Romite v Bălgarija: broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Bălgarska Akad. na Naukite, Nacionalen Inst. po Geofizika, Geodezija i Geografija, Dep. "Geografija"
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Roma people in Bulgaria |
| Beschreibung: | 235 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789549649093 |
Internformat
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| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Bălgarska Akad. na Naukite, Nacionalen Inst. po Geofizika, Geodezija i Geografija, Dep. "Geografija" |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 235 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Roma people in Bulgaria | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806960900127588352 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Увод
.4
ГЛАВА ПЪРВА
Теорепшко-методологични основи на изследване на ромите
.11
Понятийно-терминологични постановки
.11
Етническа група и национално малцинство
.11
Признаци на етноса
.12
Етнически процеси
.21
Ромите като етническа общност
.22
Класификации В ромската етническа група В България
.24
Методични особености при отразяване на етническия състав на
населението на България при отделните преброявания
.33
Методи на изследването
.37
ГЛАВА ВТОРА
Фактори, влияещи върху броя и териториалното разположение
на ромската етническа група
.45
Първи период
-
от ОсвооЪЖдението
(1878
г.) до края на Втората световна война
(1944
г.).45
Естествено възпроизводство при ромите
.45
Механично двиЖение на ромите
.50
Втори период
-
от края на Втората световна война
(1944
г.) до края на
1989
г.
57
Естествено Възпроизводство при ромите
.57
Различия в естественото възпроизводство меЖду ромското население в
градовете и селата
.65
Механично двиЖение на ромите
.66
Трети период
-
след
1989
г
.72
Естествено Възпроизводство при ромите
.78
Механично двиЖение на ромите
.84
ГЛАВА ТРЕТА
Динамика в броя на ромите в България от Освобождението
(1878
г.)
on
2011 ? 01
ГЛАВА ЧЕТВЪРТА
Териториални особености в броя и локализацията на ромите в България
от Освобождението
(1878
г.) до началото на
XXI
век.
_.101
Обща характеристика
.101
Ромите в градовете
.113
Ромите в Североизточна България
.120
Ромите в Северна Централна България.
.,.131
Ромите в Северозападна България
.136
Ромите в Югозападна България
.141
Ромите в ЮЖна Централна България
.147
Ромите в Югоизточна България.
.¿.,.,.154
Ареали
с
висока концентрация на ромско население в България.
165
Заключение.
.174
Литература.
.179
The roma in Bulgaria
-
their number and localization,
f
rom
the Liberation
(1878)
until the beginning of the 21st century (Summary).
.,.ь^.v.,.fw.,.,.^.;.І5^
*»*»*** *·■··■■·**
·
SUMMARY
THE ROMA PEOPLE IN BULGARIA
-
THEIR NUMBER AND LOCALIZATION,
FROM THE LIBERATION
(1878)
UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY
In recent years, not only in Bulgaria, but also in Europe, and around the
world, an increased interest in problems related to the ethnic communities is being
observed, and in particular
-
to their number, demographic development, spatial
mobility and spatial location. In our country, this interest is mostly directed towards
the Roma ethnic group.
There is strong discrepancy between the number of the Roma, reported in
the official census results, and the number estimated through scientific and empiri¬
cal research. As a result, huge speculations on this topic take place in the society
and in the media, which further complicates the relations between ethnic communi¬
ties in the country. All that imposes a necessity of exploring this topic on the basis
of a scientific study, in attempt to establish the actual number and location of the
Roma ethnic group in Bulgaria.
The main objective of this study is to trace accurately the changes in the
number and in the location of the Roma ethnic group, which group constituted
no more than
2%
of the population during the whole history of our country after
The Liberation. In this study, general and regional features of the dynamics of
demographic processes and spatial distribution of the Roma in Bulgaria have been
traced, and some main trends in the development of these processes have been
established.
The current situation in the number and location of the Roma ethnic group is
a result of its demographic development through different periods. The study cov¬
ers the years from The Liberation of Bulgaria
(1878)
till the beginning of the
XXI
century. Such a retrospective analysis makes it easier to clarify the current status
of the Roma ethnic group. Despite the prolonged co-existence between Bulgarians
and Roma, too little is known about the Roma in Bulgaria. So far, no complex
geographical study of this population has been made, which includes the same time
span and covers the entire present territory of Bulgaria.
The information necessary for realization of the current study, is provided by
the following main sources:
-
Statistics on the ethnic composition of the population, in particular of the
Roma ethnic group
-
census data for the period from The Liberation till the
beginning of
tüe
21st century;
—
Roma-related data, accessible in the
archive
funds after the year
1989 -
Cen¬
tral State Archive
-
Sofia
-
Other information from scientific and other studies on the Roma ethnos in
■.
Bulgaria. ;
■■., .-.'■,,.:,. ■■■;.,,,.,;,.■.;■.■■ ,.,,--■,-;,-., .-,;■ -
;.
.·.
iř
=.■ ,'
Reviewing the data sources, it can be concluded that despite some shortcom¬
ings in the period
1900-2011,
a rich fund of statistical data exists, allowing us to
1УЈ
correlate
ethnie structures
throughout the entire period, regardless of the different
methodological approaches used in the censuses, and enabling us to analyze the
processes of change in these structures on a strict scientific basis.
Correct assessment of the different stages, which the formation and the
development of the different ethnic groups in Bulgaria has passed through, is the
first step in conducting a modern state policy toward those groups, which will also
contribute to a natural and full integration, in particular of the Roma, into the
composition of the Bulgarian nation, as a distinctive ethnic community, with equal
rights, with its own specific ethno-cultural group characteristics.
Clarification of the conceptual-terminological apparatus is one of the impor¬
tant methodological problems related to the study of ethnic groups. For the pur¬
poses of the current study, the main attention is devoted to the concepts of "ethnic
group" and "national minority", as well as to the particularities in the formation,
development and the characteristic signs of the Roma ethnic group.
The term „ethnic group" denotes part of a given ethnicity, which lives in the
territory of another state, surrounded by other ethnicities or lives dispersed among
them, featuring a lot of specific elements of the culture, language, unitary ethnic
consciousness of the individuals. The people, who form ethnic groups, are usually
bilingual and even multilingual. An ethnic group should be studied historically be¬
cause of the dynamics of its development.
As of today, there is no definition for „national minority" adopted in the
international and Bulgarian legislation. However, that term is used in various in¬
ternational documents, such as the Framework Convention for the Protection of
National Minorities of the Council of Europe. In Bulgaria the constitutional court
came with a decision, that the term is conventional, i.e. not a legal term, hence
lacking a clear legal definition and scope of application.
In the current study, major signs of ethnicity (such as culture, language,
religion, common origin, common territory, ethnic consciousness, etc.) are taken
into consideration and analyzed, refracted through the specific nature of the Roma
ethnicity. Nevertheless, it has been noted in conclusion, that none of the features
should be absolutized, for there is no exact rule of defining an ethnic group. There¬
fore, the implementation of an integrated approach towards exploring problems
of this kind seems most logical. This means that when characterizing an ethnos,
its features should be regarded as a complex. It should be noted that each of the
ethnic features taken into consideration in the study, is not specific to just one
ethnicity only. Furthermore, the nature of each ethnos is formed not by some
single component, but is composed as a combination of inherent objective charac¬
teristics. That does not mean that the ethnos is represented by some mechanical
assembly of features; it is a whole entity, where certain components play the role
of system-creating elements. In some cases, such role is played by the language,
in others
-
by cultural characteristics, etc. In the investigated Roma ethnicity, a
leading, unifying element is the nature of behavior, culture, the common historical
destiny, the attitude of surrounding society toward Roma groups. These elements
played the role of a strong consolidating factor, regardless of the lack of some of
the basic features of the ethnic communities. Ethnic features are
nôt
permanent
Î94
and mandatory for ail historical periods in the development of a given ethnos.
Many examples of ethnic communities which have lost its territorial, economic and
partly linguistic integrity exist, and yet
-
they have preserved their self-dependant
way of life (typical example in this regard are the Roma).
Although ethnic communities are generally characterized by stability, they
undergo some changes in time, preserving some continuity. To explain in detail
the reasons for the changes in the ethnic structure, it is necessary to consider the
nature and symptoms of the ethnic processes. Ethnic processes are classified as
ethno-generating, ethno-evolutionary and ethno-transforming, and further on
-
the
nature of those processes, their way of manifestation and specific characteristics
are also clarified. The main role in the development of the ethnic processes among
the Roma, is being played by the group organism, which has stabilizing effect and
retains individual groups in their current stage of development.
Many researchers highlight a certain type of a pre-class society ethnic com¬
munity, which type strongly resembles the modern Gypsy ethnos. Gening
(1970)
suggests that these "supra-tribe" ethnic communities should be called "intergroups"
(intergroup ethnic community). Several authors assign Roma ethnic community to
intergroup ethnic community, given the following reasons: the Gypsy community
is not a homogeneous community, and is divided into a number of internal sub¬
groups, each bearing the attributes of the ethnic group (Maruschiakova,
1992,
in
Bulgarian); Roma groups are often hostile to each other; many of them have their
own potestary (group) authorities; the various dialects differ to such extent that the
members of the various groups are not able to understand each other; anthropo¬
logical features and macrosociety's attitude toward them has helped to create the
awareness of a community and solidarity, and the common land of origin, together
with the similar historical fate of the groups, despite the huge differences between
Ölem,
are the reasons for the emergence of common cultural and historical fea¬
tures (Maruschiakova,1991, in bulgarian); complex hierarchical structure of ethnic
consciousness (Popov,
1991,
in bulgarian) etc.
|ы
Some of the existing classifications of the Roma ethnos are presented in the
study, in which classifications usually a single leading attribute of the ethnic com¬
munity is taken into account, such as the ethnic consciousness in some of the cases
(Maruschiakova,
1992,
in bulgarian;
Tomova,
1995,
in bulgarian; Kertikov,
2002,
Щ
bulgarian), while in other cases, that leading attribute is the common dialect
(Pamporov,
2006,2008,
in bulgarian). Maruschiakova
(1992,
in bulgarian) combines
toore indicators of different kinds, in attempt to elaborate an ideal hypothetical
»iodei
of the Gypsy group. She further compares different categories of Roma
groups with the model, and thus determines the degree of degradation of their
fthnic identity. The proposed scheme by Marushiakova, is built on the specific
features of the Roma self-consciousness and their contemporary state. Other addi¬
tional criteria are the language, the way of life, boundaries, endogamy, professional
specialization, the time when they settled in Bulgarian lands, etc. Marushiakova of-
"
s a widely built hierarchical classification of the Roma population and its groups
Bulgaria, and marks three groups of Roma: settled gypsies (the so-called Yerlyi);
"er
nomads (the so-called Kardaraschi or
Vlach
gypsies), and Roma gypsies
(i.e. Romanian-speaking gypsies). (Fig.
2).
Tomova
(1995,
in bulgarian) offers another classification based on empirical
sociological research. That classification is based on the comparison between data
for self-declared belonging and expert evaluation.
Later, in
2002,
Kertikov determines the Roma in accordance with the direc¬
tion of their self-declared belonging: Bulgarianized, Turkicized and Gypsy Roma.
Pamporov
(2006, 2008,
in bulgarian) offers his classification of the Roma in Bul¬
garia (table.
1),
by marking the dialect community, to which the Roma groups
belong. Two communities are highlighted: Balkan community
-
strongly influenced
by the Greek, Turkish and Bulgarian language and Vlashka
(Vlach)
community
-
influenced by the Romanian dialects. Pamporov divides the first community into
two groups: Dasikane (Bulgarian) Roma and
Horohane
(Turkish) Roma. To the
Vlashka dialect community, Pamporov
(2006, 2008,
in bulgarian) defines three
groups: Kaldarashi, Kalaydzhii and
Rudari/Ludari.
This brief survey can be summed up in a conclusion that it is very difficult
to make a commonly accepted classification of the Roma ethnicity, because of the
specific characteristics of the Roma as an ethnic community on one hand, and
because of the dynamic nature of the changes, which occur in the Roma ethnos as
a whole, as well as in the various Roma groups, on the other.
To achieve the study's purpose and in accordance with the assigned tasks, the
following general and specific methods of scientific research are used, being con¬
sidered as the most appropriate: analysis and synthesis, comparative geographical
analysis for the detection of similarities and differences in the territorial distribution
of the number and location of the Roma population, mathematical-statistical map¬
ping with the use of
GIS
for spatial analysis and visualization, analysis of literature
sources, etc. Several mathematical methods associated with mathematical model¬
ing, as well as various tools in ArcGIS were used in defining regions with compact
Roma population: the coefficient of ethno-territorial community, the compactness
coefficient, conditional density, conditional populated area, the actual density of
the ethnos;
-
actual populated area of the ethnos, mosaic coefficient, the method
of geometric proximity, which in its nature allows the generation of "Voronoy poly¬
gons"
-
part of the geo-spatial analysis in ArcGIS (Fig.
3),
as well as the ArcGIS
tools: »Aggregate", „Inverse Distance Weighted" (IDW) (Fig.
3,
B) and „Hot Spot
Analysis"
(HSA)
(Fig.
3).
Analysis of the factors affecting the number and the location of the Roma
ethnic group during three different historic periods has been done in the study.
The analysis of the first period (from Bulgarian Liberation till the end of WW
II) shows that this was the first stage of demographic transition of the Bulgarian
Roma, which was characterized by high birth rates (Fig.
4),
high mortality rates
(Fig.
5)
and moderate natural growth of the population (Fig.
6).
The Bulgarian government policy towards the ethnic groups and in particu¬
lar towards the Roma ethnic group was hesitant
-
it started with reduction of the
rights of the Bulgarian Roma after The Liberation
(1878),
followed by decades
of revocation of the existing
politicai
and cultural restrictions. This process was
interrupted by the BZNS government led by
Al.
Stamboliyski and also during the
years of WW II, in relation with the worsening situation of the ethnic groups in the
country. Regardless of government policy, the Roma people seemed to have found
favorable conditions for life in Bulgaria, which was demonstrated by the directions
of migration and by the positive migration balance. All these processes promoted
growth of the Roma ethnic group throughout that first part of the discussed period.
The second period in consideration coincides with the years of the so-called
socialist development of the country (since the end of WW II till the end of
1989)
and could be characterized as a period of deepening differences in the de¬
mographic indicators between the Roma ethnic group and the other ethnic commu¬
nities in the country. In each ethnic community the different stages of demographic
transition are characterized by different intensity, duration and features, depending
on the specific influence of the historical, socio-economic and ethno-cultural fea¬
tures. From the detailed analysis of the natural and the migration movement of
the Roma ethnic group in Bulgaria, between WW II and the end of the
1980s,
the
following conclusions can be formulated:
-
The first phase of the demographic transition of the Roma ethnic group, which
was featured by moderate natural growth (up to
20
%o) (Fig.
12)
as a result of
g
high birth rates (around and over
40
%o) (Fig.
7)
and high mortality rates (20%o)
Џ
(Fig.
11),
continued till the beginning of the
1950s.
These years coincide with
řv?
the first phase of demographic transition of the Turkish ethnic group, whereas
■
for the Bulgarian population this phase ceased with the end of WW I (First
World War).
|
-
The second phase of the demographic transition of the Roma population was
featured by a quick increase of the natural growth (Fig.
12)
as a result of the
| rapid reduction of the mortality rate (Fig.
11),
combined with the relatively slow
decrease in the birth rate (Fig.
7).
By contrast, the Bulgarian population was
|f featured in that phase by a quick decrease of both
-
mortality and birth rates,
4-
hence
-
no such sharp increase of the natural growth was observed. The second
fp; phase of the demographic transition of the ethnic Bulgarians ended by the be-
Í
ginning of the
1950s -
the time when it had only just began for the Roma and
the ethnic Turks in Bulgaria. High values of natural growth of Roma popula¬
tion were typical till the end of the
1990s,
while for the Turks
-
they were only
typical till the end of the
1970s -
by the time when the second phase of the
demographic transition of the ethnic Turks in Bulgaria ended.
p
-^ The third phase of the demographic transition of the Bulgarians was character-
I
ized
by a continuous decline of the birth rate, combined with increasing of the
Ц
mortality rate, which resulted eventually in changing the values of the natural
growth from zero to negative. This was a sign of going into the fourth phase of
the demographic transition, which occurred in the beginning of the
1980s.
For
the Bulgarian Turks the third phase had just began at that time, and a specific
Щ
feature of that phase was the lack of rapid increase of mortality rate, due to the
retained younger age structure of that population group.
*
The policy towards ethnic groups in the country was characterized again by
too much inconsistency regarding their status. In the beginning of that period
Bulgarian authorities established a number of rights of the ethnic groups in
■■:■'■■■■■■■ '■·-'/ ■"■■ ■■ ■ ' ■ ■■ '■■■■■ ■-'■■ - ■ ■-■■■'■■■
¡ІУ/
■■.-'■. ■■.', ·.■.■■■'■■■■■. .' .'■'.·.';.■.' ■ ': ■■''■■.·:'■' .-.·'.·■ ■ '. ■
the country and thus contributed to their cultural and economic progress. Bul¬
garian authorities also gave them freedom of ethnic and religious self-declaring.
In the
1960s
and the early
1970s,
the Bulgarian state began to revaluate its
previous policy, by starting to gradually restrict the rights of the ethnic minority
groups and by pursuing progressive deletion of ethnic differences. Up till then, a
presumption existed, according to which the ethnic groups in the country would
unite into a single nation by equalizing the economic, political, social, spiritual
and psychological indicators of the various ethnic communities. Since the begin¬
ning of the
1980s,
a new idea was launched
-
the idea of homogenization of the
Bulgarian nation, by carefully organized „revival process" starting namely with
the Bulgarian Roma. Up till then, emigration abroad was restricted, thus con¬
tributing to the increase of the Roma population in the country. A certain part
of the Muslim Roma were involved in the so-called "Big excursion" (politically
triggered emigration of Turks and other Muslims to Turkey), but an accurate
assessment of the number of the Roma who left the country is impossible to
make.
The third period started after 10th November
1989.
Despite the politi¬
cal changes in Bulgaria, the problems of the Roma population were not resolved
completely. The adopted Constitution in
1991,
in which the most important legal
foundations were embedded, provides full civil and political rights for all citizens,
regardless of their ethnic consciousness. In the years following
1989,
a number
of measures aimed at overcoming discrimination and respecting the rights of the
ethnic groups in the country, were taken:
-
synchronization of the domestic legislation with the European standards in the
field of human rights and protection of minorities;
-
political, socio-economic and cultural integration of minorities into Bulgarian
society;
-
developing of an adequate institutional mechanism, which covers all levels of
different types of authorities, with clearly defined responsibilities and powers;
-
consistent and effective implementation of the Framework Convention For
Protection Of National Minorities (Report submitted by Bulgaria,.
2003,
in
bulgarian).
The development of the state after
1989
poses new issues of the situation of
the Roma ethnic group in the country, which need to be solved.
The decline of living standards in the country, the deterioration of the living
conditions and the unequal status of the ethnic groups on the labor market, to¬
gether with the ethnic discrimination of the unemployed, as well as the unfavorable
educational structure of the Roma, additionally aggravate the differences between
ethnic communities in the country and destroy the stereotypes of behavior and
their relationships, sharpening the ethnic tensions.
Over the past two decades, and especially after
1989,
birth rates among all
ethnic communities decreased, as a result of severe economic crisis and the sense
of insecurity caused by the social changes in the country. Nevertheless, the de¬
crease of birth rates of the Roma is the smallest (table
13).
The level of education,
the material and cultural needs, the satisfaction of certain aspirations for education
and child raising, as well as children value assessment, determine the maintaining
of high birth rates and high natural growth of the Roma.
Two periods in the Bulgarian Roma emigration process after
1989
can be
clearly outlined: a period of weak emigration mobility
tiu
the beginning of the 21st
century; and a second period (the first decade of the 21st century)
-
of increased
emigration, as a result of the adoption of Bulgaria in the so-called
Schengen
"White List" (April
2001)
and the
EU
accession of the country (January
2007)
which, together with the socio-economic problems that accompany the transition
period, prove to be crucial for the Bulgarian Roma in making a decision to emi¬
grate.
Despite the fact that the Roma ethnic group in Bulgaria is the second
largest minority group after the Turkish, very few studies have been made after
the Liberation of Bulgaria, as well as in the period between the WWII and the
end of
1989.
During the entire period following The Liberation, the Roma is the
only ethnic group in the country, which was featured by a continuous increase in
number (with the exception of the
1920
census when the results were affected by
changes in the territory of Bulgaria occurred, the
1975
census
-
when the results
were classified and the ones that were published were not the actual results, and
with the exception of the
2011
census
-
according to official statistics the number
of the Roma group has decreased since the previous census, but in fact its increas¬
ing continues (Fig.
13,
Table
21,
Fig.
14).
Judging by the analysis of the factors
for population number, it can be concluded that the natural growth has been the
main factor of the growth of the Roma population in Bulgaria. The ethno-cultural
characteristics, the specifics of employment, the impact of the standards imposed
in the value system of the Roma group, combined with the specificity of the settle¬
ment environment, the young age structure, the deteriorating educational structure
and the livelihoods, are the key factors that largely determine the maintenance of
high levels of natural growth of the Roma population. Decisive influence on the
birth rate decrease, respectively, the natural growth, had the final settling down
of the Roma, regulated by Decree
№ 258
of the Council of Ministers from 17th
October
1958,
which act coincided with the completion of the land collectivization
and with a raise of the educational level of the Roma. The next significant drop
in the values of the reproduction indicators was observed in the middle of the first
decade of the 21st century, when accelerated rates of transition to the third phase
of demographic transition were sensed.
Throughout the whole period after The Liberation, immigration prevails over
emigration, which generally has low intensity and hence
-
little influence on the
ШтЬег
of Roma in country, with only few exceptions (for example during the so-
called "Big excursion" and the years after
2001).
With the change in policy towards
the ethnic groups in the country since the mid
1950s,
it was concluded that the
growing trend of Roma Muslims of Turkish mother tongue declaring themselves
&s Turks, should be stopped by changing the Turkish-Arabic names to Bulgarian
names» which policy began to be applied to Roma people at the end of the
1950s.
M a result of that policy, however» the opposite effect was achieved
-
instead of
the existing trends, they were actually amplified
-
the number of Roma
declaring themselves as Turks or Bulgarians began to grow. The current analyses
show that those processes were even additionally intensified after the so called "re¬
vival process" and during the so called transitional period towards market economy
in the beginning of the
1990s.
These trends will continue to affect the Roma self-
declaring in the years to follow.
Two periods in the dynamics of the number of Roma can be clearly defined
after
1989:
the first period corresponds with the last decade of the 20th century,
and is featured by an increase in the number of Roma, due to limited Roma
emigration; the second period overlaps the first decade of the 21st century, and is
featured by a decrease of the number of Roma, modeled by an increasing emigra¬
tion as a result of poor economic conditions and increased social insecurity in the
country.
Unlike the Turkish ethnic group, the Roma people live dispersed among the
general population and therefore no typical areas of high Roma settling density
have been formed in the country.
Each particular Roma group is economically connected to an ethnically dif¬
ferent environment, while the contacts between the various Roma groups often
are totally lacking. Therefore, the integration process within the Roma ethnic com¬
munity as a whole, is weak (Marushiakova, Popov,
1993,
in bulgarian). One of the
reasons why Roma live across the whole territory of a given country, not just in
Bulgaria, is the specific character of their professions and crafting which they prac¬
tice to make a living, but yet cannot support a large group of Roma. This forces
them to split into relatively small units and to maintain closer economic relations
with other ethnicities rather than with their own. It is those relations that contribute
to the formation and transformation of the Roma ethnic self-consciousness, and
make the estimation of the exact number of Roma difficult.
Despite the widespread opinion of the public that the Roma expand in ter¬
ritorial aspect, the number of settlements with Roma population has risen insignifi¬
cantly
-
from
1857
right after The Unification of Bulgaria in
1885
to
2069
by
1992,
and that number is almost unchanged till the last census of
2011.
The significant
increase of the relative share of Roma in those settlements, however, is another
issue.
It is as early as the first censuses that certain areas with high concentration
of Roma population stand out. The highest territorial concentration of settlements
with Roma presence is observed in Northeastern and South Central Bulgaria, where
half of the settlements with presence of Roma population are located throughout
the whole discussed period.
Throughout the first part of that period
-
between The Liberation and the
end of WWII
-
the Roma population number grew by
90 %.
The highest growth
rate was detected in Southwestern Bulgaria (by
158 %),
South Central Bulgaria (by
119%)
and in Northwestern Bulgaria (by
90,3 %),
The smallest growth was calcu¬
lated in Northeastern Bulgaria (because within that period, in the years between
1920
and
1940,
South Dobrudzha area was not a part of the Bulgarian territory
and the Roma, just like the Bulgarian population, migrated to the nearest adjacent
Bulgarian territories, which on their hand, showed some of the highest population
200
|řowth
in the country at that time). Other areas of high growth rate were the areas
¿round Pazardzhik,
Stara Zagora
and
Haškovo.
The rates of population growth of
Roma in Southeastern and North Central Bulgaria
(70,2 %)
were lower than the
national average. (Fig.
30;
Fig.
31).
| During the second part of the discussed period
-
between the end of WW II
and
1989
г.,
the number of Roma nearly doubled (growth of
92%),
but unlike the
^previous period, the highest growth (by over
120 %)
was estimated in Northeast-
cm, Southeastern, South Central, and again
-
in Southwestern Bulgaria. Insignifi¬
cant growth (by less than
30 %)
was detected in North Central and Northwestern
JSulgaria, where most of the municipalities which observed decrease of Roma
population number were located. The highest values of average annual growth rate
fjover
5 %)
of the Roma population (Fig.
32)
was estimated in the municipalities
t
Southern Dobrudzha region, the Varna agglomeration municipalities, Burgas re-
on, Yambol region,
Stara Zagora
region, Plovdiv region, most of the municipali¬
ses in the Ludogorie region, Western
Stara Planina
region and the western parts
f
the Danube plain.
During the third part of the discussed period
-
between
1992
and
2011,
two
subperiods stand out
-
from the beginning of the
1990s
till the end of the 20th
ntury, which period was featured by fast growth of the Roma population in the
untry, and a second subperiod
-
overlapping the first decade of the 21st century
when a decrease of the Roma population was detected. Nevertheless, compared
to the beginning of that last period
(1992 - 2011)
in Southern Bulgaria the num-
^
ber
of Roma has increased, while in Northern Bulgaria it has decreased. The only
municipalities in Northern Bulgaria where the number of Roma has grown were
^Application
19)
some of the municipalities in Western
Stara
Planina
region, the
ones along the main motorway between the cities of Sofia and Pleven, as well as
some municipalities in the Ludogorie region. The majority of the municipalities in
"
uthern Bulgaria observe positive growth rates of Roma population number, with
e
exception of the municipalities in the Central and Eastern Rodopi Mountains,
me municipalities in Southwestern Bulgaria and the municipalities located in the
area between the cities of Plovdiv and
Stara Zagora.
і
Throughout the whole period between The Liberation
(1878)
and
2011 -
the
-year of the last census
-
two areas stand out as areas of highest concentration of
Roma population
-
Northeastern and South Central Bulgaria, where half of the
J
Roma population in Bulgaria is concentrated. The lowest concentration of Roma
Ь
measured in Southwestern, North Central and Southeastern Bulgaria, where the
.
share of Roma does not exceed
15 %
of the total population. Northwestern Bul¬
garia occupies an intermediate position in that aspect. Similar to the trends in the
development of Roma-inhabited settlements, the development of Roma concentra¬
tion can also be divided into two periods
-
till the beginning of the
1990s,
and the
fears after that moment. Up till the beginning of the
1990s,
no significant changes
the Roma concentration occurred, with the exception of the lowering concen-
tion of Roma in Northeastern Bulgaria after
1910
as a result of incorporation
territories after the Balkan Wars» and thus achieving more smooth distribution
the Roma in Bulgaria. Since the beginning of the
1990s,
a trend of growing
201
concentration
of
Roma in
Southwestern Bulgaria has been detected, (mostly due
to the growing number of Roma in the capital city of Sofia), as well as in South
Central Bulgaria and Southeastern Bulgaria, while in the three Northern regions
of the country
-
a decrease of the Roma population number has been measured.
That decrease is most significant in Northwestern Bulgaria, which is in total unison
with the depopulation processes typical for that part of the country.
Up till the beginning of the
1990s,
no major deviations from the national
average share of the Roma population were observed in the different parts of the
country (Fig.
29).
The relative share of Roma is higher than the national aver¬
age value in Northwestern, Northeastern and in some occasions (censuses)
-
in
Southeastern Bulgaria. During the whole period in focus, Southwestern and North
Central Bulgaria stand out with the lowest share of Roma, with values lower than
the national average. Since the beginning of the
1990s,
together with the growth of
relative share, increasing of differences in the various parts of the country is also
visible, especially in recent years. The most significant growth of the relative share
of Roma is being observed in Northwestern Bulgaria, where despite the decrease
of concentration of Roma population, an increase of the relative share of Roma is
also occurring due to the extreme depopulation processes among the ethnic Bulgar¬
ian population in that part of the country. A significant growth of the relative share
of Roma is also visible in Southeastern, South Central and Northeastern Bulgaria.
North Central and Southwestern Bulgaria stand out with their lowest relative share
of Roma with the smallest changes in its values.
If the relative share of Roma is scrutinized on a lower territorial level (mu¬
nicipalities), significant differences can be traced. Throughout the whole discussed
period, the municipalities in Western and Eastern Rodopi Mountains, the Kraishte
region, Central
Stara
Planina
and the adjacent area of the Predbalkan region,
Central Danube plain and Southwestern Bulgaria, stand out with the lowest relative
share of Roma population. Generally, till the beginning of the
1990s,
only a few
areas of higher relative share of Roma had shaped out, while in all other parts of
the country the relative share of Roma was close to the national average. Till the
beginning of WW II those were the municipalities of Northwestern Bulgaria (in
particular
-
the Western Danube plain), Pazardzhik region, Sliven region, Eastern
Stara
Planina
and the adjacent Predbalkan region, as well as some municipalities
in the Ludogorie region. (Applications
4, 5, 6, 12).
Since the end of WW II till
the beginning of the
1990s
(Applications
7, 8, 9, 13),
an increase of the relative
share of Roma had been observed in all municipalities. That increase was most
significant in the above mentioned municipalities (with the highest share of Roma),
as well as some municipalities which since the end of the 20th century stand out
with significantly higher relative share of Roma (up to twice the national average).
Those municipalities are located in Southern Dobrudzha region, the Central Sub-
Balkan valleys,
Stara Zagora
region,
Haškovo
region, some municipalities along
the Southern Black Sea coast. The area of increased share of Roma has expanded
significantly in the Plovdiv-Pazardhik region, Western
Stara
Planina
region and
in some municipalities in Southwestern Bulgaria such as Kyustendil,
Tran, Samo-
kov and Ihtiman. Till the end of the discussed period (that is the
2011
census),
202
growth of the relative share of Roma has been observed (Applications
9, 10, 11,
14, 15, 16)
in all parts of the country. The trend of increasing of Roma population
number in the above mentioned territories continues. The highest relative share
of Roma (over
15%
of the total population) and the highest growth in number
of municipalities with such a relative share (from
10
in
1992
to
40
by
2011)
has
been detected in the South Dobrudzha region (Kaynardzha, Dobrich, Nikola Ko-
zlevo and
Kavarna),
in Northwestern Bulgaria (Belogradchik, Chuprene, Ruzhintsi,
Lorn, Valchedram, Yakimovo, Brusartsi, Medkovets, Berkovitsa, Varshets), in the
Central Sub-Balkan valleys region (Tvarditsa, Maglizh, Gurkovo, Nikolaevo), in
the Eastern
Stara Planina
and Predbalkan region (Varbitsa,
Kotel, Antonovo),
in
some municipalities in Strandzha-Sakar region (Straldzha, Sredets), in the area of
Pravets, Yablanitsa and Lukovit, and in some other municipalities in various parts
of the country, such as
Tran, Lybimets,
Simeonovgrad,
Brezovo, Vetovo, Borovo,
Provadia,
Perushtitsa, Krichim, Rakitovo, Lesichovo and Ihtiman.
Until the beginning of the
1950s
the share of Roma living in urban settle¬
ments was higher than the shares of the Bulgarian and the Turkish urban popula¬
tion (Fig.
24, 25, 26,
Table
22).
Since the end of WW II, a clear trend of growing
concentration of Roma in urban settlements has been observed, as a result of the
higher migration rate of the Roma on one hand, and because of granting urban
status to many settlements with a large number of Roma, on the other. By the
end of the discussed period, nearly half of the Roma population in the country
resides in urban settlements, which makes the Roma ethnic group less urbanized
than the Bulgarian, but more urbanized than the Turkish ethnic group, exceeding
its urban population by
10
percentage points. In recent years, intensification of
migration towards urban settlements is being observed
-
Roma move to cities in
search of a way out of the heavy economic crisis and the rising unemployment.
The concentration of Roma is quite visible in the large cities
-
nearly half of the
urban Roma population resides in urban settlements with population of over
10
thousand people.
As as far as the structure of the settlements according to the share of Roma
is concerned, two periods can be outlined:
Till the beginning of the
1990s -
a period when the settlements with low rela¬
tive share of Roma (less than
10 %
of the total population) represent a significant
share (over
85 %)
of the settlements with presence of Roma, where as much as
65 %
of all Roma people resided. (Fig.
15, 16);
Those settlements are distributed evenly across the territory (Applications
20,
22, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35).
Till the beginning of the
1990s,
the settlements with relatively significant share
of Roma
(10-30 %
of the total population) were mostly concentrated in Northeast¬
ern Bulgaria and in particular
-
the Ludogorie region, Eastern
Stara Planina
and
the Predbalkan region, where some
70%
of all settlements of that group (share
of Roma
10-30 %)
were located. Other areas of distribution of settlements of the
same group (till
1989)
are the Pazardhik-Plovdiv Field and the Eastern Sub-Balkan
valleys region. Since the beginning of the
1990s,
the number of settlements in that
category has been growing, as well as their territorial distribution
-
in Northwestern
Ш
3-
■:- :"■■■■■
Bulgaria,
the
Central
Sub-Balkan valleys and the Maritza River valley eastwards of
Plovdiv (Applications
21, 25, 30, 33, 36,
Fig.
17, 18, 19).
For a long period of time (until the beginning of the
1990s)
the settlements
with very high relative share of Roma (over
30%
of the total population) consti¬
tuted an insignificant share of the total number of settlements with Roma presence,
and concentrated less than
5 %
of the total number of Roma in the country. Since
the beginning of the
1990s,
however, the share of such settlements in the structure
of Roma populated settlements grew up to
18 %
by
2011.
Till the beginning of the
1990s, 80 %
of those settlements were located in Northeastern Bulgaria (mainly
in South Dobrudzha region). Since then, the territorial distribution of those settle¬
ments has been expanding in the Eastern Sub-Balkan valleys region,
Haškovo
region,
Stara Zagora
region and Burgas region (fig,
20, 21, 22, 23,
Applications
23, 26, 28, 34).
Until the beginning of the
1990s,
the structure of settlements according to
their share of Roma in the different parts of the country was similar to the struc¬
ture of those settlements on a national level. Since then, however, as mentioned
above, changes in that structure have been occurring and the territorial differen¬
tiation has been growing, especially according to the last two censuses
(2001
and
2011).
The smallest changes in the structure of Roma populated settlements have
been observed in North Central Bulgaria and in Southwestern Bulgaria, where
the share of settlements with high
(10-30 %)
and very high (over
30 %)
share of
Roma, remains small. With a settlement structure similar to that of the country as
a whole are Northwestern, South Central and Southeastern Bulgaria, where smooth
trend of growing number of settlements with high and very high share of Roma
has been detected. The most significant changes and the largest deviation from
the Roma settlement structure are being observed in Northeastern Bulgaria. As
early as
1992,
a sharp increase of the share of settlements with high and very high
share of Roma has been occurring (both groups constitute more than half of all
settlements with Roma population in that part of the country), and unlike the rest
of the country in Northeastern Bulgaria that settlement structure remains stable till
the end of the discussed period (Fig.
33, 38, 41, 46, 49, 53).
The majority of the Roma population in the country is concentrated in settle¬
ments, where they form up to
10 %
of the total population. However, similar to
the changes occurring in the structure of Roma populated settlements, the share
of Roma living in that group of settlements (share of Roma up to
10 %)
has been
decreasing for the last two decades, and by the end of the discussed period less
than half of the Roma in the country live in that type of settlements. According to
the last three censuses, a gradual increase of the number of Roma living in settle¬
ments with very high share of Roma
(30-40%, 40-50 %
and over
50 %
of the total
population), has been observed. The structure of settlements with Roma presence
is most similar to that of the country as a whole in Southeastern, South Central
and until the end of the
1980s -
in North Central Bulgaria, (as though since the
end of the 20th century the concentration of Roma in settlements with low relative
share of that ethnos, remains unchanged). Southwestern Bulgaria stands out as the
region with the smallest changes in the settlement structure through the whole pe-
204
nod in focus. In that part of the country, the concentration of Roma in settlements
with high relative share of Roma remains low. Northwestern Bulgaria has specific
features in that aspect
-
as early as the
1960s,
changes in concentration of Roma
in settlements with high relative share of that ethnos began to occur: the concentra¬
tion of Roma in settlements with the highest share of Roma, gradually increased
during the last two decades, and by the end of the discussed period more than half
of the Roma population in Northwestern Bulgaria lives in such settlements (Fig.
34, 39, 42, 45, 50, 54).
A complex methodology is made to delineate the areas, remarkable for their
high concentration of Roma population. Five areas with high concentration was
separated
-
Northeast, Northwest, Zadbalkanski, Maritsa and Burgas (Fig.
56,
table
23).
Regions are formed due to a combination of a set of interrelated factors
-
historical, political, socio-economic, demographic determirani. In different periods
factors occur in different proportions and intensity and determine changes in the
territories. The main factors for the emergence of areas with a high concentration
of Roma population are:
-
The increase in the absolute number and relative share of the Roma popula¬
tion.
-
High levels of population growth, which, despite the trend of reductions re¬
main high at the beginning of the
XXI
century is estimated at around
18
%o.
-
The change in the ethnic structure of the settlements and the significant in¬
crease of the settlements with a high share of Roma population in them (Fig.
15, 16);
-
Increasing the spatial dislocation of Roma settlements, especially high share;
-
Reduction of the Turkish ethnic group, particularly in areas of compact settle¬
ment of Bulgarian Turks as a result of emigration;
-
High rates of decrease of the Bulgarian population in the villages as a result
of substantial aging age structure and the ongoing migration to cities.
In the future, taking into account the peculiarities of the demographic pro¬
cesses of Roma with those of the Bulgarians, the Turkish ethnic group and smaller
ethnic groups will continue the upward trend in the geographical area and changes
in their structures.
fe·"-
205 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ilieva, Nadežda Borisova 2. Hälfte 20. Jh.- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1015353436 |
| author_facet | Ilieva, Nadežda Borisova 2. Hälfte 20. Jh.- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ilieva, Nadežda Borisova 2. Hälfte 20. Jh.- |
| author_variant | n b i nb nbi |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041357977 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)864560951 (DE-599)BVBBV041357977 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik 1878-2010 gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Statistik 1878-2010 |
| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV041357977 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:10:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789549649093 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026806395 |
| oclc_num | 864560951 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 235 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Bălgarska Akad. na Naukite, Nacionalen Inst. po Geofizika, Geodezija i Geografija, Dep. "Geografija" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ilieva, Nadežda Borisova 2. Hälfte 20. Jh.- Verfasser (DE-588)1015353436 aut Romite v Bălgarija broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek Nadežda Ilieva 1. izd. Sofija Bălgarska Akad. na Naukite, Nacionalen Inst. po Geofizika, Geodezija i Geografija, Dep. "Geografija" 2013 235 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Roma people in Bulgaria Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik 1878-2010 gnd-content Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 s Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026806395&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026806395&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ilieva, Nadežda Borisova 2. Hälfte 20. Jh.- Romite v Bălgarija broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4050473-6 (DE-588)4008866-2 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Romite v Bălgarija broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek |
| title_auth | Romite v Bălgarija broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek |
| title_exact_search | Romite v Bălgarija broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek |
| title_full | Romite v Bălgarija broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek Nadežda Ilieva |
| title_fullStr | Romite v Bălgarija broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek Nadežda Ilieva |
| title_full_unstemmed | Romite v Bălgarija broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek Nadežda Ilieva |
| title_short | Romite v Bălgarija |
| title_sort | romite v balgarija broj i lokalizacija ot osvobozdenieto 1878 g do nacaloto na xxi vek |
| title_sub | broj i lokalizacija ot Osvoboždenieto (1878 g.) do načaloto na XXI vek |
| topic | Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Siedlung Roma Volk Bulgarien Statistik 1878-2010 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026806395&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026806395&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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