Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Veröffentlicht: |
Čačak
Narodni Muzej [u.a.]
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 2., dopunjeno i izmenjeno izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Monasteries of the Ovčar-Kablar gorge |
| Beschreibung: | 399 S. überw. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788684067441 9788651913924 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | ----------------______________________________________________________
САДРЖАЈ
Предговор
другом
издању
19
Прошлост овчарско-кабларских
манастира
23
Увод
25
Досадашња истраживања
манастира Овчарско-кабларске клисуре
33
Природни
амбијент
41
Средњи
век
-
нејасни почеци
51
Османско
доба
-
процват
и
разарање
61
Епоха
разарања
(XVIII
век)
73
Нова српска држава
-
обнова и
замираше
81
Двадесети век
-
време
нових
искушења
91
Ваведење
103
Вазнесење
127
Јовање
145
Успење
165
Никоље
183
Преображење
227
Савиње
243
Благовештење
255
Илиње
289
Кађеница
301
Света
Тројица
309
Сретење
335
Шест векова овчарско-кабларских
манастира
365
Monasteries of the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge
372
Аутори и извори
фотографија
и цртежа
382
Речник
струнних
и
мање познатих појмова Зо_>
Изабрана литература
385
Регистар личних имена
oW
Иконографски регистар
393
Из
рецензија
О ауторима
Monasteries of the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge
The artistic and historical heritage of the
Ovčar-Kablar
monasteries
represents the most significant civilization legacy of the
Čačak
area. These extraordinary monasteries, built in the course of six
centuries, have lived through periods of rise and decline being
repeatedly desecrated and renovated, but have continually sus¬
tained monastic life, intellectual and artistic creativity.
There are nine monasteries, two chapels and one church in the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge. It hasn t been precisely determined when
these temples were built. In the area there are places of cult
from the early Byzantine period
(б 1
century) as well as traces of
early Christian culture, and in the gorge the remains of two
early Byzantine fortifications and antique ruins were discovered.
However, no evidence has been found that any of the monasteries
were built on earlier cult worship locations.
The monasteries in the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge were most likely built
in the late I41h century, when monks of Sinait order arrived in
Serbia. This cosmopolitan Eastern European and Mediterranean
monastic order practiced hesychasm. Along with their specific
understanding of Orthodox Christianity, they introduced a new
organisation of small monastic communities and a new way of
building monasteries.
The style in which the Nikolje Monastery church was built con¬
firms that it was erected in late 14th and early 15th century, testi¬
fying to the medieval origin of the monastery. The
naos
(the
place where liturgies took place) of the Nikolje Monastery
church, fresco painted in
1587,
contains a scene ( Christ
Devine
Wisdom ) typical of the hesychastic monasteries. Before the
monastery was built, the area had been used by hermits who
had their cells in the slopes of Mt
Kablar.
The ceiling of one of
these cells still bears the faint remains of the hermits frescoes.
The two fortresses and most of the monasteries in the
Ovčar-
-Kablar Gorge were destroyed in the Ottoman conquest of the
mid-15 h century.
372
The renovation or complete reconstruction of most of these mon¬
asteries happened in the 16th century, when the area was under
Ottoman rule. During the Turkish reign it was not allowed to build
new Christian churches, only to renovate old ones on existing
foundations, but even the Ottoman control occasionally slipped.
Nowadays it is impossible to determine with certainty how and
when the monasteries of the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge were built
and/or renovated.
The churches of the Nikolje (St. Nicholas),
Sveta Trojica
(Holy
Trinity) and
Blagoveštenje
(Holy Annunciation) monasteries are
best preserved and represent the most valuable artistic, cultural and
historical heritage in the gorge. The wars and the destruction in
their wake destroyed all the other monasteries and their artistic
achievements can be judged only by the little remaining architec¬
ture or an occasional manuscript. The period after the Great Ser¬
bian Migration from central Serbia in
1690
and the whole of the
17lil century was the time of hardship and ruin for monasteries in
the
Ovčar-Kablar
region. It is most likely that the Sretenje,
Vaznesenje, Vavedenje, Preobraženje,
and Jovanje monasteries
were destroyed and abandoned at that time. The remaining three
monasteries,
Sveta Trojica,
Nikolje and
Blagoveštenje
survived
the hard times and kept their monastic orders active. The new
war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire in the early 17th
century brought with it the occupation of northern Serbia by the
Austrians, with their border with the Turks running along the
slopes of Mt
Kablar
between
1717
and
1739.
Thus the
Ovčar-
Kablar
Gorge became a border area.
The uncertain times of war were not a favourable climate for re¬
newal of the monasteries, which barely survived during the 17th
century, while the common people went into a virtual cultural
regression, especially after the second banning of the Patriar¬
chate in
Peć
in
1766.
The only monastery with any sort of active
life was Nikolje, whose monks participated in the new conflict
between Austria and Turkey
1788-1790.
MONASTERIES OF THE
OVČAR-KABLAR
GORGE
і
The wars in the region in the late 17th and during the Wh century
caused a lot of destruction and hardship for the population.
However, the peace of
1791
brought more tolerable living con¬
ditions for Christians in the Ottoman Empire. This was also
reflected in the renewal and building of new churches and mon¬
asteries. There was a lot of enthusiasm for this which had mo¬
mentum until the middle of the 19th century. Despite this, the
power or skills exhibited in these endeavours could not rival the
artistic achievements of the
Іб 1
and 17th centuries.
The first monastery to be reconstructed was Vavedenje in
1797,
with
Preobraženje
following in
1811.
Following the establishment
of autonomy from the Turks, monk (and later bishop)
Nikifor
Maksimović
embarked on the reconstruction of Sretenje in
1818,
which lasted until late 1840s. Another great undertaking was
the restoration of Jovanje Monastery in
1849.
The importance of monasteries and monks diminshed in the
course of time in the new Serbian state, whose institutions have
gradually taken over the work previously carried out by monks.
This had its influence on the monasteries in the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge, which went into partial decay, with some of them being
abandoned by monks. In the late 19th and early 20 th century the
only two monasteries still inhabited by monks were Sretenje
and Nikolje.
The monasteries faced a fresh ordeal with the road and then the
railroad cutting through the gorge in the early 20lh century.
Preobraženje
Monastery was torn down in
1911
to clear the way
for the railroad, and the cracks in the walls of
Blagoveštenje
Monastery were largely caused by the construction of a tunnel
for the planned hydro-electric power plant in the rock on which
the monastery was built.
Another reconstruction of these monasteries was started by
Bishop
Nikolaj
Velimirović
after
1934.
The monks first re¬
turned to Jovanje in
1936.
The church in
Sveta Trojica
was
also repaired and this monastery had monks again in
1937.
Vaznesenje Monastery was rebuilt from the foundations up in
1938,
and a chapel was built on the slopes of Mt
Kablar
in the
place known as Savine
Vode.
The biggest undertaking of this
time was the construction of
Novo Preobraženje
(New
Preo¬
braženje)
Monastery on the other bank of the
Morava
River
opposite its previous location. The construction work was un¬
derway between
1938
and
1940.
At that time, the cave of Ka-
denica (where a group of Christian refugees were killed by the
Turks in
1815)
was also renovated. The year before, two com-
petely new churches (Ilinje and Uspenje), wrongly labelled
monasteries, were also erected on the ruins of medieval towers
that the locals in their religious enthusiasm mistakenly took
for monastery foundations.
World War II brought another wave of destruction and suffer¬
ing. The monastery dwellings in Sretenje and
Sveta Trojica
were
destroyed in German air raids, but fortunately the monastery
churches escaped such fate. After the war, due to the construc¬
tion of the power plant in the gorge, Jovanje Monastery was
torn down in
1954
and then rebuilt on a new location in
1959,
albeit with a different design. The end of the 20tn century saw a
thorough reconstruction of Uspenje, with refectory and dwell¬
ings added in
1998.
Since
2003
this most recent of the
Ovčar-
-Kablar monasteries is inhabited by nuns.
373
MONASTERIES OF THE OVCAR-KABLAR GORGE
r
Vavedenje
-
Monastery of Presentation
of the Virgin Mary
Vavedenje is the only monastery in the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge
which is not mentioned in Turkish censuses conducted in the
16*
century. The style of the surviving parts of the original
structure of the church, though too scarce to allow for a more
precise chronological determination, points to the fact that the
monastery was most likely built after the Serbian state lost its
autonomy to Turks. Travel writers of the 19th century record the
remains of a stone bridge and other edifices near the present-day
monastery, commonly traced back to the Antiquity, but none of
these survived to the present. No archeological excavations have
been done on this site.
It is unknown when the monastery was destroyed and abandoned.
It probably happened during the Great Migration of
1690,
since
the records of
1797
reconstruction mention that the church had
stood empty for a hundred years. During the 19th century the
church was used at turns by both monks and local priests. At
times the church served as a parish church, while at other times it
was used by monks of the monastery. In
1843
Vavedenje became a
dependency of the Sretenje Monastery, When the dome above the
central part of the church fell through due to decay, it destroyed
the nave and the monks abandoned the church. Subsequent resto¬
ration of Vavedenje was finished in
1875.
Between World War
1
and World War II Vavedenje was once
again a parish church. Major work on church reconstruction
started in
1928,
and was finished by
1930.
Vaznesenje
-
Monastery of the Ascension
The first written mention of Vaznesenje Monastery was found
in the Turkish census of
1525
that quoted the Drobnjak Monas¬
tery in the region of Meduvrsje village. It is assumed that the
Turks actually referred to Vaznesenje Monastery. A gospel
manuscript written in Vaznesenje in
1570
suggests that there
was monastic activity there at the time. The manuscript was
written in the Serbian medieval tradition with a noticeable influ¬
ence of Islamic elements in the decoration. It is the only reference
to Vaznesenje Monastery that exists today. The monastery was
most likely sacked during the Great Migration of
1690,
along
with most others in the gorge. The church was razed, and the only
things that survived apart from the gutted walls were two
ambo
slabs, one of which had the motif of a rose with three orderly
layers of leaves.
The monastery lay in ruin for years and the first unsuccessful
attempt at renovation came in
1855.
During the revival of the
gorge monasteries in the
1930s
Bishop
Nikolaj
first initiated the
reconstruction of Vaznesenje in
1937.
The monastery was a nun¬
nery until
1948,
when the nuns left, only to return in
2006.
Jovanje
-
Monastery of St. John the Baptist
There was once a belief that the Monastery of Jovanje was built
as early as the 13th century. This was mostly based on the fact
that there used to be a towrer on the rise where Uspenje Monas¬
tery is now located. Archaelogical examination determined that
the tower was built in the 14th century. However, the style of de¬
sign of the Jovanje Monastery church, which was torn down in
374
MONASTERIES OF THE
OVČAR-KABLAR
GORGE
1954,
points
to the fact that the church could not have been built
before the 16th century, when it was most likely built on the foun¬
dations of an older edifice.
The Ottoman census conducted around
1536
records the exist¬
ence of the Monastery of
Sveti Jovan
(St. John the Baptist). Due
to architectural similarities of Jovanje with the nearby Nikolje
Monastery, which is first mentioned in
1476,
a likely assumption
can be made that Jovanje also dates from the 15th century. It was
built in the tradition of the
Morava
school of architecture and
might have been reconstructed on earlier foundations following
the fall of the Serbian medieval state. There are some records
that show that the monks in Jovanje engaged in intensive manu¬
script copying work during the 16th century.
There is no information on when the church was built or recon¬
structed, whether it had any frescoes, or when exactly it got its
iconostasis, and there is no record of the monastery treasury.
The monastery was most likely sacked in
1690
during the Great
Migration of Serbs across the
Sava
and Danube rivers, when many
other monasteries of the
Ovčar-Kablar
region were also emptied
and abandoned.
Jovanje remained abandoned during the 18th century. When
Vuk
Karadzic visited it in
1820
only the stone ornaments on its doors
and windows testified to the beauty of the old church.
The monastery was renewed in
1849,
but the reestablished mo¬
nastic community was neither strong nor numerous and in
1879
the monastery was desolate again. Bishop
Nikolaj
Velimirović
restored monastic life of Jovanje in
1936
by settling there twelve
nuns from the
Kaliště
Monastery. Jovanje thus became the first
women s monastery in the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge
The construction of a river dam in
Međuvršje
required that the
location of Jovanje be completely submerged. The monastery
was torn down in
1954
and the hydro-electric power plant began
operation the next year. An idea emerged that a new monastery
should be built, right above the original location.
Novo
Jovanje
(New Jovanje Monastery) was built on a hill rise overlooking
the old location. The design was made by architect Dragomir
Tadić.
However, today s Jovanje does not resemble the original
one. With the renovation of
2001,
two semi-circular conchas
were added to the narthex on the north and south sides.
Uspenje
-
Monastery of the Dormition
It is very likely that there was no earlier church on the location of
this monastery. Turkish sources from
1536
mention the Monas¬
tery of Uspenje in western Serbia, but it is uncertain whether they
refer to the same location. There is no folklore reference to the
Uspenje Monastery either. The present day monastery was built
in the 20th century near the remains of the big donjon tower and
a smaller fortress dating from the 14th century.
The remains of the tower are still visible today, even though it was
quite shaken by the mining of
1939
when it was used as construc¬
tion material for the monastery. The walls and towers of the for¬
tress were then considerably higher and more compact than today.
The archaeological site of Kulina is quite a bit older than the 14th
century, however. Excavations confirmed that there is a cultural
375
-ψ-
MONASTERIES OF THE
OVČAR-KABLAR
GORGE
layer dated as early as the
IO 1 or 11 1
century, and there were some
finds that indicate the time of Celts and even the Antiquity.
Building of the Uspenje Monastery church was completed in
1939.
Following Bishop
Nikolaj
Velimirović s
wish, Uspenje is an
exact copy of the church of St.
Constantine
and Helena in
Ohrid,
where Bishop
Nikolaj
served until
1934.
Uspenje remained uninhabited, without monks, prone to decay.
The monastery, which had been empty since its construction,
was reconstructed in
1998.
The church was completely rebuilt
and a complex of buildings was added around it, including new
guest quarters and the belfry. In
2003
Uspenje became a nunnery.
Though the church has never been fresco painted, a new iconos-
tasis has been made.
Nikolje
-
Monastery of St. Nicholas
the Miracle Worker
Just like the majority of the Gorge monasteries, in the case of
Nikolje Monastery it is not known when exactly the monastery
was founded, or who its endower was. It can be claimed with
considerable certainty that the monastery was built in the Middle
Ages, most likely at the end of the 14th or in the early 15th centu¬
ry. Its first written mention was in the Turkish census of
1476,
the earliest written record of the existence of any of the
Ovčar-
-Kablar Gorge monasteries.
The monastery church is a vaulted edifice with one nave, with a
triconchal basis without a dome, and with the inside area divided
into two sections. The western part is the narthex, which was a
later addition. Over the rectangular
naos
is a single lengthwise
oriented semi-cylindric vault. There used to be a porch in front
of the southern entrance, while nowadays only a small canopy
remains protecting the frescoes.
The frescoes in the
naos
of the Nikolje Monastery church were
painted in
1587,
those in the narthex and on the outer southern
wall in
1637.
It is not known whether there were any frescoes in
the church prior to this. Based on the symbolism of the scene of
Christ
Devine
Wisdom on the apses of the northern choir, the
monastic life in Nikolje and indeed in the entire gorge area has
been linked to the hesychastic movement.
The layout and iconography of the
naos
frescoes are mostly tra¬
ditional, with considerably simplified subject matter, but their
symbolism remains rather scholarly, grounded in the mysticism
of hesychasm. The Nikolje frescoes in their artistic qualities do
not rank among the greatest achievements of the 16th century in
the area. The high number of depictions of holy martyrs and the
selection of most popular warriors, whose cults had their reflec¬
tions in folk beliefs, testify to the fact that the painters of Nikolje
frescoes sought to equally please both the layman public and the
monastic community. Some special characteristics in the layout
of paintings in the Nikolje church stem from the peculiarities of
its design and the circumstances in which the frescoes were made,
particularly from the demands of those commissioning the work,
and the painters education.
A series of narthex frescoes devoted to Mary Mother of God,
which are of higher quality than those in the
naos,
repeat the
motifs of the throne icons of the front rood screen of Blagove-
štenje
Monastery painted from
1622
to
1633.
The upper portion
of the narthex was never painted and it remains bare of frescoes
to this day.
The subject matter and iconography of the narthex frescoes in the
Nikolje Monastery church fit within the 16 th and 17 th century cus¬
tomary framework. The only exception is in the zone of standing
figures, where St. Nicholas is depicted with King Stephen of De¬
cani. A direct model for the fresco must have been an illustration
in the Book of Months, printed in Venice in
1538
by
Božidar Vuko-
vić.
A joint representation of St. Nicholas and Stephen of Decani
was first seen in the nearby Monastery of
Blagoveštenje,
and also
in St. Nicholas church in
Ježevica
in
1636,
which indicates that
this fresco was part of the same cycle or done by the same painters.
The narthex frescoes have lost their original colour and fresh¬
ness, most likely due to a fire. Remains of older frescoes can be
376
MONASTERIES OF THE
OVČAR-KABLAR
GORGE
seen underneath those in the narthex painted in
1637,
but it is
unknown when they were painted.
The little information that remains from this period can shed
light on few details of monastery life. The first decades of the
17th century were filled with work on manuscript copying. It was
recorded that Nikolje was visited by Patriarch Maksim in early
spring of
1671
and by Patriarch
Arsenije Čarnojević
III in
1683,
at the beginning of the battle of Vienna.
This was the time when Serbs migrated in great numbers across
the
Sava
and the Danube and a lot of monasteries were either de¬
stroyed or abandoned but Nikolje was fortunate enough to have
been spared. There are even fewer records about Nikolje Monas¬
tery from the 18th century. The uncertain times and fear contrib¬
uted to the monastery standing empty between
1772
and
1775.
During the First Serbian Uprising, in
1811,
the church roof was
re-covered. Some monks from Nikolje were also active partici¬
pants in the Uprising in
1815,
and were even sent as negotiators
for the side of autonomous Serbia led by Prince
Miloš.
Prince
Miloš Obrenović
was greatly attached to the monastery
since it had served as a hiding place for his family when the
First Serbian Uprising failed in
1813,
and his son
Petar
was buried
in Nikolje. The Prince demonstrated his fondness of Nikolje as
early as
1817,
when he gifted the monastery with an estate. The
monastery was also renovated that year, but the exact scope of
the work remains unknown. During the first reign of
Miloš Obre¬
nović
the monastery also had guest quarters added, which re¬
main standing today as a precious example of folk architecture
of the time.
The new iconostasis for the Nikolje Monastery church was built
from
1826
to
1829.
The work was financed from the bequest of
the late Abbot,
Hadži Atanasije,
and directed by the Prince him¬
self. The Iconostasis in late Byzantine style depicted the complex
ruling ideology of the founder of the
Obrenović
dynasty, showing
Prince
Miloš
not only as the ruler of Serbia but also, after a fashion,
as a church leader.
The most valuable icon of the Nikolje treasury is the Mother of
God of Passion, painted in the early
16
h century. It was brought
to Nikolje from the Miokovci church and can be classified as
Italian-Cretan. Its author may have been Andreas Ritzos from
Crete
(Cândia),
the most famous Madonna painter of the time.
The treasury of Nikolje Monastery safeguards the most signifi¬
cant Serbian manuscript from the early 17 th century. That is the
Karan
Gospel, written in
1608
in the
Blagoveštenje
church, bet¬
ter known as the White Church of
Karan
in the village of
Karan
near the town of
Požega.
The
Karan
Gospel is a unique example
of the influence of Islamic art on manuscript decoration and
ornamentation in the region. Three of the four major flags in
the book which represent the Evangelists, as well as the smaller
ones, were made in keeping with the Islamic tradition of manu¬
script decoration.
The most exquisite of church service utensils in Nikolje is the
silver five-bread vessel (artoclasia), made in
1719
for Dobrilovina
Monastery, bearing the signatures of craftsmen
Đura Grujičić,
Spasoje Nikolić,
and
Milovan Petrović.
There is fine filigree
work on a silver censer found when digging for the foundations
of the new monastery guest quarters, as well as on a silver oil
lamp dating from
1749.
Another reconstruction of the Nikolje Monastery church took
place in
1852,
when the frescoes on the south wall of the church
were completely covered with plaster. The entire church was re-
plastered at this time and new arches were added on the choir
and altar forefronts in
1859.
No major reconstructions were un¬
dertaken until
1932.
After World War II almost the entire mon¬
astery estate was nationalised. Due to communist persecution
monks left the monastery which was repopulated in
1946
by nuns.
In the following decades the monastery was saved from deterio¬
ration thanks to aid from the state. In
1989
a small but precious
treasury was founded in Nikolje which is now open to the public.
Preobraženje
-
Monastery of the Transfiguration
The first written record of
Preobraženje
Monastery dates from
1525,
when the existence of a monastery by that name is men¬
tioned in the vicinity of the village of
Vrnčani.
Subsequent cen¬
suses in the 16th century repeatedly record the monastery and its
income. Built under the cliffs of Mt
Kablar,
it probably served as
a place of common worship to the anachorites in the late medi¬
eval period.
Based on the scarce information available, it is difficult to recon¬
struct monastery life in the first centuries of its existence. What
is certain is that the monks copied manuscripts there. It remains
unknown to this day what the church used to look like and who
its patrons and founders were. The monks probably abandoned it
377
MONASTERIES OF THE
OVČAR-KABLAR
GORGE
during the Great Migration of
1690.
Folk tales preserve the mem¬
ory of the destruction of hermit cells on the slopes of Mt
Kablar
overlooking the monastery. The remains of these cells were still
visible when
Vuk
Karadzic visited the monastery in
1820.
The monastery had been a ruin for over a century, until
1811,
when monk
Nikifor,
later the Bishop of
Uzice,
built a smaller
church on the site. Five years later
(1816),
after the Second Ser¬
bian Uprising, the church was fresco painted, only to be quickly
abandoned again due to a weakened structure.
Records do not mention monastery activity during the 19th cen¬
tury.
Preobraženje
was a dependence of either Nikolje or
Blago¬
veštenje
monasteries and had no monks. In
1911,
the monastery
was torn down so that the railroad could cut through the gorge.
Preobraženje
was restored on the other bank of the
Zapadna
Mo¬
rava
River, opposite its original location, which took two years,
from
1938
to
1940.
The new
Preobraženje
bears no resemblance
to the original church. Nowadays the monastery is inhabited by
monks who renounce all material possessions and are utterly de¬
voted to their spiritual endeavours.
Savinje
-
St.
Sava
Church
On the craggy chalk slopes of Mt
Kablar,
a natural outcrop of the
rock harbours a chapel to St.
Sava,
built in
1938
on the spot where
there is a spring called Savine
vode
(St. Sava s Waters). The rock
ceiling above the chapel still bears the visible remains of frescoes.
The slopes of Mt
Kablar
were most probably used as shelter by
hermit monks who painted some of their cave cells. The remains
of walls next to the caves where the monks used to live could still
be seen in the early 19th century.
The present day chapel is of modest proportions, but considering
the remoteness of its location, its very construction was an out¬
standing achievement in itself. Its base is square and it is com¬
pletely covered by the chalk outcropping above, so only two
sides, the west and the south, actually have walls. The chapel is
managed by the
Preobraženje
Monastery. A thorough recon¬
struction was completed in
1980.
Blagoveštenje
-
Holy Annunciation Monastery
Blagoveštenje
is one of the few gorge monasteries for which it
is known precisely when it was built and who its patrons and
founders were. The writing above the church entrance states
that it was built in
1601/02.
It was designed in the
Raška
archi¬
tecture style, probably modelled after a church in the nearby
town of Arilje. Its architecture makes
Blagoveštenje
one of the
most beautiful monasteries in the gorge, surpassed only by
Sveta
Trojica
Monastery.
A lunette above the entrance was painted the same year that the
church was built. The monastery elder
Nikifor
engaged famous
painter Mitrofan to paint the necessary throne icons for the
service along with the lunette. At the time, the unpainted inte¬
rior of
Blagoveštenje
only contained a series of throne icons on
a low icon stand. During the following thirty years the monks
went to service in a church not painted with frescoes. It was only
in
1632/33
that a wooden partition was introduced to divide the
church into the
naos
and the narthex. This partition, which no
longer exists, contained a series of icons.
The entire
Blagoveštenje
monastery church was painted in
one go in
1633.
Though relatively modest in their artistic value,
Blagoveštenje
frescoes, including interesting representations of
378
MONASTERIES OF THE
OVČAR-KABLAR
GORGE,!
St. George the New and Prince
Lazar
in the narthex, still rank
among the highest achievements in Serbian fresco painting of
the first half of 17th century.
Blagoveštenje
Monastery treasures one of the most important
iconostases
of the first half of the 17th century in terms of ecclesi¬
astical art of the period. The monastery church was one of few to
get such impressive interior ornamentation, with the iconostasis
dominating the space with its rich wood carving and paintings.
The wooden partition used to contain another iconostasis, created
in
1634/35,
but it has been removed since. It is also interesting to
note that the narthex of Nikolje Monastery is an almost exact
copy of the
Blagoveštenje
narthex, the iconostasis included, in
terms of its iconography.
There are no great details in historical records of the following
decades to shed light on what happened with the church until it
was once again reconstructed in
1644
and covered with shingles.
A new apse was most probably built at the time, the old one hav¬
ing collapsed for reasons unknown. The apse remains unpainted
with frescoes to this day. Guest quarters, built the same year, no
longer exist.
It is not known whether the
Blagoveštenje
Monastery sustained
any damage in the Great Migration of
1690.
The monastery
church was not destroyed. During the following century few mon¬
asteries were inhabited and records of them were brief and scarce.
In
1809,
during the First Serbian Uprising, the monastery roof
was re-covered. It appears that
Blagoveštenje
Monastery was set
on fire by the Turks some time in the following decade.
itţ-
Due
to the dilapidation of the church, the impressive old iconos¬
tasis was taken down in the early 20th century for restoration,
which lasted nine decades.
Ilinje
-
St. Elijah Church
On a conical rise above
Blagoveštenje
Monastery there stands a
church dedicated to St. Elijah which is sometimes mistakenly
called a monastery. The church was built in
1939
on the remains
of the foundations of a big tower from the 14th century. Older
layers of remains have been found on this site, which connect
the fortified tower to the early Byzantine period
(б 1
century). It
is not known whether a church had previously existed in the
same location as well.
The fortified tower above
Blagoveštenje
was probably very simi¬
lar to the tower overlooking Jovanje, where Uspenje Monas¬
tery was later built. The church of Ilinje is a simple, modest edi¬
fice with a single nave, of rectangular design at its base, without
a dome or a narthex. Apparently, it was modelled after the
Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul in the vicinity of
Žica
Monastery. Unfortunately, this temple has never been inhabited
by monks.
Kadjenica Cave
Going up the
Zapadna
Adorava
River, on its right bank, not far
from
Ovčar Banja (Ovčar
Spa) there is a cave called Kadjenica
where a large number of Serbian refugees were killed in
1815,
when the Turks set fire in the cave suffocating the people inside.
The exact number of people killed in the cave has never been
determined. Contemporary estimates suggest that the cave could
have housed between
500
and
600
people. Bone remains analysis
has established that a large number of children between the ages
379
~Щг
MONASTERIES OF THE
OVČAR-K
ABLAR GORGE
of
1
and
2
and children older than that, along with people over
70,
were among the victims.
Because of its inconvenient entrance, the cave has seldom been
entered. It was put to order during the great restoration of all the
gorge monasteries in the
1930s.
The victims bones were gathered
together and placed into two sarcophaguses, between which an
altar apse with a painted representation of the Crucifixion was
placed. This work was finished in
1940.
Sveta Trojica
-
Holy Trinity Monastery
Certainly the most beautiful of all the monasteries of the
Ovčar-
-Kablar Gorge, the Monastery of
Sveta Trojica
is located on the
wooded south-western slopes of Mt
Ovčar.
Based on the research
of Turkish censuses it can be assumed that the monastery was
built at end of the 16th century.
The
Sveta Trojica
Monastery church is a one-nave structure
with the rectangular choirs, an elaborate three-part altar space,
a narthex and a dome rising above the central part of the church.
The three-part altar space with a five-sided apse, the one-nave
naos
with choirs surmounted by a huge dome laid on a twelve-sided
tambour, the narthex realized as a separate section covered with
a blind calotte, the graceful proportions and the stone relief deco¬
ration of the portal,
ambo
and
transenna,
were the reasons why
the Monastery of
Sveta Trojica
has for a long time been thought
to date from the 13lh century. In fact, the church was designed
and built with the idea of returning to the tradition of the
Ra¬
ska
School of architecture, sparked by the reconstruction of the
Patriarchate of
Peć
in
1557.
The beauty of the church testifies to the skill of its builders and
stonemasons engaged by an obviously wealthy patron with re¬
fined taste. In spite of the hard times, he managed to express his
sense of beauty and the spiritual in architecture. The harmony
and proportion of the church do not make it just the most im¬
portant architectural achievement in the
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge,
but also one of the highest achievements of Serbian Orthodox
church architecture of the end of the 16th century. However, the
church, with the exceptions of the lunettes above the narthex
and the
naos,
has never been painted with frescoes.
Only few data give a picture of monastery life in the first century
of its existence. The reconstruction of the church revealed some
burn marks, probably from
1690,
when a lot of monasteries in
the Gorge suffered considerable damage. However, the monas¬
tery was reconstructed and in the records for
1723
the second
mention of
Sveta Trojica
in historical documents is encountered.
This is followed by long decades of no mention at all, until
1814,
wtien documents record that books from the Monastery of
Sveta
Trojica
were transported to
Blagoveštenje.
The documents then
mention that in
1820
no monks lived in the monastery. Instead,
two priests lived there with their families.
The new quarters, built in
1844,
which are still in existence to
the north of the church, testify to the diligence of folk arhitecture
of that time. The reconstruction did not stop there. A massive
bell tower was added next to the narthex in
1850,
to remain there
until
1902,
when it was torn down. This belfry was probably
built at the initiative of the agile bishop
Nikifor
Maksimović,
380
MONASTERIES OF THE
OVČAR-KABLAR
GORGE ¡.
who had dedicated his entire life to the restoration of the
Ovčar-
-Kablar monasteries.
Another landmark event for the monastery was the creation of a
new iconostasis done by Nikola
Markovié
in
1868
in the spirit of
romanticism, with wood carvings in classicist style. In spite of
all these efforts on renovation, the monastery was desolate
again. The monks returned to it after its reconstruction in
1937.
World War II brought more destruction with it. The monastery
was damaged in the German bombing of
1941.
The new quar¬
ters built to the west of the church together with the belfry were
destroyed in this air raid. The detonations caused some damage
to the narthex as well but the harm done was not considerable.
The monks did not return to the monastery until
1955.
Nowa¬
days,
Sveta Trojica
is the most beautiful and orderly monastery
complex in the entire
Ovčar-Kablar
Gorge.
Sretenje
-
Candlemas Monastery
It is not known exactly when the Sretenje Monastery was built.
It was first recorded in
1528,
in the Turkish census under the
name of Koranje, in the vicinity of the village of Markovica.
A thorough reconstruction in early
19*
century considerably
changed the original appearance of the church. The lower parts
of its
naos,
the altar apse, its brick altar partition and the
ambo
suggest that the church was built in the spirit of replication of
Raška
style of architecture.
Meagre records of the first centuries of existence of Sretenje
Monastery containing references to isolated events give but a
glimpse of its monastic life. It is recorded that in
1623
the Tar¬
tars in Turkish service torched the monastery. However, the
greatest damage to Sretenje was undoubtedly done during the
Great Migration in
1690.
Sretenje was most likely abandoned by
monks at the end of the 17th century, and the following century
records hold no mention of the monastery.
Sretenje was not renovated until the second decade of the 19th
century. A vigorous monk, the latter bishop
Nikifor
Maksimović,
having restored
Preobraženje
in
1811,
withdrew in
1817
to a cave
above Sretenje which lay in ruins. The Sretenje Monastery church
seems to have been restored in
1818,
but the works on the mon¬
astery complex continued for another
30
years.
Today the Sretenje Monastery church is a one-nave domeless
edifice, with shallow rectangular choir spaces, a five-sided apse
considerably lower than the rest of the
naos,
and with a square-
based narthex above which an outsized bell tower rises. The
walls of the previous church, before its renovation in
1818,
were
preserved probably up to the choir level.
The great reconstruction of the monastery led by
Nikifor
Maksi¬
mović
lasted until
1847.
Despite the fact that it was a huge and
long-lasting project, the renovation was done unskillfully and
improperly.
Painter
Živko Pavlovic
from
Požarevac,
who previously painted
throne icons, and Nikola
Jovanović
from
Ohrid
were invited in
1844
to paint the interior of the church with frescoes. These
painters did not produce work of very high artistic value.
Bishop
Nikifor
who died unexpectedly on February 28th
1853
was buried on March 3rd in a prepared tomb in the church
narthex, and his remains are still there.
In
1941
Germans bombed the quarters housing the valuables,
the archive and the library. The bell tower and the church itself
were also damaged.
Following World War II Sretenje was under a special manage¬
ment regime and was adminstered jointly with the Monastery of
Sveta Trojica
until
1946.
The very next year, in
1947,
Sretenje
became a nunnery.
381
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1043444939 (DE-588)1043444955 (DE-588)1043868097 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041382318 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)862847854 (DE-599)BVBBV041382318 |
| edition | 2., dopunjeno i izmenjeno izd. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ovčarsko-Kablarska klisura (Serbia) Church history Ovčarsko-Kablarska Klisura (DE-588)4553160-2 gnd Kablar (DE-588)4553157-2 gnd Ovčar (DE-588)4553155-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ovčarsko-Kablarska klisura (Serbia) Church history Ovčarsko-Kablarska Klisura Kablar Ovčar |
| id | DE-604.BV041382318 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:55:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788684067441 9788651913924 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026830268 |
| oclc_num | 862847854 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 399 S. überw. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Narodni Muzej [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure Delfina Rajić ... [Fotografije Saša Savović] Monasteries of the Ovčar-Kablar gorge 2., dopunjeno i izmenjeno izd. Čačak Narodni Muzej [u.a.] 2012 399 S. überw. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Monasteries of the Ovčar-Kablar gorge Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Orthodox Eastern monasteries Serbia Ovčarsko-Kablarska klisura History Kloster (DE-588)4031225-2 gnd rswk-swf Ovčarsko-Kablarska klisura (Serbia) Church history Ovčarsko-Kablarska Klisura (DE-588)4553160-2 gnd rswk-swf Kablar (DE-588)4553157-2 gnd rswk-swf Ovčar (DE-588)4553155-9 gnd rswk-swf Ovčar (DE-588)4553155-9 g Kloster (DE-588)4031225-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Kablar (DE-588)4553157-2 g Ovčarsko-Kablarska Klisura (DE-588)4553160-2 g Rajić, Delfina 1961- Sonstige (DE-588)1043444939 oth Savović, Saša 1964- Sonstige (DE-588)1043444955 oth Timotijević, Miloš 1969- Sonstige (DE-588)1043868097 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026830268&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026830268&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Orthodox Eastern monasteries Serbia Ovčarsko-Kablarska klisura History Kloster (DE-588)4031225-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031225-2 (DE-588)4553160-2 (DE-588)4553157-2 (DE-588)4553155-9 |
| title | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure |
| title_alt | Monasteries of the Ovčar-Kablar gorge |
| title_auth | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure |
| title_exact_search | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure |
| title_full | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure Delfina Rajić ... [Fotografije Saša Savović] |
| title_fullStr | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure Delfina Rajić ... [Fotografije Saša Savović] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure Delfina Rajić ... [Fotografije Saša Savović] |
| title_short | Manastiri Ovčarsko-kablarske klisure |
| title_sort | manastiri ovcarsko kablarske klisure |
| topic | Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Orthodox Eastern monasteries Serbia Ovčarsko-Kablarska klisura History Kloster (DE-588)4031225-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Orthodox Eastern monasteries Serbia Ovčarsko-Kablarska klisura History Kloster Ovčarsko-Kablarska klisura (Serbia) Church history Ovčarsko-Kablarska Klisura Kablar Ovčar |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026830268&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026830268&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rajicdelfina manastiriovcarskokablarskeklisure AT savovicsasa manastiriovcarskokablarskeklisure AT timotijevicmilos manastiriovcarskokablarskeklisure AT rajicdelfina monasteriesoftheovcarkablargorge AT savovicsasa monasteriesoftheovcarkablargorge AT timotijevicmilos monasteriesoftheovcarkablargorge |