Verfügbarkeit: International environmental law and policy for the 21st century

International environmental law and policy for the 21st century:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Nanda, Ved P. 1934- (VerfasserIn), Pring, George W. 1942- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Leiden Nijhoff 2013
Ausgabe:	2., rev. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	International environmental law volume 9
Schlagworte:	Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	XV, 665 S.
ISBN:	9789004242869 9789004250239

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... xiii PART ONE: INTRODUCTION Chapter One International Environmental Law: The Nature and Scope of the Challenge ............................................................................. 3 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 3 1.1 The Sources or Bases of International Environmental Law ...... 6 1.1.1 International Conventional Law .................................... 9 1.1.2 International Customary Law ......................................... 11 1.1.3 General Principles of Law ................................................ 13 1.1.4 Judicial Decisions .............................................................. 14 1.1.5 Scholarly Writings ............................................................ 15 1.1.6 New Sources of International Law ................................. 15 Chapter Two The Fundamental Principles of International Environmental Law .................................................................................. 19 2.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 19 2.1 Fundamental Substantive Principles ............................................ 20 2.1.1 State Sovereignty ............................................................... 20 2.1.2 Good Neighborliness - The Duty to Cooperate ....... 21 2Л.З The No-Harm Rule ........................................................... 23 2.1.4 Sustainable Development ................................................ 25 2.1.5 Right to Development ...................................................... 30 2.1.6 Right to a Clean, Healthful Environment ..................... 31 2.1.7 Environmental Justice: Intergenerational and Intragenerational Equity .................................................. 32 2.1.8 Equitable Utilization of Shared Resources .................... 35 2.1.9 Conservation ..................................................................... 36 2.1.10 Common Heritage of Humankind - The Global Commons ......................................................................... 37 2.1.11 Common Concern of Humankind - Erga Omnes ....... 39 vi Contents 2.1.12 Common but Differentiated Responsibilities ............... 41 2.1.13 The Polluter-Pays Principle ............................................. 43 2.1.14 State Responsibility and Liability ................................... 45 2.2 Fundamental Procedural Principles ............................................. 47 2.2.1 Public Participation .......................................................... 47 2.2.2 Prior Notification, Consultation, and Negotiation Duties ................................................................................. 60 2.2.3 The Prevention Principle ................................................. 62 2.2.4 The Precautionary Principle ............................................ 63 2.2.5 Duty to Do Environmental Impact Assessment ........... 65 2.2.6 Duty to Adopt Effective National Law - The Duty to Enforce ........................................................................... 66 2.2.7 The Integration Principle ................................................. 67 PART TWO: LAWMAKING Chapter Three The Early Years ................................................................ 71 3.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 71 3.1 International Agreements .............................................................. 72 3.1.1 Early 20th Century Agreements ..................................... 72 3.1.2 The 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty ................................. 72 3.1.3 Other Agreements ............................................................ 77 3.2 Case Law ........................................................................................... 78 3.2.1 Bering Sea Fur Seals Arbitration ..................................... 79 3.2.2 The Trail Smelter Arbitration ......................................... 79 3.2.3 The Corfu Channel Case .................................................. 82 3.2.4 The Lac Lanoux Arbitration ............................................ 83 3.2.5 The Japanese Fishermen Case ......................................... 83 3.2.6 The 1958 US Pacific Nuclear Tests ................................. 84 3.2.7 Nuclear Tests Cases (Australia v. France and New Zealand v. France) ................................................... 85 3.2.8 Pollution of Ciudad Juarez .............................................. 86 3.2.9 The 1969 Gut Dam Case .................................................. 87 3.2.10 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion ............................................................. 87 3.2.11 Case Concerning the Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Project 88 3.2.12 The МОХ Plant Case (Ireland v. UK) ............................ 90 3.2.13 Iron Rhine Railway Arbitration (Belg. v. Neth.) .......... 91 3.2.14 Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) .................................................... 93 3.3 Appraisal ........................................................................................... 95 Contents vii Chapter Four The Next 40 Years: The Evolution of International Environmental Policy from 1972 to the Present .................................. 97 4.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 97 4.1 The Stockholm Conference and Declaration ............................... 99 4.1.1 Analysis ................................................................................ 99 4.1.2 Appraisal .............................................................................. 101 4.2 The Post-Stockholm Period-The Flowering of UNEP ............. 102 4.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 102 4.2.2 Environmental Assessment ............................................... 104 4.2.3 Environmental Management ............................................ 105 4.2.4 Environmental Law ............................................................ 106 4.2.5 Appraisal .............................................................................. 108 4.3 The Rio Conference on Environment and Development .......... 108 4.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 108 4.3.2 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development ....................................................................... 110 4.3.3 Agenda 21 ............................................................................ 120 4.3.4 The Commission on Sustainable Development .............. 121 4.3.5 Appraisal .............................................................................. 122 4.4 The Uneven Road from Rio to Rio (1992-2012) ......................... 123 4.4.1 The CSD anď Rio+5 ........................................................ 123 4.4.2 UNEP Reforms for the New Century .............................. 126 4.4.3 The 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development ....................................................................... 130 4.4.4 Rio+20 - the Return to Rio ............................................ 137 4.5 International Environmental Law, Multilateral Environmental Agreements, and International Environmental Governance .... 139 4.5.1 UNEP and International Environmental Law ................ 139 4.5.2 UNEP and Multilateral Environmental Agreements .... 150 4.5.3 UNEP and International Environmental Governance ... 154 Chapter Five International Environmental Institutions and Organizations ............................................................................................ 159 5.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 159 5.1 The United Nations Family ........................................................ 160 5.2 International Financial Organizations ......................................... 162 5.3 Other International IGOs ............................................................... 163 5.4 Regional International IGOs .......................................................... 165 5.5 Nonstate Entities - NGOs and Business Interests ...................... 168 5.5.1 International NGOs ............................................................ 168 5.5.2 Multinational Corporations and Other Business Interests 170 5.5.3 Corporate Social Responsibility ........................................ 171 viii Contents PART THREE: THE KEY ISSUES Chapter Six Environmental Impact Assessment ................................... 183 6.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 183 6.1 EIA Procedures: The Common Requirements ............................ 185 6.2 The Development of EIA Requirements in International Law ..................................................................................................... 189 6.3 International Financial Institutions EIA Requirements ........... 192 6.4 The Future of EIA ............................................................................ 195 Chapter Seven Energy and the Environment: An International Perspective ................................................................................................. 197 By Don C. Smith 7.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 197 7.1 Energy, Economic Development, and the Environment ........... 199 7.1.1 Energy Availability and Usage and Economic Development ....................................................................... 199 7.1.2 Tension Between Energy Generation and Consumption and the Environment ......................................................... 200 7.1.3 Energy and Related Trends ............................................... 201 7.2 The Evolution of Energy and Environmental Law in an International Context ..................................................................... 205 7.3 International Law Related to Energy and the Environment ..... 207 7.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 207 7.3.2 Nuclear Energy .................................................................... 208 7.3.3 Marine Oil Pollution from Ships ...................................... 217 7.3.4 Energy Charter Treaty ....................................................... 228 7.4 Looking Ahead ................................................................................. 235 7.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 235 7.4.2 A New Paradigm for Regulating Energy? Global Energy Governance .......................................................................... 236 7.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 243 Chapter Eight Preservation ...................................................................... 247 8.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 247 8.1 Preservation Laws Prior to the 1970s ........................................... 249 8.1.1 The Early Wildlife Laws ..................................................... 249 8.1.2 The Western Hemisphere Conservation Convention ... 250 8.2 Preservation Efforts -lhe Stockholm Era: 1972-1992 .............. 251 8.2.1 Ecosystems ........................................................................... 252 8.2.2 Natural and Cultural Resources ....................................... 254 8.2.3 Endangered Species ............................................................ 256 8.2.4 The Global Commons ........................................................ 264 Contents ix 8.3 Preservation Efforts - Rio and the 21st Century ........................ 271 8.3.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity ..................... 273 8.3.2 Forests .............................................................................. 278 8.3.3 Desertification ................................................................. 282 8.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 284 Chapter Nine International Freshwater Resources .............................. 287 9.0 Introduction ................................................................................... 287 9.1 Development of Customary International Law ........................ 295 9.1.1 The Major Cases ............................................................. 295 9.1.2 The Key Soft Law Developments .............................. 300 9.2 The 1997 UN Convention on International Watercourses ..... 305 9.2.1 Adoption of the Ecosystem Concept ........................ 307 9.2.2 Conflict Between the Principles of Equitable Utilization and No Significant Harm ..................... 312 9.2.3 Pollution Control ........................................................... 316 9.2.4 Other Important Provisions of the International Watercourses Convention ............................................. 318 9.3 Bilateral, Multilateral, and Regional Regimes of International Freshwater Regulation .................................................................. 320 9.4 Groundwater .................................................................................. 325 9.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 329 Chapter Ten International Air Pollution ............................................... 331 10.0 Introduction ................................................................................... 331 10.1 Transboundary Air Pollution ...................................................... 332 10.1.1 Introduction .................................................................... 332 10.1.2 Customary International Law Governing Transboundary Air Pollution ....................................... 336 10.1.3 Regional Treaty and Planning Regimes ...................... 339 10.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion ................................................... 351 10.2.1 Introduction .................................................................... 351 10.2.2 The Problem .................................................................... 352 10.2.3 Evidence of Loss ............................................................. 353 10.2.4 Long-Term Consequences ............................................ 360 10.2.5 Policy Implications ......................................................... 362 10.2.6 Prior to the 1985 Vienna Convention ......................... 365 10.2.7 The 1985 Vienna Ozone Convention .......................... 368 10.2.8 The 1987 Montreal Protocol and Subsequent Amendments ................................................................... 371 10.2.9 Developments in the United States and the European Union ............................................................................... 383 Contents 10.2.10 Appraisal and Recommendations ................................ 392 10.3 Global Climate Change ................................................................ 395 10.3.1 Introduction .................................................................... 395 10.3.2 The Greenhouse Effect ............................................... 397 10.3.3 Preventive Strategies and Problems ............................. 401 10.3.4 The Framework Convention on Climate Change ...... 404 10.3.5 The Kyoto Protocol ........................................................ 408 10.3.6 Negotiating the Implementation of Kyoto 1998-2005 412 10.3.7 An Assessment of the Kyoto Protocol ......................... 416 10.3.8 Developing a Post-Kyoto Framework ......................... 419 Chapter Eleven The Marine Environment ............................................. 427 11.0 Introduction ................................................................................... 427 11.1 Framework of the Convention .................................................... 428 11.2 Contribution of the Convention to International Environmental Law ....................................................................... 431 11.2.1 Environmental Assessment Provisions ....................... 432 11.2.2 Law-Making and Law Enforcement Provisions ......... 432 11.2.3 Special Status of Developing States .............................. 440 11.2.4 Protection of Living Resources ..................................... 442 11.2.5 Dispute Settlement Provisions ..................................... 442 11.2.6 The Relationship of the Convention and Customary Law ................................................................................... 443 11.2.7 Appraisal .......................................................................... 445 11.3 Regional and International Conventions .................................. 447 11.3.1 Regional Conventions .................................................... 447 11.3.2 International Conventions and Actions ...................... 452 11.4 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ........................... 457 11.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 459 Chapter Twelve Hazardous Waste, Chemicals, and Technology ....... 461 12.0 Introduction ................................................................................... 461 12.1 The International Environmental Laws Governing Hazardous Waste .............................................................................................. 465 12.1.1 Developments Leading up to the Basel Convention ... 465 12.1.2 The Basel Convention .................................................... 467 12.1.3 Post-Basel Developments: The Banners vs. the Boosters of Hazardous Waste Trade ........................ 468 12.2 International Controls on Chemicals ........................................ 475 12.2.1 Introduction .................................................................... 475 12.2.2 The Beginnings: Voluntary International Chemical Control Efforts ............................................................. 479 Contents xi 12.2.3 The Recent Development of Binding Chemical Treaties .......................................................................... 480 12.3 International Controls on Hazardous Technologies, Industries, and Activities ............................................................. 481 12.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 484 Chapter Thirteen Biotechnology in Food and the Biosafety Protocol 487 13.0 Introduction ................................................................................... 487 13.1 Background .................................................................................... 489 13.1.1 The Process ................................................................... 489 13.1.2 The Controversy .......................................................... 492 13.2 Regulation of Genetically-Modified Foods - The Key Concepts ........................................................................................ 497 13.2.1 The Precautionary Principle ....................................... 497 13.2.2 Substantial Equivalence .............................................. 498 13.2.3 Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) ...................... 499 13.2.4 The Consumer s Right to Know ................................ 500 13.3 International Standards for Genetically Modified Foods - The Codex Alimentarais Commission ...................................... 500 13.4 Efforts to Regulate GMOS ........................................................... 501 13.4.1 The European Union ................................................... 502 13.4.2 The United States ......................................................... 510 13.5 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity ...................................................................... 518 13.5.1 Events Leading Up to the Biosafety Protocol .......... 518 13.5.2 Content and Analysis .................................................. 522 13.5.3 Appraisal ....................................................................... 526 Chapter Fourteen International Trade and the Environment ............ 527 14.0 Introduction .................................................................................. 527 14.1 The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development- Agenda 21 .......................................................... 529 14.2 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization ...................................................................... 530 14.2.1 Environmental Trade Measures ................................ 531 14.2.2 GATT Panel Decisions Before the Establishment of the WTO ................................................................... 532 14.2.3 WTO Cases ................................................................... 542 14.2.4 WTO s Trade and Environment Committee .......... 557 14.2.5 Appraisal ....................................................................... 558 14.3 North American Free Trade Agreement ................................... 560 14.3.1 Overview ....................................................................... 560 xii Contents 14.3.2 Review ofthe Pertinent NAFTA Provisions .............. 561 14.3.3 Criticisms of NAFTA .................................................... 577 14.3.4 North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation .................................................................... 579 14.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 593 Chapter Fifteen The Environment and Human Rights ........................ 595 15.0 Introduction ................................................................................... 595 15.1 The Challenge of Environmental Degradation ......................... 595 15.2 Historical Progression .................................................................. 597 15.3 Developments in the United States ............................................ 603 15.4 The Right to Environmental Protection ..................................... 607 15.4.1 The Nexus Between Environmental Protection and Internationally Recognized Human Rights ................ 607 15.4.2 International and National Tribunals and the Right to a Healthy Environment ............................................ 613 15.5 Operationalizing the Right to Environment ............................. 617 15.6 Appraisal and Recommendations ............................................... 620 15.7 Rights of Indigenous Peoples ...................................................... 621 15.7.1 Introduction: A Case Study .......................................... 621 15.7.2 What is Indigenous ? ................................................... 624 15.7.3 Early International Legal Protection ........................... 626 15.7.4 The Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ........................................................ 629 15.8 Population, Human Rights, and the Environment .................. 632 15.8.1 Introduction .................................................................... 632 15.8.2 The Nature and Scope ofthe Problem ........................ 632 15.8.3 The Population - Human Rights Nexus ..................... 635 15.8.4 The ICPD Program of Action and Subsequent Developments ................................................................. 642 15.8.5 Conclusion ...................................................................... 645 PART FOUR: CONCLUSION Chapter Sixteen The Unfinished Agenda ............................................... 649 16.0 The Challenge ................................................................................ 649 16.1 Addressing the Challenge ............................................................ 657 16.2 A Final Word ................................................................................. 661 Index ............................................................................................................... 663 In the 21st century, anthropogenic (human-caused) environmental change is wide¬ spread and serious on the global, regional/transboundary, and local levels. Emphasiz¬ ing the environmental, social, and human damage caused by non-sustainable devel¬ opment, International Environmental Law and Policy for the 2.1st Century: 2nd Revised Edition by Nanda and Pring provides readers with an incisive and integrated approach to the political, economic, scientific, and technological realities and challenges facing international environmental law and policy today. This provocative new book offers innovative chapters on such crucial current imperatives as: • The nature and scope of the challenge; • First principles of international environmental law; • Environment and human rights; • Environment and the nexus of international trade, finance and debt; and • The unfinished agenda. Traditional subjects covered include the history of international environmental law, the law of the sea, international freshwater resources, cross-border air pollution, ozone depletion and climate change, the technology of chemicals manufacture and trans¬ port, disposal of hazardous waste, preservation of biodiversity, environmental impact analysis, and regulation of nuclear energy. The book also features a critical examina¬ tion of the UN s activities on the environment, starting from the 1972 Stockholm Con¬ vention on the Environment, up to and including the 2012 Rio+20 Conference on Sus¬ tainable Development. With new chapters devoted to critical energy and population issues, and a new section on corporate social responsibility, International Environmental Law and Policy for the 2.1st Century is an essential resource for students, scholars, lawyers, public officials, corpo¬ rate decision-makers, and technical consultants concerned with environmental issues. Ved P. Nanda, BA, MA (1952) Punjab University, India; LLB (1955), LLM (1958) Delhi University, India; LLM (1962) Northwestern University, is the Evans University Profes¬ sor, Thompson G. Marsh Professor, and Director of the International Legal Studies Pro¬ gram at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law; biography and publications at wwwJaw.du.edu/mdex.php/profile/ved-nanda. George (Rock) Pring, BA hons. (1963) Harvard University; JD hons (1968) University of Michigan, is a Professor of Law at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law; biog¬ raphy and publications at www.law.du.edu/index.php/profile/george-pring.
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id	DE-604.BV041296752
illustrated	Not Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T00:53:38Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789004242869 9789004250239
language	English
lccn	2012031419
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026745622
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open_access_boolean
owner	DE-703
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physical	XV, 665 S.
publishDate	2013
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series	International environmental law
series2	International environmental law
spelling	Nanda, Ved P. 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)120876949 aut International environmental law and policy for the 21st century by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith 2., rev. ed. Leiden Nijhoff 2013 XV, 665 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International environmental law volume 9 Includes bibliographical references and index Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 s Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 s DE-604 Pring, George W. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)129127876 aut International environmental law volume 9 (DE-604)BV041374733 9 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026745622&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026745622&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Nanda, Ved P. 1934- Pring, George W. 1942- International environmental law and policy for the 21st century International environmental law Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4027453-6 (DE-588)4078523-3
title	International environmental law and policy for the 21st century
title_auth	International environmental law and policy for the 21st century
title_exact_search	International environmental law and policy for the 21st century
title_full	International environmental law and policy for the 21st century by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith
title_fullStr	International environmental law and policy for the 21st century by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith
title_full_unstemmed	International environmental law and policy for the 21st century by Ved Nanda, George (Rock) Pring ; chapter seven, energy and the environment by Don C. Smith
title_short	International environmental law and policy for the 21st century
title_sort	international environmental law and policy for the 21st century
topic	Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd
topic_facet	Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026745622&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026745622&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV041374733
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