The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA: history and geopolitical importance
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cluj-Napoca
Presa Universitară Clujeană
2013
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| Online-Zugang: | Literaturverzeichnis Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 344 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9789735955397 9735955393 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONCLUSIONS
An active part of Romania's recent history, the strategic relationship with the U.S.
is the embodiment of a political idea remarkable not only by its theoretical
development, but also by the way in which it was realized and its support by the
two partners. We considered that over fourteen years after its launch an in-depth
approach of the historical and geopolitical, theoretical and practical aspects of this
high-level political act in the history of bilateral relations.
In the last decade of the 20th century, the historical developments in Central and
Eastern Europe have tended to resume a geopolitical definition process started at
the end of World War 1. The process had been blocked by the rise of Bolshevism,
spoiled by the virulence of Fascism and removed from the political agenda for over
half a century of deep ideological Cold War. through its December 1989
Revolution, the Romanian people has demonstrated its desire to return in the
family of Euro-Atlantic democracies, to re-discover and re-affirm its historical
geopolitical position. For this, Romania needed access to two crucial instruments ֊
NATO and the EU. The attempt to gain this access became our strategic national
interest at the border between the 20th and the 21st century. This goal's fulfillment
required the transit of a unique historical process — the reform of a society deeply
affected by Communist ideology and its return to the pattern of Western
democracies. The "by ourselves" strategy was equally applicable, yet insufficient
for a society whose most inner functioning mechanisms had been weakened.
The collapse of the post-war continental security system faced Romania with a
vital interest issue - the need to ensure its national security. The 1990-1993
confusions generated by a hesitating policy, based on a geopolitical view
unsupported by the developments and un֊validated by subsequent historical
realities were eliminated in January 1994, by the inclusion in the PfP Program
offered by NATO. Given the delay of some processes, the acceleration of the pace
of domestic reforms after the inauguration of the Emil Constantinescu presidential
administration could not support our candidacy for NATO integration in its first
wave of enlargement. Moreover, the EU accession perspective appeared to be far
from accomplishment at the time. Consequently, lacking a vehicle like the Visegrdd
Group, Romania needed an accelerator of its trip. It is when a political idea that
was as unusual by its audacity, as it was brilliant by its foresight emerged - joining
our efforts with the U.S., an exceptional political actor by its position as foremost
and sole global superpower.
305
Under novel historical and procedural conditions, on July 11, 1997, Romania was
entering a strategic partnership with the U.S. In a sub-regional geopolitical area
tormented by country borders redesigning, country redesigning and severe
unpredictability, we were entering a relatively new type of international
relationship. It was a partnership relationship with a still insufficiently shaped
theoretical, legal and diplomatic foundation and based on a gentlemen's agreement,
an unusual initiative in that context. The major discrepancy in the two partners'
geopolitical positions was compensated for by at least three factors: (1) the
partners' constant and substantial determination to support this relationship; (2)
the nature of the historical bilateral relations and (3) the overlapping or
coincidence of interests that were vital for Romania and important for the U.S.
We note the difficulty to conduct an extensive analysis of the Romania-U.S.
Strategic Partnership for a variety of causes, especially the lack of documents.
Being a recent history topic, numerous official documents are subject to the Law' on
National Archives. The complexity and high volume of military and security
projects subject to specific classification rules additionally restrict access to data
and information - as it is natural. Reference to war theaters suffices to understand
to span of these restrictions, all the more so given that the political processes
underlying the partnership are active, under development and that the partnership
practically covers the entire range of Romanian-American interactions. Naturally,
we do not deny the existence of classified political and security studies conducted
by various state institutions - for instance diplomat Napoleon Pop's studies.
Unfortunately, as they are not public, they cannot bring additional expertise and
cannot orient public analyses. The difficulty of the task was increased also by the
absence of a structured and official political-diplomatic document, this partnership
being based instead on a gentlemen's agreement This topic was not extensively
researched in political sciences academic papers either, a fact which could steer the
young Romanian theorists and politicians' interest away from it. The lack of
academic research on Romania's strategic relationship with the U.S. is all the more
difficult to understand given the increasing number of Romanians that studied or
are interested in studying at American education institutions. Their inconsistent
expression or their absence from the process of drafting, elaboration and
implementation of Romanian policy for the U.S. also reflects the level of maturity
of Romanian civil society and its involvement in Romanian state foreign policy
drafting.
We assert and argue that the July 11, 1997 decision is not a spontaneous and
accidental development in the history of bilateral relations. It is the continuation of
a series of significant developments in both Romania-U.S. direct relations and U.S.
relations with South-Eastern Europe. Obviously, in its formal dimension, the
strategic partnership has no precedent in the history of Bucharest-Washington
relations. However, it does have a real historical foundation, marking the
beginning of a new chapter in bilateral history.
306
For Romania, this political action is exceptional for several reasons, of which we
mention: (1) the U.S.'s unique global position as prime and sole global
superpower; (2) its name and strategic dimension, with its full range of meanings;
(3) its coverage of the entire bilateral relationship space; (4) its effectiveness,
substantiality and vitality - all the more remarkable given the absence of a legally-
binding formal political-diplomatic framework document
We consider the implementation of this strategic relationship with the U.S. to be
one of the three main post-Revolution political objectives and accomplishments
which ~ together with NATO and RU accession - received the population's and
the main national political actors' general consensus. The bilateral relationship -
whether in the context of the strategic partnership or of the PfP - was not only an
objective in itself, but also the main instrument in Romania's NATO accession. In a
difficult historical era, it became the political and strategic vehicle necessary and
accessible to Romania in order to support its path to the European and Euro-
Atlantic institutions. Moreover, although it was designed as a foreign policy
instrument, the partnership also became an effective instrument in shaping
Romanian internal realities and a source of democratic values and practices for
Romania. Neither Romania, nor the U.S. intended and implemented the
partnership as an alternative to Romania's non-inclusion in the first wave of
enlargement of the Alliance or as a gift. The strategic bilateral relationship was a
necessity for both partners, serving both mutual and specific goals determined by
each party's geopolitical position. In this respect, we note that for the American
side, the strategic partnership with Romania was the key-element of its post-1996
policy for South-Eastern Europe.
We believe that for approximately five years - between 1997 and 2002 - the
relationship was practically Romania's main viable security arrangement, although
an informal one. We also believe the strategic partnership with the U.S. generated
and expedited the change of Romania's sub-regional, regional and global geo-
political and strategic position at the border between the 20th and the 21st centuries.
Through this relationship, Romania exited the European grey area and returned as
an important factor in the Pontic-Baltic Isthmus. The partnership favored increased
visibility of our sea position and Romania's return ~ over half a century later ֊ to
the position of significant political actor and direct and active participant in the
geo-political redefinition of the Pontic space.
The strategic partnership with the U.S. represented the basis for a Romanian
political attitude extraordinary by its expedition, amplitude and nature of
consequences - acting as a de facto NATO member and U.S. ally after September 11,
2001. It determined the development of bilateral relations up to a level of mutual
trust based on which the U.S. requested and Romania accepted to grant it
permanent military facilities on its national territories - approximately 50 years
307
after the last foreign - Soviet military presence. In 2010 this was followed by the
Barack Obama Presidential Administration's invitation for Romania to participate
in the development of the U.S. missile defense system1 in Europe.
The partnership fostered the modernization of the Romanian Army and its
positioning as a determinant factor in supporting and rendering the strategic
operation operational and credible. Once again, the Romanian Army proved its
capacity and determination to be the unifier, driving force and the firm champion
of essential national interests. In this context, we emphasize the importance of the
security issues and of the cooperation with the DOD - the Romanian Army's
partner in the definition and implementation of this strategic bilateral partnership.
The strategic partnership with the U.S. was a key element of the post-1997 national
security strategies drafting and implementation. Romanian Ministry of Interior
Affairs, Public Ministry and intelligence services structures had a similar influence.
In what concerns the Romanian society structure reform and modernization-
related objectives, the relationship favored Romania's path to meeting the EU aqtus
and EU accession.
We note the population's constant and tremendous support for the partnership,
one of its key factors. The relationship objectives, programs and resources
constantly developed, extended and deepened and the relationship proved its
capacity to support the effort required for the fulfillment. Thus, if in the beginning
they were focused on the specifics of the relationship and on Romania's topics of
interest, progressively they became oriented towards the externals of the
relationship, on third -party regions and the U.S.'s interests. We are referring in
particular to the participation in the Global War on Terror. In our opinion, despite
geopolitical discrepancies, the nature of bilateral relations established on July 11,
1997, did not alter in time and Romania constantly retained its freedom of choice.
Our position on the independence of Kosovo - different from the U.S.'s - is
evidence in this respect.
The partnership influenced not only Romanian realities, but also American
attitudes and policies for South-Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region, a fact
repeatedly confirmed by some of the most important American politicians.
Economic relations did not reach the full cooperation potential for various reasons.
One of the reasons is the development of the Romanian legislative framework
which did not foster the entry on American capital and large investors on the
Romanian market; it was slow, hesitant, depriving the strategic relationship of a
1 See: President Traian B sescu's Press Statement at the end of the National Supreme Defense Council
meeting of February 4, 2010 at: www.presidency. ro
308
support vital for its depth, substance and temporal endurance2. This strategie
partnership is not a panacea of issues that Romania is facing, and for various
reasons some of its objectives and programs did not yield the desired results. The
destiny of the Romania-U.S. Action Commission - an institution with a partially
exploited potential, which was insufficiently supported by Romania and
prematurely abandoned by the U.S. is an example in this respect, despite the
prospects of the U.S.-Romania relationship which would have required a major
increase in the role of this component.
Obviously, in its relationship with Romania, the U.S. follows the guidelines of its
important interests. Traditional North-American generosity does not diminish the
role of and does not replace U.S. policy and interests as a great power. During our
research, we have not identified any gratuitous and disinterested gestures and
attitudes, but rather U.S. gestures and attitudes superficially interpreted or not
interpreted and ignored by Romanian politicians.
Jt is necessary for us to better understand how this phenomenon affects Romania's
potential to creatively participate in the redefinition and consolidation of the
transatlantic relationship. Therefore, the study of the strategic partnership with the
U.S. has to continue with the perspective opened by our integration in the EU.
Romania is a country fully committed to its European destiny while also having
the privilege to be in a direct strategic relationship with Europe's historical partner
- the U.S. Our ability to harmonize our position will be our very contribution to
the redefinition of this transatlantic relationship.
In our opinion, the retention of a complex, privileged and direct relationship with
the U.S. has to be a long-term national strategic objective since we have significant
assets, the U.S. partner has medium- and long-term objecti ves in the region and the
U.S.'s role in defining world-scale development directions and rhythms are so
important. At the border between the 20th and 21st century, Romania has had a
functional, prolific strategic bilateral interest-based partnership with the U.S. for
more than 14 years. Systematic scientific and concrete efforts are necessary in order
to enjoy all the advantages resulting from this situation that is unique in our
history.
2 The development of bilateral economic relations as objective of Romanian foreign policy in the
relations with the U.S. ranked fourth out of five in terms of importance in Romania's foreign policy
strategy. See: Romania's Foreign Policy Strategy-A Synthesis, p. 17, at: wwio.mae.ro
309
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.9
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.13
LIST OF APPENDICES.15
INTRODUCTION.17
I. THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE LAUNCH OF THE ROMANIA-U.S.
STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP.23
LI. Romanian-American relations - key moments.23
I. 2. Landmarks of the regional and national historical and political context
preceding the launch of the Romania-U.S. Strategic Partnership.49
II. THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANIA-U.S. STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP.61
II. l. The Theoretical Foundations of the Romania-U.S. Strategic Partnership.61
IL2. The doctrine, political and security foundation of the Romania-U.S.
Strategic Partnership.91
11.3. The parameters of the Romania-U.S. Strategic Partnership.135
11.4. Factors influencing-shaping the development of the Strategic
Partnership between Romania and the U.S.231
III. THE GEOPOLITICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE ROMANIAN-AMERICAN
STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP.237
111.1. The geopolitics of the Romanian-American Strategic Partnership.237
111.2. The implications of the Romanian-American strategic partnership for
Romania's geopolitical and strategic profile.251
111.3. The geopolitical implications of the Strategic Partnership between
Romania and the U.S. for Romania's relations with the European Union.287
CONCLUSIONS.305
AFTERWORD.311
SOURCES. 313
APPENDICES.319
7 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Toboşaru, Nicolae 1957- |
| author2 | Vasile, Iulia Violeta |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | i v v iv ivv |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1081571810 (DE-588)122451880 |
| author_facet | Toboşaru, Nicolae 1957- Vasile, Iulia Violeta |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Toboşaru, Nicolae 1957- |
| author_variant | n t nt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041376587 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)953875321 (DE-599)BVBBV041376587 |
| era | Geschichte 1960-2008 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1960-2008 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041376587 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-11T20:03:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
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| spelling | Toboşaru, Nicolae 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)1081571810 aut The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA history and geopolitical importance Nicolae Toboşaru ; foreword: Emil Constantinescu ; english translation: Iulia Violeta Vasile Cluj-Napoca Presa Universitară Clujeană 2013 344 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1960-2008 gnd rswk-swf Geopolitics / Romania National security / Romania Außenpolitik Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd rswk-swf Partnerschaft (DE-588)4026924-3 gnd rswk-swf Romania / Foreign relations / United States United States / Foreign relations / Romania Rumänien USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Partnerschaft (DE-588)4026924-3 s Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 s Geschichte 1960-2008 z DE-604 Constantinescu, Emil 1939- (DE-588)122451880 wpr Vasile, Iulia Violeta trl Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026824638&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026824638&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026824638&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Toboşaru, Nicolae 1957- The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA history and geopolitical importance Geopolitics / Romania National security / Romania Außenpolitik Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Partnerschaft (DE-588)4026924-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4012402-2 (DE-588)4026924-3 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA history and geopolitical importance |
| title_auth | The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA history and geopolitical importance |
| title_exact_search | The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA history and geopolitical importance |
| title_full | The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA history and geopolitical importance Nicolae Toboşaru ; foreword: Emil Constantinescu ; english translation: Iulia Violeta Vasile |
| title_fullStr | The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA history and geopolitical importance Nicolae Toboşaru ; foreword: Emil Constantinescu ; english translation: Iulia Violeta Vasile |
| title_full_unstemmed | The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA history and geopolitical importance Nicolae Toboşaru ; foreword: Emil Constantinescu ; english translation: Iulia Violeta Vasile |
| title_short | The strategic partnership between Romania and the USA |
| title_sort | the strategic partnership between romania and the usa history and geopolitical importance |
| title_sub | history and geopolitical importance |
| topic | Geopolitics / Romania National security / Romania Außenpolitik Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Partnerschaft (DE-588)4026924-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geopolitics / Romania National security / Romania Außenpolitik Diplomatie Partnerschaft Romania / Foreign relations / United States United States / Foreign relations / Romania Rumänien USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026824638&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026824638&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026824638&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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