International environmental law and policy for the 21st century:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Leiden
Nijhoff
2013
|
| Edition: | 2., rev. ed. |
| Series: | International environmental law
volume 9 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XV, 665 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789004242869 9789004250239 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Nanda, Ved P. |d 1934- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120876949 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International environmental law and policy for the 21st century |c by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith |
| 250 | |a 2., rev. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Leiden |b Nijhoff |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 665 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a International environmental law |v volume 9 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Umweltpolitik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental law, International | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental policy | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgements
....................................................................................... xiii
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION
Chapter One International Environmental Law: The Nature and
Scope of the Challenge
............................................................................. 3
1.0
Introduction
..................................................................................... 3
1.1
The Sources or Bases of International Environmental Law
...... 6
1.1.1
International Conventional Law
.................................... 9
1.1.2
International Customary Law
......................................... 11
1.1.3
General Principles of Law
................................................ 13
1.1.4
Judicial Decisions
.............................................................. 14
1.1.5
Scholarly Writings
............................................................ 15
1.1.6
New Sources of International Law
................................. 15
Chapter Two The Fundamental Principles of International
Environmental Law
.................................................................................. 19
2.0
Introduction
..................................................................................... 19
2.1
Fundamental Substantive Principles
............................................ 20
2.1.1
State Sovereignty
............................................................... 20
2.1.2
Good Neighborliness
-
The Duty to Cooperate
....... 21
2Л.З
The No-Harm Rule
........................................................... 23
2.1.4
Sustainable Development
................................................ 25
2.1.5
Right to Development
...................................................... 30
2.1.6
Right to a Clean, Healthful Environment
..................... 31
2.1.7
Environmental Justice: Intergenerational and
Intragenerational Equity
.................................................. 32
2.1.8
Equitable Utilization of Shared Resources
.................... 35
2.1.9
Conservation
..................................................................... 36
2.1.10
Common Heritage of Humankind
-
The Global
Commons
......................................................................... 37
2.1.11
Common Concern of Humankind
-
Erga Omnes
....... 39
vi
Contents
2.1.12
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
............... 41
2.1.13
The Polluter-Pays Principle
............................................. 43
2.1.14
State Responsibility and Liability
................................... 45
2.2
Fundamental Procedural Principles
............................................. 47
2.2.1
Public Participation
.......................................................... 47
2.2.2
Prior Notification, Consultation, and Negotiation
Duties
................................................................................. 60
2.2.3
The Prevention Principle
................................................. 62
2.2.4
The Precautionary Principle
............................................ 63
2.2.5
Duty to Do Environmental Impact Assessment
........... 65
2.2.6
Duty to Adopt Effective National Law
-
The Duty
to Enforce
........................................................................... 66
2.2.7
The Integration Principle
................................................. 67
PART TWO: LAWMAKING
Chapter Three The Early Years
................................................................ 71
3.0
Introduction
..................................................................................... 71
3.1
International Agreements
.............................................................. 72
3.1.1
Early 20th Century Agreements
..................................... 72
3.1.2
The
1909
Boundary Waters Treaty
................................. 72
3.1.3
Other Agreements
............................................................ 77
3.2
Case Law
........................................................................................... 78
3.2.1
Bering Sea Fur Seals Arbitration
..................................... 79
3.2.2
The Trail Smelter Arbitration
......................................... 79
3.2.3
The Corfu Channel Case
.................................................. 82
3.2.4
The Lac Lanoux Arbitration
............................................ 83
3.2.5
The Japanese Fishermen Case
......................................... 83
3.2.6
The
1958
US Pacific Nuclear Tests
................................. 84
3.2.7
Nuclear Tests Cases (Australia v. France and
New Zealand v. France)
................................................... 85
3.2.8
Pollution of
Ciudad
Juarez
.............................................. 86
3.2.9
The
1969
Gut Dam Case
.................................................. 87
3.2.10
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,
Advisory Opinion
............................................................. 87
3.2.11
Case Concerning the
Gabčíkovo
-
Nagymaros
Project
88
3.2.12
The
МОХ
Plant Case (Ireland
v.
UK)
............................ 90
3.2.13
Iron Rhine Railway Arbitration
(Belg.
v. Neth.)
.......... 91
3.2.14
Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay
(Argentina v. Uruguay)
.................................................... 93
3.3
Appraisal
........................................................................................... 95
Contents
vii
Chapter Four The Next
40
Years: The Evolution of International
Environmental Policy from
1972
to the Present
.................................. 97
4.0
Introduction
..................................................................................... 97
4.1
The Stockholm Conference and Declaration
............................... 99
4.1.1
Analysis
................................................................................ 99
4.1.2
Appraisal
.............................................................................. 101
4.2
The Post-Stockholm Period-The Flowering of
UNEP
............. 102
4.2.1
Introduction
........................................................................ 102
4.2.2
Environmental Assessment
............................................... 104
4.2.3
Environmental Management
............................................ 105
4.2.4
Environmental Law
............................................................ 106
4.2.5
Appraisal
.............................................................................. 108
4.3
The Rio Conference on Environment and Development
.......... 108
4.3.1
Introduction
........................................................................ 108
4.3.2
The Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development
....................................................................... 110
4.3.3
Agenda
21 ............................................................................ 120
4.3.4
The Commission on Sustainable Development
.............. 121
4.3.5
Appraisal
.............................................................................. 122
4.4
The Uneven Road from Rio to Rio
(1992-2012) ......................... 123
4.4.1
The
CSD
anď Rio+5 ........................................................
123
4.4.2
UNEP
Reforms for the New Century
.............................. 126
4.4.3
The
2002
Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable
Development
....................................................................... 130
4.4.4
Rio+20
-
the Return to Rio
............................................ 137
4.5
International Environmental Law, Multilateral Environmental
Agreements, and International Environmental Governance
.... 139
4.5.1
UNEP
and International Environmental Law
................ 139
4.5.2
UNEP
and Multilateral Environmental Agreements
.... 150
4.5.3
UNEP
and International Environmental Governance
... 154
Chapter Five International Environmental Institutions and
Organizations
............................................................................................ 159
5.0
Introduction
..................................................................................... 159
5.1
The United Nations Family
........................................................ 160
5.2
International Financial Organizations
......................................... 162
5.3
Other International IGOs
............................................................... 163
5.4
Regional International IGOs
.......................................................... 165
5.5
Nonstate
Entities
- NGOs
and Business Interests
...................... 168
5.5.1
International
NGOs ............................................................ 168
5.5.2
Multinational Corporations and Other Business Interests
170
5.5.3
Corporate Social Responsibility
........................................ 171
viii Contents
PART THREE: THE KEY ISSUES
Chapter Six Environmental Impact Assessment
................................... 183
6.0
Introduction
..................................................................................... 183
6.1
EIA
Procedures: The Common Requirements
............................ 185
6.2
The Development of
EIA
Requirements in International
Law
..................................................................................................... 189
6.3
International Financial Institutions
EIA
Requirements
........... 192
6.4
The Future of
EIA
............................................................................ 195
Chapter Seven Energy and the Environment: An International
Perspective
................................................................................................. 197
By Don C. Smith
7.0
Introduction
..................................................................................... 197
7.1
Energy, Economic Development, and the Environment
........... 199
7.1.1
Energy Availability and Usage and Economic
Development
....................................................................... 199
7.1.2
Tension Between Energy Generation and Consumption
and the Environment
......................................................... 200
7.1.3
Energy and Related Trends
............................................... 201
7.2
The Evolution of Energy and Environmental Law in an
International Context
..................................................................... 205
7.3
International Law Related to Energy and the Environment
..... 207
7.3.1
Introduction
........................................................................ 207
7.3.2
Nuclear Energy
.................................................................... 208
7.3.3
Marine Oil Pollution from Ships
...................................... 217
7.3.4
Energy Charter Treaty
....................................................... 228
7.4
Looking Ahead
................................................................................. 235
7.4.1
Introduction
........................................................................ 235
7.4.2
A New Paradigm for Regulating Energy? Global Energy
Governance
.......................................................................... 236
7.5
Conclusion
........................................................................................ 243
Chapter Eight Preservation
...................................................................... 247
8.0
Introduction
..................................................................................... 247
8.1
Preservation Laws Prior to the
1970s ........................................... 249
8.1.1
The Early Wildlife Laws
..................................................... 249
8.1.2
The Western Hemisphere Conservation Convention
... 250
8.2
Preservation Efforts
-lhe
Stockholm Era:
1972-1992 .............. 251
8.2.1
Ecosystems
........................................................................... 252
8.2.2
Natural and Cultural Resources
....................................... 254
8.2.3
Endangered Species
............................................................ 256
8.2.4
The Global Commons
........................................................ 264
Contents ix
8.3
Preservation Efforts
-
Rio and the 21st Century
........................ 271
8.3.1
The Convention on Biological Diversity
..................... 273
8.3.2
Forests
.............................................................................. 278
8.3.3
Desertification
................................................................. 282
8.4
Conclusion
..................................................................................... 284
Chapter Nine International Freshwater Resources
.............................. 287
9.0
Introduction
................................................................................... 287
9.1
Development of Customary International Law
........................ 295
9.1.1
The Major Cases
............................................................. 295
9.1.2
The Key Soft Law Developments
.............................. 300
9.2
The
1997
UN Convention on International Watercourses
..... 305
9.2.1
Adoption of the Ecosystem Concept
........................ 307
9.2.2
Conflict Between the Principles of Equitable
Utilization and No Significant Harm
..................... 312
9.2.3
Pollution Control
........................................................... 316
9.2.4
Other Important Provisions of the International
Watercourses Convention
............................................. 318
9.3
Bilateral, Multilateral, and Regional Regimes of International
Freshwater Regulation
.................................................................. 320
9.4
Groundwater
.................................................................................. 325
9.5
Conclusion
..................................................................................... 329
Chapter Ten International Air Pollution
............................................... 331
10.0
Introduction
................................................................................... 331
10.1
Transboundary Air Pollution
...................................................... 332
10.1.1
Introduction
.................................................................... 332
10.1.2
Customary International Law Governing
Transboundary Air Pollution
....................................... 336
10.1.3
Regional Treaty and Planning Regimes
...................... 339
10.2
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
................................................... 351
10.2.1
Introduction
.................................................................... 351
10.2.2
The Problem
.................................................................... 352
10.2.3
Evidence of Loss
............................................................. 353
10.2.4
Long-Term Consequences
............................................ 360
10.2.5
Policy Implications
......................................................... 362
10.2.6
Prior to the
1985
Vienna Convention
......................... 365
10.2.7
The
1985
Vienna Ozone Convention
.......................... 368
10.2.8
The
1987
Montreal Protocol and Subsequent
Amendments
................................................................... 371
10.2.9
Developments in the United States and the European
Union
............................................................................... 383
Contents
10.2.10
Appraisal and Recommendations
................................ 392
10.3
Global Climate Change
................................................................ 395
10.3.1
Introduction
.................................................................... 395
10.3.2
The Greenhouse Effect
............................................... 397
10.3.3
Preventive Strategies and Problems
............................. 401
10.3.4
The Framework Convention on Climate Change
...... 404
10.3.5
The Kyoto Protocol
........................................................ 408
10.3.6
Negotiating the Implementation of Kyoto
1998-2005 412
10.3.7
An Assessment of the Kyoto Protocol
......................... 416
10.3.8
Developing a Post-Kyoto Framework
......................... 419
Chapter Eleven The Marine Environment
............................................. 427
11.0
Introduction
................................................................................... 427
11.1
Framework of the Convention
.................................................... 428
11.2
Contribution of the Convention to International
Environmental Law
....................................................................... 431
11.2.1
Environmental Assessment Provisions
....................... 432
11.2.2
Law-Making and Law Enforcement Provisions
......... 432
11.2.3
Special Status of Developing States
.............................. 440
11.2.4
Protection of Living Resources
..................................... 442
11.2.5
Dispute Settlement Provisions
..................................... 442
11.2.6
The Relationship of the Convention and Customary
Law
................................................................................... 443
11.2.7
Appraisal
.......................................................................... 445
11.3
Regional and International Conventions
.................................. 447
11.3.1
Regional Conventions
.................................................... 447
11.3.2
International Conventions and Actions
...................... 452
11.4
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
........................... 457
11.5
Conclusion
..................................................................................... 459
Chapter Twelve Hazardous Waste, Chemicals, and Technology
....... 461
12.0
Introduction
................................................................................... 461
12.1
The International Environmental Laws Governing Hazardous
Waste
.............................................................................................. 465
12.1.1
Developments Leading up to the Basel Convention
... 465
12.1.2
The Basel Convention
.................................................... 467
12.1.3
Post-Basel Developments: The Banners vs. the
Boosters of Hazardous Waste Trade
........................ 468
12.2
International Controls on Chemicals
........................................ 475
12.2.1
Introduction
.................................................................... 475
12.2.2
The Beginnings: Voluntary International Chemical
Control Efforts
............................................................. 479
Contents xi
12.2.3
The Recent Development of Binding Chemical
Treaties
.......................................................................... 480
12.3
International Controls on Hazardous Technologies,
Industries, and Activities
............................................................. 481
12.4
Conclusion
..................................................................................... 484
Chapter Thirteen Biotechnology in Food and the Biosafety Protocol
487
13.0
Introduction
................................................................................... 487
13.1
Background
.................................................................................... 489
13.1.1
The Process
................................................................... 489
13.1.2
The Controversy
.......................................................... 492
13.2
Regulation of Genetically-Modified Foods
-
The Key
Concepts
........................................................................................ 497
13.2.1
The Precautionary Principle
....................................... 497
13.2.2
Substantial Equivalence
.............................................. 498
13.2.3
Generally Recognized as Safe
(GRAS) ...................... 499
13.2.4
The Consumer s Right to Know
................................ 500
13.3
International Standards for Genetically Modified Foods
-
The Codex
Alimentarais
Commission
...................................... 500
13.4
Efforts to Regulate GMOS
........................................................... 501
13.4.1
The European Union
................................................... 502
13.4.2
The United States
......................................................... 510
13.5
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity
...................................................................... 518
13.5.1
Events Leading Up to the Biosafety Protocol
.......... 518
13.5.2
Content and Analysis
.................................................. 522
13.5.3
Appraisal
....................................................................... 526
Chapter Fourteen International Trade and the Environment
............ 527
14.0
Introduction
.................................................................................. 527
14.1
The
1992
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development- Agenda
21 .......................................................... 529
14.2
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World
Trade Organization
...................................................................... 530
14.2.1
Environmental Trade Measures
................................ 531
14.2.2
GATT
Panel Decisions Before the Establishment
of the WTO
................................................................... 532
14.2.3
WTO Cases
................................................................... 542
14.2.4
WTO s Trade and
Environment
Committee
.......... 557
14.2.5
Appraisal
....................................................................... 558
14.3
North American Free Trade Agreement
................................... 560
14.3.1
Overview
....................................................................... 560
xii Contents
14.3.2 Review ofthe
Pertinent
NAFTA
Provisions
.............. 561
14.3.3
Criticisms of NAFTA
.................................................... 577
14.3.4
North American Agreement on Environmental
Cooperation
.................................................................... 579
14.4
Conclusion
..................................................................................... 593
Chapter Fifteen The Environment and Human Rights
........................ 595
15.0
Introduction
................................................................................... 595
15.1
The Challenge of Environmental Degradation
......................... 595
15.2
Historical Progression
.................................................................. 597
15.3
Developments in the United States
............................................ 603
15.4
The Right to Environmental Protection
..................................... 607
15.4.1
The Nexus Between Environmental Protection and
Internationally Recognized Human Rights
................ 607
15.4.2
International and National Tribunals and the Right
to a Healthy Environment
............................................ 613
15.5
Operationalizing the Right to Environment
............................. 617
15.6
Appraisal and Recommendations
............................................... 620
15.7
Rights of Indigenous Peoples
...................................................... 621
15.7.1
Introduction: A Case Study
.......................................... 621
15.7.2
What is Indigenous ?
................................................... 624
15.7.3
Early International Legal Protection
........................... 626
15.7.4
The Universal Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples
........................................................ 629
15.8
Population, Human Rights, and the Environment
.................. 632
15.8.1
Introduction
.................................................................... 632
15.8.2
The Nature and Scope ofthe Problem
........................ 632
15.8.3
The Population
-
Human Rights Nexus
..................... 635
15.8.4
The ICPD Program of Action and Subsequent
Developments
................................................................. 642
15.8.5
Conclusion
...................................................................... 645
PART FOUR: CONCLUSION
Chapter Sixteen The Unfinished Agenda
............................................... 649
16.0
The Challenge
................................................................................ 649
16.1
Addressing the Challenge
............................................................ 657
16.2
A Final Word
................................................................................. 661
Index
............................................................................................................... 663
In the 21st century, anthropogenic (human-caused) environmental change is wide¬
spread and serious on the global, regional/transboundary, and local levels. Emphasiz¬
ing the environmental, social, and human damage caused by non-sustainable devel¬
opment, International Environmental Law and Policy for the 2.1st Century:
2nd
Revised
Edition by
Nanda
and Pring provides readers with an incisive and integrated approach
to the political, economic, scientific, and technological realities and challenges facing
international environmental law and policy today. This provocative new book offers
innovative chapters on such crucial current imperatives as:
•
The nature and scope of the challenge;
•
First principles of international environmental law;
•
Environment and human rights;
•
Environment and the nexus of international trade, finance and debt; and
•
The unfinished agenda.
Traditional subjects covered include the history of international environmental law,
the law of the sea, international freshwater resources, cross-border air pollution, ozone
depletion and climate change, the technology of chemicals manufacture and trans¬
port, disposal of hazardous waste, preservation of biodiversity, environmental impact
analysis, and regulation of nuclear energy. The book also features a critical examina¬
tion of the UN s activities on the environment, starting from the
1972
Stockholm Con¬
vention on the Environment, up to and including the
2012
Rio+20 Conference on Sus¬
tainable Development.
With new chapters devoted to critical energy and population issues, and a new section
on corporate social responsibility, International Environmental Law and Policy for the 2.1st
Century is an essential resource for students, scholars, lawyers, public officials, corpo¬
rate decision-makers, and technical consultants concerned with environmental issues.
Ved
P.
Nanda, BA,
MA
(1952)
Punjab University, India; LLB
(1955),
LLM
(1958)
Delhi
University, India; LLM
(1962)
Northwestern University, is the Evans University Profes¬
sor, Thompson G. Marsh Professor, and Director of the International Legal Studies Pro¬
gram at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law; biography and publications at
wwwJaw.du.edu/mdex.php/profile/ved-nanda.
George (Rock) Pring, BA
hons.
(1963)
Harvard University; JD
hons
(1968)
University of
Michigan, is a Professor of Law at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law; biog¬
raphy and publications at www.law.du.edu/index.php/profile/george-pring.
|
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| author | Nanda, Ved P. 1934- Pring, George W. 1942- |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 2., rev. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041296752 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:53:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789004242869 9789004250239 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2012031419 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026745622 |
| oclc_num | 819135701 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XV, 665 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Nijhoff |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International environmental law |
| series2 | International environmental law |
| spelling | Nanda, Ved P. 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)120876949 aut International environmental law and policy for the 21st century by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith 2., rev. ed. Leiden Nijhoff 2013 XV, 665 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International environmental law volume 9 Includes bibliographical references and index Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 s Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 s DE-604 Pring, George W. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)129127876 aut International environmental law volume 9 (DE-604)BV041374733 9 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026745622&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026745622&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Nanda, Ved P. 1934- Pring, George W. 1942- International environmental law and policy for the 21st century International environmental law Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027453-6 (DE-588)4078523-3 |
| title | International environmental law and policy for the 21st century |
| title_auth | International environmental law and policy for the 21st century |
| title_exact_search | International environmental law and policy for the 21st century |
| title_full | International environmental law and policy for the 21st century by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith |
| title_fullStr | International environmental law and policy for the 21st century by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | International environmental law and policy for the 21st century by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith |
| title_short | International environmental law and policy for the 21st century |
| title_sort | international environmental law and policy for the 21st century |
| topic | Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026745622&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026745622&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041374733 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nandavedp internationalenvironmentallawandpolicyforthe21stcentury AT pringgeorgew internationalenvironmentallawandpolicyforthe21stcentury |