constitute a central component of all democratic political systems. Conventionally, the institute of elections is seen is an instru¬ ment of conferring and renewing political legitimacy of state officials, as well as a vehicle for expressing citizens* preferences regarding the future of their country or some other territorial entity. Their particu¬ lar shape is specified by electoral systems which translate the voters political will into the make-up of the elected body (typically parlia¬ ments). On the face of it, such a definition emphasises the techni¬ cal aspect of distributing seats among successful parties; we cannot however ignore the fact that elections have an important personal dimension. Their point is always also to select particular people to elected offices and functions. So understood, elections simultaneously represent the outcome of a distinct organisational process that temporally precedes them. Selection of candidates constitutes an inseparable part of the pre¬ election period, together with formulating election programmes, planning the election campaign and raising funds for it. As a topic of scholarly research in political science, candidate selection (also preselection) has been gradually gaining ground, and both theo¬ retical and empirical resources have been continually expanded. However, whereas international trends are apparent in this regard, the Czech political-scientific community still treats preselection as a topic of secondary importance. This fact underlines the relevance of the present book, which aims to provide an in-depth inquiry into this issue in the Czech context. The text deals with nomination processes in Czech political parties before the 2010 parliamentary elections to the Chamber of Deputies (i.e. the lower chamber). One of the reasons for focusing on these particular elections (the last elections to the Chamber of Deputies that have been held as of now) is that the preselection process has not yet been examined by scholars. The final reduction of scope concerns the actors under scrutiny: Because of major differences among the positions and roles of Czech parties, I have narrowed the examined 294 České strany a jejich kandidati group to those parties that either had held parliamentary seats be¬ fore the elections, or entered the Chamber of Deputies in 2010 on the back of electoral success. Altogether seven subjects have met this criteria, namely the Civic Democratic Party (Občanská demokrat¬ ická strana, ODS), the Czech Social Dermocratic Party (Česká strana sociálně demokratická, ČSSD), the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (Komunistická strana Čech a Moravy, KSČM), the Christian and Democratic Union - Czechoslovak Peoples* Party (Křesťanská a demokratická unie - Československá strana lidová, KDU-ČSL), the Green Party (Strana zelených, SZ), and two parties that entered the Parliament in 2010 - TOP 09, and the Public Affairs (Věci veřejné, W). The book has two main aims: First, and this follows from the previ¬ ous comments, to provide an in-depth examination of the Czech case. Research of comparable scope is lacking in the domestic scholarly production, and I thus aspire to make up for this neglect, and provide groundwork for further research. The second aim reaches beyond the topic of Czech parties themselves and has wider implications - the text is meant as a contribution to the still open-ended theoretical and methodological debate surrounding nomination processes. With these general aims in mind, I have formulated four main research questions: 1. What is the nature and course of preselection processes in Czech parties? 2. Do Czech parties employ certain mechanisms to ensure a preferred territorial and functional composition of the electoral lists? 3. Can we speak of a unified Czech system of candidate nomina¬ tion? 4. Is there a gap between the formal framework of preselection proc¬ esses in Czech parties, and their real-world realisation? Research questions have been formulated in such a way so as to cover the topic in its complexity, and simultaneously to highlight its core aspects. The first question addresses the very character of intra-party nomination processes, and its rationale is to cast light on the nature of these processes, and especially on the background of power relations Τ 7. Executive Summary 295 that accompanies them. It points to delineating major issue areas, such as differentiation of the preselection process to specific parts or stages, determination of key actors of the process, and identification of piv¬ otal territorial levels within the party structures and their influence. The second question relates to the outcomes of the nomination process, that is, the candidate lists. These represent personnel propos¬ als which parties present to the voters. Since the elections to the Czech Chamber of Deputies are based on a proportional system of represen¬ tation, preselection processes result in multiple-name electoral lists. Their composition reflects the parties internal functioning, and my aim here is to determine whether specific territorial and functional interests were respected in the process of their making. In particular, I focus on the representation of districts and women. The third question retreats from the level of individual parties and considers the Czech party system as a whole. It asks whether there are similarities among the parties candidate selection processes of such kind that would allow us to speak of a unified nomination system. The last question then asks whether the officially recognised formal rules of candidate selection have a dominant impact on the outcome of the selection, or whether the real world of nomination processes escapes their formal grounding. Although the official rules express the parties basic preferences over the character and aims of the preselection process, they face certain inherent limitations. Here the door opens for informal mechanisms of nomination, though these have varying impact. On the one hand, they may be relegated to the role of insubstantial or even irrelevant footnotes to the official rules; on the other hand, they may fill in the gaps of the formal mechanisms or even fully substitute them. Finding answers to these questions represents a major challenge. One problem is the considerable fragmentation of this field of re¬ search. Processes of candidate selection are located at the intersection of a host of related issues, meaning that different researchers tend to either approach the problem from their own idiosyncratic perspec¬ tive or focus on a partial sub-problem only. Therefore, while one does encounter works that address the issue of candidate selection, they usually approach it from their authors particular points of view, either weakening the analysis of nomination itself or even avoiding 296 ___________________________ České strany a jejich kandidati it entirely. Political scientific research in general thus does not steer completely clear of nomination processes; however, attempts at a co¬ herent theoretical treatment are few and far between. While political parties constitute a fundamental topic for political scientists, analyti¬ cally they (parties) are construed as homogenous, solid entities. Their internal environment, including candidate selection, remains to a certain extent a theoretical black-box. Most impacted by the lack of scholarly attention to nomination processes is the corresponding theoretical apparatus, which is still far from unified and more or less under construction. This is another point where the present book joins the debate. On the one hand, it draws upon available methodological models; on the other hand, it establishes its own approach to understanding and analysing prese¬ lection processes. The text thus builds on the present author s own research techniques, both qualitative and quantitative, and presents a unique way of construing intra-party processes of candidate selec¬ tion. The innovation consists above all in differentiating the process into individual stages, and in drawing up a map of intra-party bod¬ ies.1 Taken together, these two aspects allow for not just analysis of individual cases, but also their subsequent comparison. Apart from the delineation of research questions, another impor¬ tant aspect of my inquiry is the selection of sources that drive the analysis. Leaving aside the constitutional and legislative fundamen¬ tals, there are four major categories of sources: First, internal party documents which reveal the basic formal framework of candidate selection. Typically, parties centrally adopt specific sets of rules for nominations; these are however further amended either by measures adopted by relevant party bodies, or by rules covering the general functioning of the given party, such as the party statute. I also include other types of internal party documents that relate, in one way or other, to the preselection process or provide information on it. Electoral lists themselves, i.e. the tangible outcomes of nomination processes, are the second major category of sources. Their form and 1 My model distinguishes four stages: 1. Candidate proposal; 2. Selection of candidates for the list; 3. Determination of the order of candidates; and 4. Final evaluation and control of the party lists 17. Executive Summary 297 content carry, in several respects, substantial informational value, be¬ cause by analysing these lists, we are able to assess the extent to which, on the one hand, formal and official rules, and on the other hand, informal practices and conventions, actually influence the setting up of electoral lists. The third important type of source was provided by media reports. Although candidate selection carries mostly intra-party relevance, mass media do in part cover them, especially as regards the results of concrete ballots and negotiations. In this respect, both national and regional media are of use, because the latter keep track of local events which include the activity of subnational levels of party structures. Besides the positives, there is a certain drawback to these sources as well, namely the imbalance in their coverage of individual parties. Whereas well-established and more popular parties enjoy relatively extensive attention on the part of the media, smaller or newly estab¬ lished subjects tend to face the opposite fate. On the back of my analysis, I constructed a fourth category of sources by establishing contact with direct participants in nomination processes. I attempted to speak to representatives of all seven parties under scrutiny, with particular emphasis on people holding relevant positions in subnational party structures. Altogether forty interviews were conducted, the great majority of them on a face-to-face basis. The interviews were semi-structured, with particular questions ad¬ dressing specific features of the parties of which the interviewees were members. All questions retained open character, while the particular ordering of questions reflected the sequence of stages of the preselec¬ tion process in the given party. In several cases, the interviews were conducted via e-mail communication. Exploiting the latter two categories of sources carried both practi¬ cal and crucial research consequences. Many international authors rely on official party documents alone in their analyses of preselection processes. On the one hand, such an approach makes things much easier. On the other hand, official rules themselves carry only limited informational value, because the real-world processes of nomination may deviate from them to a significant degree. The only way of in¬ corporating or attenuating such concerns was to embrace other types of sources, including direct contact with party members. Although a 298 České strany a jejich kandidati research design thus constructed is highly demanding as regards time investment, the significance of its outputs increases correspondingly. It was precisely the interviews with party members that proved indis¬ pensable as a source of information on informal aspects of candidate selection in the Czech Republic. Finally, let me devote a few words to the main findings presented in the book. I have been able to gather enough data to provide rel¬ evant answers to all four research questions. As regards the course of nominations, parties employ a multi-stage approach by dividing the process into separate phases.2 Most parties distinguish among the four stages as put forward in our theoretical model, although devia¬ tions have been identified as well. This was the case with the Green Party and the Public Affairs, where selection of candidates and deter¬ mination of their ranking within the electoral list took place simulta¬ neously, and were confirmed by a single decision. The reason for the deviation is to be found in a distinct organisational structure of these parties, which is comparatively less complex and encompasses three territorial levels only. Viewed in its complexity, the primary locus of decision-making on electoral lists lies on the regional level, because here the rank¬ ing of candidates is decided (without exceptions). In case of parties which lack district-level organisational structures, this conclusion is strengthened by the fact that the second stage of the process, i.e. selec¬ tion of candidates, is decided on this level also. At the same time, such outcomes may be modified in particular cases by the party leadership, should the central organs decide to make use of available instruments. Provided there are no pre-emptive interferences or other similar ac¬ tivities on the part of leadership, regions have the central role in decid¬ ing the definitive shape of electoral lists. Later amendments by central party organs are comparatively less common, and were pursued solely by smaller parties, whereas they were basically lacking in large ones. However, the conclusions would be slightly different if we consid¬ ered nominations from the perspective of the candidates themselves. 2 The sole exception before the 2010 elections was the TOP09 party which, instead of dealing with the preselection process, was at the time just being cre¬ ated. 17. Executive Summary ____________________________________________________________299 For them, the level on which their selection takes place is all-impor¬ tant, for two main reasons: First, in all parties where the selection phase is distinguishable, it has eliminative character - in other words, people who are not selected now face much diminished prospects of making it onto the candidate list. Characteristically, this is a conse¬ quence of formal rules of preselection. At the same time, such a result is not inevitable, as the informal yet ultimately strict approach of the KDU-ČSL attests: While its regional bodies do consider candidates who failed to win support of the district bodies, their chances of be¬ ing re-entered into the game are almost non-existent. Second, there is the dominant trend of respecting preferences of district-level bodies by regional ones. Taken together, these two factors document that candidates are already vitally dependent on achieving high ranking during the candidate selection stage, which, in the case of the OOS, ČSSD, KSČM a KDU-ČSL parties, takes place on the district level. The logic is different with the Green Party and the Public Affairs, for reasons stated above; here the regional level is decisive. Czech parties approach the composition of electoral lists in much varied ways. In general, we may say that they are more concerned with representation of their territorial components, although none of the parties has incorporated this criterion into their formal rules of nomination, leaving the issue to informal mechanisms of negotiation. Among the parties which most emphasise territorial representation are the Communist party and the Civic Democrats, followed by the KDU-ČSL (which shows marked difference between the Czech and Moravian branches however) and the Social Democrats. The Green party and the Public Affairs, both having substantially fewer mem¬ bers, were much behind in this respect. As regards the functional dimension, I focused on the issue of representation of women. Unlike in the case of district representa¬ tion, this issue has been addressed in formal regulations, albeit by several parties only: For one, the Communist party both guarantees a certain share for female candidates as such and also awards them one of the top spots on the list. Second, and more importantly, the Green party directly operates a continuously updated quota mecha¬ nism. The analysis provided in this book reveals that in the Czech context, the key issue is the formal safeguarding of the inclusion of 300 ČESKÉ STRANY A JEJICH KANDIDATI women on candidate lists. At the same time, parties differ less in the share of female candidates than in where they actually end up on the list. Clearly, women stand the highest chances of being awarded a top spot in parties which have set up quotas, i.e. the Green Party and the Communists. In comparison, women s prospects are lowest in both of the largest parties (Civic Democrats and Social Democrats). The third research question asked whether one can speak of a unified nomination system in the Czech context. Here my analysis evidences that, as regards processes of candidate selection, there are significant overlaps among the parties under scrutiny. The character of the electoral system is an important factor here, especially in com¬ bination with the delineation of electoral districts which are identical to the country s regions. There are no exceptions to this logic: None of the parties handles the preselection process in a centralised manner, and all of them delegate these powers to lower organisational levels. Therefore, as a matter of fact, there are fourteen parallel preselection processes for every party (one for each region), the results of which are not usually linked until the very last stage. Another common point not unrelated to the previous one is the bottom-up method of candidate selection. The given processes are strictly initiated on the lower organisational (geographical) levels, es¬ pecially in municipal party organisations, and then extend upwards. Also corresponding with the sequence of nomination phases is the move towards higher exclusivity of decision-making bodies, cul¬ minating in the final evaluation stage. These commonalities among parties are further strengthened by similarities in significance of the respective stages as regards power relations within parties. Can we thus conclude that the Czech party landscape manifests a unified system of nominations? Although the abovementioned find¬ ings do point to such a conclusion, other facts speak to the contrary. The main element here is the particular character of the second (selec¬ tion of candidates) and third (determination of their order) stages. Al¬ though Czech parties do leave these processes to representative bodies which are composed of directly or indirectly appointed delegates, the real-world relevance of these bodies differs greatly. This may be a result of either formal rules or informal mechanisms; ultimately, however, loci of power within parties spread all the way up from grass-roots levels 17. Executive Summary to party elites. Social Democrats are a case in point: While the second and third stages are formally dealt with by district and regional confer¬ ences, final decisions are made in executive or even narrower bodies that oversee the given level of selection process. In this case, groups of higher subnational party officials retain a very strong position of power. Such interventions have been identified in other parties, too, however their varying degrees imply that the extent of inclusi vene ss of decision-making actors is much diverse across the party landscape. Other dissimilarities can be pointed out as well. In relation to decision-making procedures, parties significantly differ in how they approach the selection of the leader. For some, the party boss is under¬ stood to be a part of a larger whole, whereas others employ different methods of selection or even different bodies. Also important is the inter-party diversity in attitudes toward territorial and functional de¬ centralisation of the process, which is documented by the final shape of electoral lists. All in all, while Czech parties manifest considerable overlap in their preselection processes, we cannot speak of a unified system of candidate selection, especially due to the differences in the degree of actor indusiveness in crucial phases of the process. It is not accidentai that this element has acquired such importance in the present analysis, because its deep relevance for preselection processes has already been widely accepted in scholarly literature. The last research question concerned the gap between the formal frameworks of candidate selection, and the character of their real- world realisations. All Czech parties regulate nomination processes through specific intra-party documents which incorporate a substan¬ tial portion of the formal rules. This is then amended by further docu¬ ments, including rules passed by subnational party bodies which are thus granted certain autonomy in their subsequent actions. Naturally, such frameworks cannot cover each and every step of the nomination process, no matter how detailed they are, and room thus opens for informal agreements or mechanisms. A certain exception before the 2010 parliamentary elections was TOP09 which drew up candidate lists almost exclusively on an informal basis; however, this was a result of the party s state at that particular time. On the back of my analysis, I conclude that the actual shape and the formal framework of candidate selection are not fully identical. In 302 ___________________________________________ České strany a jejich kandidati all parties, unofficial mechanisms are utilised to co-delineate the posi¬ tion of the actors involved. Although executive bodies or party elites usually do not have official decision-making competences at their disposal, practically speaking they are seldom just passive observers; on the contrary, to varying degrees they try to exert their influence. Most apparent is this fact with Czech Social Democrats where the partys recommendations actually anticipate the final decisions. Informal mechanisms apply also in the issue of representation of dis¬ tricts, which is resolved in most parties through deals among district party officials. Generally, it can be claimed that official rules unquestionably play an important role. Understanding this role makes it possible to con¬ ceptualise the nature of the entire process and its organisational and territorial dimensions. At the same time, the respective parties work with informal mechanisms, which usually amend the explicit (formal) rules and/or fill in the gaps: A typical example would be the determi¬ nation of power relations among the various party bodies involved in the process. Yet those formal rules are still observed, with the district committees within the KDU-ČSL being the only exception that has been identified in my analysis. Therefore, although informal mecha¬ nisms do influence the real-world process of candidate selection in Czech parties, the degree to which this happens is not such that intra- party documents would become mere symbolic manifestos. Besides these particular findings, my research on Czech parties confirmed the usefulness and applicability of the research model employed. Based on the results of the analysis, it seems desirable to employ the model in further research. The Czech context itself pro¬ vides such opportunities, because, this book notwithstanding, many unexplored issues and areas remain. My contribution can be thus perceived as a departure point, a kind of base or groundwork to lean against, build on, and possibly modify. Suitable issue areas include research into other types of elections, or more widely cast studies covering longer time frames than just one election period.
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spelling	Spáč, Peter 1984- Verfasser (DE-588)143711725 aut České strany a jejich kandidáti případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010 Peter Spáč 1. vyd. Brno Masarykova Univ., Fak., Sociálních Studií, Mezinárodní Politologický Ústav 2013 302 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie 51 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Partei Künstlervereinigung (DE-588)10282877-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 2010 gnd rswk-swf Parlamentswahl (DE-588)4173374-5 gnd rswk-swf Kandidat (DE-588)4131693-9 gnd rswk-swf Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd rswk-swf Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 g Partei Künstlervereinigung (DE-588)10282877-5 b Kandidat (DE-588)4131693-9 s Parlamentswahl (DE-588)4173374-5 s Geschichte 2010 z DE-604 Monografie 51 (DE-604)BV019287304 51 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026852406&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026852406&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Spáč, Peter 1984- České strany a jejich kandidáti případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010 Monografie Partei Künstlervereinigung (DE-588)10282877-5 gnd Parlamentswahl (DE-588)4173374-5 gnd Kandidat (DE-588)4131693-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)10282877-5 (DE-588)4173374-5 (DE-588)4131693-9 (DE-588)4303381-7
title	České strany a jejich kandidáti případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010
title_auth	České strany a jejich kandidáti případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010
title_exact_search	České strany a jejich kandidáti případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010
title_full	České strany a jejich kandidáti případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010 Peter Spáč
title_fullStr	České strany a jejich kandidáti případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010 Peter Spáč
title_full_unstemmed	České strany a jejich kandidáti případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010 Peter Spáč
title_short	České strany a jejich kandidáti
title_sort	ceske strany a jejich kandidati pripad voleb do poslanecke snemovny v roce 2010
title_sub	případ voleb do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2010
topic	Partei Künstlervereinigung (DE-588)10282877-5 gnd Parlamentswahl (DE-588)4173374-5 gnd Kandidat (DE-588)4131693-9 gnd
topic_facet	Partei Künstlervereinigung Parlamentswahl Kandidat Tschechien
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026852406&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026852406&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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