Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia, Pa.
Elsevier
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
46,4 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI S., S. 507 - 718 Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780323186131 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer
Autor: Myers, Jeffrey
Jahr: 2013
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer
Contents
Preface: A Tale of Two Cancers: Carcinomas of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx xiii
Jeffrey N. Myers and Erich M. Sturgis
Etiology and Biology
Epidemiology of Oral-Cavity and Oropharyngeal Carcinomas: Controlling
a Tobacco Epidemic While a Human Papillomavirus Epidemic Emerges 507
Mia Hashibe and Erich M. Sturgis
Although tobacco prevalence is declining in most developed countries,
less developed countries are still experiencing an increase in tobacco
use. Thus the future burden of oral-cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in
less developed countries is expected to be heavy. The incidence of human
papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer is dramatically
increasing in the United States and other developed countries, although
trends in less developed countries are not clear at present. HPV vaccine
compliance in the United States is low, although it continues to increase
each year. Increasing the HPV vaccination rate to control future HPV-asso-
ciated cancer incidence remains a priority.
Impact of Human Papillomavirus on Oropharyngeal Cancer Biology and Response
to Therapy: Implications for Treatment 521
Juliana Bonilla-Velez, Edmund A. Mroz, Rebecca J. Hammon,
and James W. Rocco
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) originating from human
papillomavirus infection has emerged as a new entity in head and neck cancer,
defining a subset of patients with distinct carcinogenesis, risk factor profiles,
and clinical presentation that show markedly improved survival than patients
with classic OPSCC. De-escalation of therapy and identification of relevant
biomarkers to aid in patient selection are actively being investigated. This
review addresses the implications of these findings in clinical care.
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Genomics 545
Marietta Tan, Jeffrey N. Myers, and Nishant Agrawal
Recent technological advances now permit the study of the entire cancer
genome, which can elucidate complex pathway interactions that are not
apparent at the level of single genes. In this review, the authors describe
innovations that have allowed for whole-exome/genome analysis of ge-
netic and epigenetic alterations and of changes in gene expression. Stud-
ies using next-generation sequencing, array comparative genomic
hybridization, methylation arrays, anti gene expression profiling are re-
viewed, with a particular focus on findings from recent whole-exome
sequencing projects. A discussion of the implications of these data on
treatment and future goals for cancer genomics is included.
viii Contents
Why Otolaryngologists Need to be Aware of Fanconi Anemia 567
Jiahui Lin and David I. Kutler
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive
fashion, with an estimated incidence of 1:360,000 births. Although hema-
tologic complications are the most common manifestation of this disease,
cancers, especially of the head and neck, are also prominent. The chromo-
somal fragility of patients with FA necessitates careful planning of therapy
and monitoring, and awareness of this rare disorder is crucial to recogniz-
ing it in the clinic.
Evaluation and Therapy
Oral Premalignancy: The Roles of Early Detection and Chemoprevention 579
Jean-Philippe Foy, Chloé Bertolus, William N. William Jr, and Pierre Saintigny
Premalignancy and chemoprevention studies in head and neck cancer
typically focus on the oral cavity. Avoiding or cessation of alcohol and
smoking, early detection of potentially malignant disorders or cancer,
and early detection of recurrent and/or second primary tumor form the ba-
sis of prevention of oral cancer. Analysis of tissue prospectively collected
in evaluation of retinoids for chemoprevention trials allowed identification
of molecular biomarkers of risk to develop oral cancer, loss of heterozy-
gosity being the most validated one. Improving risk assessment and iden-
tification of new targets for chemoprevention represent the main
challenges in this field.
Evaluation and Staging of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and
Oropharynx: Limitations Despite Technological Breakthroughs 599
Mark E. Zafereo
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (SCCOC) and squamous cell
carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP) represent two distinct disease
entities. SCCOC continues to be related to tobacco risk factors, and the
current anatomic staging system provides useful prognostic value. Most
patients with SCCOP in Western countries now have HPV-associated tu-
mors, and tumor HPV status is considered the most important prognostic
factor. Smoking status is emerging as an important prognostic factor for
HPV-driven SCCOP, independent of tumor HPV status. Sentinel lymph
node biopsy and FDG-PET/CT imaging are diagnostic staging tools useful
in select patients with SCCOC and SCCOP.
Surgical Innovations 615
Daniel R. Clayburgh and Neil Gross
This article reviews the evidence behind surgical innovations and effect on
treatment-related morbidity to examine how they may be integrated into
modern management strategies for oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous
• cell carcinoma (SCC). Technologic advances, including transoral laser micro-
surgery and transoral robotic surgery, along with the application of sentinel
lymph node biopsy for oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC are discussed.
Contents ix
Advances in Radiation Oncology for the Management of Oropharyngeal Tumors 629
G. Brandon Gunn and Steven J. Frank
The major benefits of modern radiation therapy (eg, intensity-modulated
[x-ray] radiation therapy [IMRT]) for oropharyngeal cancer are reduced
xerostomia and better quality of life. Intensity-modulated proton therapy
may provide additional advantages over IMRT by reducing radiation
beam-path toxicities. Several acute and late treatment-related toxicities
and symptom constellations must be kept in mind when designing and
comparing future treatment strategies, particularly because currently
most patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma present with human papillo-
mavirus—positive disease and are expected to have a high probability of
long-term survival after treatment.
The Role of Systemic Treatment Before, During, and After Definitive Treatment 645
Kathryn A. Gold, Michele Neskey, and William N. William Jr
In locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas,
outcomes using single-modality therapy are usually poor. Although che-
motherapy alone is not considered a curative therapy, the addition of che-
motherapy to other modalities can lead to improved outcomes. Discussed
here is the use of chemotherapy for oropharyngeal and/or oral cavity squa-
mous cell carcinomas in 3 settings: in combination with radiation as defin-
itive therapy, as induction treatment before definitive therapy, and in
combination with radiation therapy as adjuvant treatment following surgi-
cal resection. The role of the targeted agent cetuximab in combination with
radiation therapy for locally advanced disease is also discussed.
Quality of Life and Quality of Care
Functional Assessment and Rehabilitation: How to Maximize Outcomes 657
Katherine A. Hutcheson and Jan S. Lewin
The number of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer survivors is rising. By
2030, oropharyngeal cancers are projected to account for almost half of all
head and neck cancers. Normal speech, swallowing, and respiration can
be disrupted by adverse effects of tumor and cancer therapy. This review
summarizes clinically distinct functional outcomes of patients with oral
cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, methods of pretreatment functional
assessments, strategies to reduce or prevent functional complications,
and posttreatment rehabilitation considerations.
Standardizing Treatment: A Crisis in Cancer Care 671
Carol M. Lewis and Randal S. Weber
The Institute of Medicine has emphasized the roles of multidisciplinary
treatment planning, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, and re-
gionalization of healthcare in optimizing the quality of cancer care. We
discuss these critical elements as they pertain to head and neck cancer
care.
X
Contents
Survivorship—Competing Mortalities, Morbidities, and Second Malignancies 681
Pablo H. Montero-Miranda and Ian Ganly
Mortality of head and neck cancer has declined in the United States over the
past 20 years. This improvement has been linked to use of multimodality
treatment of advanced disease. Despite this improvement, disease-specific
survival remains low. Patients who survive head and neck cancer are ex-
posed to morbidity and mortality secondary to the same factors as the gen-
eral population. Factors related to cancer and cancer treatment predispose
them to increased risk of mortality. Improvements in head and neck cancer
treatment have led to a scenario where an increasing proportion of patients
die from causes other than the primary cancer, called competing mortalities.
Erratum
Index
711
713
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