Holdings: From Mesolithic to motorway

From Mesolithic to motorway: the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Stansbie, Dan (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford Oxford Archaeology 2012
Series:	Oxford Archaeology monographs 14
Subjects:	Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Hertfordshire Roads / Widening / England / Hertfordshire Funde Straßenbau Vor- und Frühgeschichte Ausgrabung Hertfordshire (England) / Antiquities Hertfordshire
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Literaturangaben
Physical Description:	XIX, 230 S. Ill., Kt.
ISBN:	9780904220650 0904220656

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adam_text	Contents List of Figures ...............................................................................xi List of Tables ................................................................................xv Summary ..................................................................................xvii Acknowledgements .........................................................................xix Chapter 1: Introduction by Paul Booth SITE LOCATION, GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY .............................................1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ......................................1 Lower Palaeolithic ..........................................................................1 Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ...........................................................2 Neolithic and early Bronze Age ..............................................................2 Later prehistoric: middle-late Bronze Age and Iron Age ........................................3 Late Iron Age ..............................................................................6 Roman ....................................................................................6 Saxon and medieval ........................................................................8 Post-medieval and 20th century ..............................................................9 THE PROJECT ...............................................................................9 MITIGATION: AIMS, METHODOLOGY AND ARCHIVE ......................................10 Fieldwork methodology ....................................................................11 Post-excavation methodologies ..............................................................11 Archive ...................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Junction 8 Southbound by Dan Stansbie SITE LOCATION ............................................................................13 SUMMARY .................................................................................13 NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE ACTIVITY ...........................................13 Summary .................................................................................13 Late Neolithic pit 5081.....................................................................13 Possible Neolithic and early Bronze Age pits .................................................13 Pit 5064................................................................................13 Pits 5088, 5096, 5172 and 5226.............................................................13 LATE BRONZE AGE-EARLY IRON AGE ACTIVITY ............................................14 Summary .................................................................................14 Pit group 7785.............................................................................15 Pit group 7786.............................................................................15 Pits 5094 and 5173, and tree-throw hole 5203..................................................17 Pits 5006 and 5009.........................................................................17 Post-built structures 5034 and 5189..........................................................17 Cremation burials 5066 and 5244............................................................20 EARLY TO MIDDLE ROMAN ACTIVITY .....................................................21 Summary .................................................................................21 Enclosure 5500............................................................................21 Ditch 5501................................................................................22 Quarry pits 5025, 5265 and 5155.............................................................23 MIDDLE-LATE ROMAN ACTIVITY ..........................................................24 Pits 5269 and 5270.........................................................................24 111 From Mesolithic to Motorway POST-MEDIEVAL ACTIVITY .................................................................24 Chapter 3: Junction 8 Northbound and minor sites to the north by Dan Stansbie JUNCTION 8 NORTHBOUND ................................................................27 Site location ..............................................................................27 Site layout ................................................................................27 Late Iron Age-early Roman activity (50 BC-AD 70)............................................27 Summary ...............................................................................27 Ditches .................................................................................27 Structures and pits .......................................................................29 Early-middle Roman activity (AD43-200) .....................................................30 Summary ...............................................................................30 Enclosures ..............................................................................30 Internal features, (pits, ovens and cremations). ..............................................36 Enclosure 6150/6104......................................................................37 Internal features: corn dryer 6514..........................................................39 Features north of enclosure 7700...........................................................39 Late Roman activity (AD250-410) ............................................................42 Medieval activity (late 12th-13th centuries) ...................................................42 Summary ...............................................................................42 Phase 1 {Hate llth-lòth centuries) .........................................................43 Phase Klate llth-lZth centuries) ..........................................................45 BUNCEFIELD DEPOST WATCHING BRIEF ...................................................51 Site location ..............................................................................51 Summary .................................................................................51 Pits 510, 516, 521 and 532...................................................................51 Ditch 506.................................................................................51 JUNCTION 8 COMPOUND ..................................................................51 Site location ..............................................................................51 Summary .................................................................................51 Ditch 5513................................................................................54 Pit group 5550.............................................................................54 Tree-throw hole 5530.......................................................................54 JUNCTION 8 TARGETTED WATCHING BRIEF ................................................55 Site location ..............................................................................55 Summary .................................................................................55 Pit group 5750.............................................................................55 Hollow-way 5610..........................................................................55 Chapter 4: The Aubreys by Paul Booth and Dan Stansbie SITE LOCATION ............................................................................57 SITE LAYOUT AND SUMMARY ..............................................................57 STRATIGRAPHIC NARRATIVE ..............................................................57 The Hillfort Ditch 27/261...................................................................57 Ditch 27................................................................................57 Ditch 261...............................................................................57 Ditch 42/85................................................................................59 Gully, hollow and posthole group ...........................................................59 Ditch/gully 6/20...........................................................................60 Pits 13 and 211, and ditch terminus 216......................................................60 Pit group 217..............................................................................60 Pits 250 and 252, and ditch 236/238...........................................................60 PHASING ..................................................................................61 iv Contents Chapter 5: Junction 9 by Andrew Simmonds SITE LOCATION ............................................................................63 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION .........................................................63 Complex of features in the central part of the excavation ......................................63 Mesolithic features ........................................................................65 Late Neolithic pits .........................................................................68 Later prehistoric activity ...................................................................68 Late Iron Age and Roman agricultural activity ................................................68 The earliest phase of the field system (late Iron Age to early Roman). ..........................71 Establishment of boundary ditches in the northern part of the excavation ......................72 Establishment of boundary ditches in the southern part of the excavation ......................74 Early Roman period (AD 43-120)............................................................74 Enclosure defined by ditches 2740 and 2741.................................................74 Curvilinear gullies (2595 and 2424) within the enclosure ......................................75 Other features within the enclosure ........................................................75 Possible enclosure defined by ditch 2738....................................................75 Linear boundary ditch 2490...............................................................75 Reorganisation of the boundaries in the southern part of the excavation ........................76 Kiln/oven 2746..........................................................................76 Post-built structure 2756 and other features associated with kiln/oven 2746....................78 Mid-Roman activity (c AD120-200) ..........................................................79 Modifications to the boundaries in the northern part of the settlement .........................79 Reorganisation of the boundaries in the southern part of the excavation ........................80 Mid-late Roman period (3rd-4th century) .....................................................81 JUNCTION 9 WATCHING BRIEF .............................................................83 Chapter 6: Areas Μ, Ρ and Junction 10 by Dan Stansbie AREA M ....................................................................................85 Site location and summary .................................................................85 Phasing ...................................................................................85 Middle-late Iron Age activity ...............................................................85 Summary ...............................................................................85 Ditches 3008 and 3022, and gully 3024......................................................85 Pit 3034................................................................................85 Early Roman activity .......................................................................85 Summary ...............................................................................85 Ditch 3052..............................................................................86 Ditch/gully 3012.........................................................................86 Trackway ditches 3004 and 3006...........................................................87 Ditches 3057, 3059 and 3061...............................................................88 AREA Ρ .....................................................................................88 Site location and summary .................................................................88 Ditches 4006, 4008, 4010 and 4012............................................................88 Pits 4014 and 4018 and tree-throw hole 4004..................................................88 Chronology and phasing ...................................................................88 JUNCTION 10...............................................................................90 Site location and summary .................................................................90 Quarry pit group 1004......................................................................90 Ditch 1046................................................................................90 Fenceline 1017.............................................................................90 Other features .............................................................................90 From Mesolithic to Motorway Chapter 7: The Finds FLINT by David Mullin and Rebecca Devaney ......................................................91 Introduction ..............................................................................91 Methodology ..............................................................................91 Raw material ..............................................................................91 Condition .................................................................................91 Technology and dating .....................................................................91 The assemblage ...........................................................................92 Area M .................................................................................92 Area Ρ ..................................................................................92 Borrow Pit Area .........................................................................92 function 8N .............................................................................92 Junction 8S .............................................................................92 Junction 9...............................................................................93 Discussion ................................................................................96 THE PREHISTORIC POTTERY by Leo Webley and Lisa Brown ......................................99 Introduction ..............................................................................99 Methodology ..............................................................................99 Condition .................................................................................99 Fabrics ...................................................................................99 Site assemblages ..........................................................................99 Buncefield Depot ........................................................................99 Junction 8S ............................................................................100 Junction 8N ............................................................................100 The Aubreys ............................................................................100 Area M ................................................................................101 Junction 9..............................................................................101 Junction 10.............................................................................102 Discussion ...............................................................................102 Distribution and provenance .............................................................102 Regional affinities ......................................................................102 Catalogue of illustrated sherds .............................................................102 THE LATE IRON AGE AND ROMAN POTTERY by Dan Stansbie ................................103 Introduction and methodology .............................................................103 Condition ................................................................................103 Pottery from the evaluation ................................................................103 Pottery from Junction 9...................................................................104 Pottery from Junction 9 watching brief ...................................................... Ю6 Pottery from Junction 8N ..................................................................106 Funerary Pottery from Junction 8N .........................................................108 Catalogue of Funerary pottery ............................................................108 Pottery from Junction 10 Borrow Pit Area ...................................................108 Pottery from The Aubreys .................................................................108 Pottery from Area M ......................................................................108 Pottery from Area Ρ .......................................................................109 Discussion ...............................................................................109 Junction 9..............................................................................109 Junction 8N ............................................................................110 Area M ................................ _ _..................................113 Area Ρ .................................................................................113 Deposition/distribution .................................................................113 Functional analysis: pottery consumption and social stratification ...........................113 VI Contents Catalogue of illustrated vessels ............................................................115 Junction 8..............................................................................115 Cremations 6289 and 6293...............................................................117 SiteM. ................................................................................117 Junction 9..............................................................................117 Analysis of charred residue from a pot by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by Ben Stern ..............................................................................119 Sample preparation .....................................................................119 Instrumental (GC-MS) ..................................................................119 Results (GC-MS) .......................................................................120 MEDIEVAL POTTERY by John Cotter ..........................................................121 Junction 8N ..............................................................................121 Introduction and methodology ...........................................................121 Date and nature of the assemblage ........................................................121 Pottery fabrics .........................................................................121 Pottery and dating in relation to the site ..................................................128 Conclusions ..............................................................................130 Junction 8 targeted watching brief ..........................................................131 Junction 8 Compound .....................................................................131 Catalogue of illustrated vessels ............................................................131 Analysis of a glazed ceramic sherd by Rebecca Bridgman .......................................135 Introduction ...........................................................................135 Methodology ...........................................................................135 Results ................................................................................135 Observed inclusions .....................................................................135 THE CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIAL AND FIRED CLAY by Cynthia Poole .....................136 Introduction and methodology .............................................................136 The fabrics ...............................................................................136 The Roman fabrics ......................................................................136 The fired-clay fabrics ....................................................................137 The medieval/post-medieval fabrics .......................................................137 Moulding sand .........................................................................137 Discussion of the fabrics ..................................................................137 Forms and function .......................................................................138 The Roman tile .........................................................................138 The medieval and post-medieval tile ......................................................142 The fired clay ............................................................................142 The sites .................................................................................143 Junction 8N ............................................................................143 Junction 8S ............................................................................143 Junction 9..............................................................................144 The Aubreys ............................................................................144 Areas В and Τ ..........................................................................144 Areas E and F ..........................................................................144 Area M ................................................................................145 Area Ρ .................................................................................145 Area S (Junction 10).....................................................................145 Area V. ................................................................................145 Area W (Buncefield Depot) ...............................................................145 Discussion ...............................................................................145 Catalogue of illustrations ..................................................................147 WORKED STONE by Ruth Shaffrey ............................................................157 VII From Mesolithic to Motorway Summary ................................................................................147 Junction 8N .............................................................................147 Roman ................................................................................147 Medieval ..............................................................................148 Discussion .............................................................................148 Junction 9................................................................................148 Catalogue of illustrated items ..............................................................149 ROMAN COINS by Paul Booth ................................................................151 METALWORK by Ian Scott ...................................................................152 Junction 9................................................................................152 Catalogue of illustrated finds ............................................................156 Junction 8N ..............................................................................157 Catalogue of illustrated finds ............................................................158 Evaluation ...............................................................................159 Catalogue of selected finds ...............................................................159 GLASS by Ian Scott ..........................................................................159 Introduction .............................................................................159 Evaluation trenches .......................................................................159 Junction 8N and Junction 8 watching brief ..................................................159 Junction 9 excavations ....................................................................161 Middle-late Roman contexts .............................................................161 Late Roman contexts ....................................................................161 Unstratified glass .......................................................................161 Conclusions ..............................................................................161 Catalogue of illustrated sherds .............................................................161 SLAG by Luke Howarth .......................................................................161 Summary of the material ..................................................................161 Chapter 8: Environmental evidence MAMMAL AND BIRD BONES by Lena Strid ..................................................163 Introduction .............................................................................163 Methodology .............................................................................163 Preservation .............................................................................163 Junction 8N: Roman assemblage ...........................................................164 Junction 8N: medieval assemblage .........................................................164 Junction 9: Roman assemblage .............................................................165 Discussion ...............................................................................168 CHARRED PLANT REMAINS by Wendy Smith .................................................168 Introduction .............................................................................168 Method ..................................................................................168 Results ..................................................................................170 Discussion ...............................................................................170 Crop-processing by-products vs. products in Roman samples .................................170 Weed/wild plants in the Roman samples ..................................................181 Oat and brome: a tolerated impurity or a crop in its own right? ..............................181 Comparison of Roman Ml assemblages with other Hertfordshire Roman assemblages ..........181 Medieval CPR ..........................................................................182 Conclusions ..............................................................................182 THE WOOD CHARCOAL by Denise Druce .....................................................182 Introduction ............................... Methodology ............................. Results ........................... Vili Contents Neolithic ..............................................................................184 Bronze Age .............................................................................184 Late Bronze Age-early Iron Age ...........................................................184 Late Iron Age-early Roman ..............................................................185 Middle Roman .........................................................................185 Late Roman ............................................................................185 Medieval ..............................................................................186 Conclusion ..............................................................................186 THE CREMATED HUMAN BONE by Nicholas Márquez-Grant ....................................186 Introduction .............................................................................186 Methods .................................................................................186 Results ..................................................................................187 Weight and skeletal part representation ...................................................187 MNI, sex and age determination ..........................................................188 Non-metric traits .......................................................................188 Palaeopaihology .......................................................................188 Fragmentation .........................................................................188 Colour ................................................................................ 188 Discussion ...............................................................................189 Chapter 9: Radiocarbon dating by Seven Griffiths, Dan Stansbie and Rebecca Nicholson INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................191 SAMPLING ................................................................................191 RESULTS ..................................................................................193 Calibrations ..............................................................................193 Bayesian modelling .......................................................................193 The samples and their stratigraphie relationships ............................................195 Mesolithic negative features .............................................................195 Later Neolithic and later activity .........................................................196 Deposit formation and interpretation .....................................................196 Junction 8S ..............................................................................196 Human and animal cremations ...........................................................196 DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION ......................................................196 Mesolithic activity ........................................................................196 Chapter 10: Overview by Dan Stansbie, Paul Booth and Seren Griffiths LATE MESOLITHIC ACTIVITY by Seren Griffiths and Dan Stansbie ...........................199 The landscape context .....................................................................199 6th- and Sth-millennium pit sites in England and Wales ......................................199 Site layout and organisation ...............................................................199 Subsistence and economy .................................................................200 Scalene microlith chronology ..............................................................200 Wider social networks ....................................................................202 EARLY NEOLITHIC ACTIVITY by Dan Stansbie ................................................202 LATER NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE ACTIVITY by Dan Stansbie .....................204 The landscape ............................................................................204 Site organisation .........................................................................204 Subsistence and economy .................................................................205 LATER PREHISTORIC ACTIVITY by Dan Stansbie .............................................205 Distribution of evidence ..................................................................205 Site organisation .........................................................................205 Site economies and diet ...................................................................206 IX From Mesolithic to Motorway Ritual and burial practices .................................................................206 Wider social networks ....................................................................206 LATE IRON AGE AND ROMAN ACTIVITY by Dan Stansbie and Paul Booth .......................207 Settlement pattern ........................................................................207 Site layout, function and organisation ......................................................208 Agricultural economy and diet .............................................................210 Ritual and burial practices .................................................................211 Wider networks ..........................................................................211 MEDIEVAL ACTIVITY by Dan Stansbie ........................................................212 The landscape ............................................................................212 Junction 8N: settlement layout, function and organisation ....................................212 Junction 8 Compound and targeted watching brief ...........................................213 Structural components ....................................................................213 Agricultural economy, diet and status .......................................................214 The settlement in the wider landscape ......................................................215 Bibliography ...............................................................................217 Index ......................................................................................227
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owner	DE-188 DE-12
owner_facet	DE-188 DE-12
physical	XIX, 230 S. Ill., Kt.
publishDate	2012
publishDateSearch	2012
publishDateSort	2012
publisher	Oxford Archaeology
record_format	marc
series	Oxford Archaeology monographs
series2	Oxford Archaeology monographs
spelling	Stansbie, Dan Verfasser (DE-588)18837681X aut From Mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire ed. by Dan Stansbie ; with contributions by: Rebecca Bridgman [and others] ; illustrations by: Daniel Bashford [and others] Oxford Oxford Archaeology 2012 XIX, 230 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford Archaeology monographs 14 Literaturangaben Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Hertfordshire Roads / Widening / England / Hertfordshire Funde Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Straßenbau (DE-588)4057887-2 gnd rswk-swf Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Hertfordshire (England) / Antiquities Hertfordshire (DE-588)4024615-2 gnd rswk-swf Hertfordshire (DE-588)4024615-2 g Straßenbau (DE-588)4057887-2 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 s DE-604 Oxford Archaeology monographs 14 (DE-604)BV014584861 14 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026846868&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Stansbie, Dan From Mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire Oxford Archaeology monographs Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Hertfordshire Roads / Widening / England / Hertfordshire Funde Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Straßenbau (DE-588)4057887-2 gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4057887-2 (DE-588)4078951-2 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4024615-2
title	From Mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire
title_auth	From Mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire
title_exact_search	From Mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire
title_full	From Mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire ed. by Dan Stansbie ; with contributions by: Rebecca Bridgman [and others] ; illustrations by: Daniel Bashford [and others]
title_fullStr	From Mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire ed. by Dan Stansbie ; with contributions by: Rebecca Bridgman [and others] ; illustrations by: Daniel Bashford [and others]
title_full_unstemmed	From Mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire ed. by Dan Stansbie ; with contributions by: Rebecca Bridgman [and others] ; illustrations by: Daniel Bashford [and others]
title_short	From Mesolithic to motorway
title_sort	from mesolithic to motorway the archaeology of the m1 junction 6a 10 widening scheme hertfordshire
title_sub	the archaeology of the M1 (Junction 6a-10) widening scheme, Hertfordshire
topic	Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Hertfordshire Roads / Widening / England / Hertfordshire Funde Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Straßenbau (DE-588)4057887-2 gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd
topic_facet	Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Hertfordshire Roads / Widening / England / Hertfordshire Funde Straßenbau Vor- und Frühgeschichte Ausgrabung Hertfordshire (England) / Antiquities Hertfordshire
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026846868&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV014584861
work_keys_str_mv	AT stansbiedan frommesolithictomotorwaythearchaeologyofthem1junction6a10wideningschemehertfordshire

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