Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny: 1
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | Polish |
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Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej [etc.]
2013
Wydawnictwo Trio 2013 |
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Origines Polonorum
6 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
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| ISBN: | 9788374362498 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny |n 1 |c Błażej Stanisławski, Władysław Filipowiak |
| 250 | |a Wyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej [etc.] |c 2013 | |
| 264 | 1 | |b Wydawnictwo Trio |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 370 s., [24] s. tabl. kolor. |b il. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. |c 30 cm. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Origines Polonorum |v 6 | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Origines Polonorum |v ... | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Stanisławski, Błażej |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Filipowiak, Władysław |d 1926-2014 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)142678775 |4 oth | |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Origines Polonorum |v 6 |w (DE-604)BV022754920 |9 6 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026732979&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026732979&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | í
I Early
medieval
Wolin
¡r
Summary
Introduction to the archaeology of the early medie¬
val
Wolin (Błażej
Stanislawski)
Wolin
is situated at the south edge
oř
island
Wolin
;
(West
Pomerania),
at the mouth of the Oder river on
the south coast of the Baltic Sea. During the early Mid¬
dle Ages it was one of the major centres of North-West
Slavic Lands and, for some time of its existence, an im¬
portant centre of craft production and trade. Its histo¬
ry encompasses the period from the end of the 8th or
the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries until the end of the
^century.
Wolin
occurs in sources under different names. These
are, among others: at
Jómi,
Jumne,
Julin.
The town is
also sometimes regarded as identical with the legen¬
dary Wineta
-
the extremely rich town whose residents
were punished by gods for their hubris. It was flooded,
just like the legendary Atlantis. The town on the
Dziw¬
na
river can be also identify as Jomsborg, the seat of
fraternity of Vikings, called
Jómsvikìngs,
eulogized in
the Scandinavian literature.
Wolin
is also mentioned
many times by the contemporary authors (they are,
among others, the so-called Bavarian Geographer, Ibra¬
him ibn Yaqub, Adam of Bremen, Saxo Grammaticus
or hagiographers of Saint Otto Bishop of
Bamberg).
Excavations conducted in
Wolin
showed that the old¬
est settlement was established at the end of the 8th cen¬
tury or at the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries. The first
about
100
years of existence of
Wolin,
however, was
characterized by stagnation. The only exception is the
very moment of establishing the settlement (the turn
of the 8th and 9th centuries), when there was a market
on the
Dziwna
river for a short time. At that time mer¬
chant from Frisia, and perhaps also from Scandinavia,
got there. Significant changes were initiated at the end
of the 9th and at the beginning of the 10th centuries. The
spatial development of the centre took place then,
a number of big building investments were underta¬
ken (harbour, fortifications), a new pottery technolo¬
gy was introduced (completely wheel-made vessels),
development of sailing occurred and contacts with
other communities were established. However, the
„golden age in the history of the stronghold began la¬
ter, namely about the middle of the 10th
с
At that time
(2nd half of the
IO01
-
1st half of the 11th century) the
stronghold became a powerful centre of craft manufac¬
ture, the centre of exchange and an interchange
-
em¬
porium. Material culture of the elites of that time was
characterized by a distinct influence of Scandinavian
tradition (the majority of finds of Scandinavian arte¬
facts are dated to that period). The raid of King Mag¬
nus the Good in
1043,
after which
Wolin
never regain¬
ed the past glory, brought about the end of the town
development. The material culture from the 2nd half of
the 11th and from the 12th centuries was immeasurably
poorer than in the period before the raid. The final de¬
cline of
Wolin
took place at the end of the 12th centu¬
ry as a result of a series of Danish raids.
Excavations resulted in a number of spectacular dis¬
coveries. Remains of many houses of that time, streets,
defensive fortifications and a harbour were uncovered
in the Old Town area. We familiarized ourselves with
the culture of the inhabitants from funeral sources
-
excavations were conducted in the area of
nécropoles
on hills: Hanged Men Hill and
Młynówka.
Large scale
excavations also were carried out in sites located north
of the Old Town
-
in the so-called
Ogrody
(Gardens)
district and on Silver Hill. At the former of them ma¬
ny houses, bread ovens, craftsman s workshops and
another harbour wharf were uncovered. Silver Hill
-
just as the Gardens district
-
was an area of craftsmen
and merchants activities. This is indicated by craft
workshops and a market place which were discovered
there. This area, similarly to the Old Town, was defend¬
ed with a rampart. Vast amounts of movable sources
were also found in
Wolin,
being the evidence of diffe¬
rent spheres of activities of the residents. The model
of the history of
Wolin
and the culture of its residents
which we present in this study was established on the
basis of the above sources.
For a number of years many myths have grown up
as well, which have spread in the scientific literature.
They include: opinions concerning the population of
the early medieval town
-
evaluating even at
8-10
thousand people; claiming that there was a pagan tem¬
ple in
Wolin
as early as in the 2nd half of the 9th
с
-
one
of the buildings uncovered in the Old Town, in trench
no.
6,
in layer
XIV,
dated to as early as the end of the
9th century, is interpreted like that; or calling
Wolin
„em¬
porium , referring to the whole history of this centre.
This study is a presentation and summary of results
of the excavations conducted in
Wolin
by the Institute
of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy
of Sciences from
1996
to
2008.
They involved excava¬
tions, study of craftwork and interdisciplinary research.
The first two of those directions, as well as etymologi¬
cal and historical studies, imposed the layout of this pu¬
blication. The other directions of the conducted rese¬
arch will be presented in separate publications.
In chapter I titled „Archaeological excavations in
Wo¬
lin
in
1996-2002
we present the results of excavations
which took place in that period. These are large-scale
excavation conducted at the South Settlement at Han¬
ged Man Hill, then the large scale excavation in
Ůie
Gar¬
dens district, and the excavation at the South Suburb.
Chapter II is devoted to a few chosen domains of craft-
work of that time. These are: shoemaker craft, amber
processing and pottery, with comprehensive mono¬
graphs. In part III etymological data deriving from the
areas attributed to the tribe of Wolinians, historical
sources concerning
Wolin
and problems connected with
Christianization of this centre were discussed. An at¬
tempt to sum up the state of our current knowledge
concerning the culture of the early medieval Wolinians
344
Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny
and the history of
Wolin
was presented in the conclu¬
sion.
As the study refers to the history of the early me¬
dieval
Wolin,
it includes the period from the establish¬
ment of the oldest settlement, at the end of the 8th
с
or
at the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries, until the decline
of the town, which happened at the end of the 12th cen¬
tury.
Chapter I. Archaeological excavations in
Wolin
in
1996-2002
I.I. Excavation at the South Settlement
(Władysław
Filipowiak,
Błażej
Stanislawski,
Mieczysław Jusza)
South
Settlement
-
the so-called „port
Ruf ,
site no.
10 -
is situated on the south slope of the Hanged Man
Hill by the
Dziwna
strait (Fig.
2).
Excavation at this site was initiated in
1996.
It aimed
at identifying the character of occupation and the func¬
tions of the settlement. To do that, four test pits were
established. The obtained results allowed identification
of the site stratigraphy on the north-south axis
46
m
in
length, marked out perpendicularly to the shoreline
(Fig.
5).
In test pit no.
3
wooden structures were unco¬
vered (Fig.
9
and
10).
For that reason it was widened
in
1997-1998.
At first (in
1997)
it was widened by an area
of
5
χ
7
m
(Fig.
10),
and then (in
1998)
by a plot of
5
χ
6
m.
Then further remains of the wharf reinforcement,
which made a series of more or less parallel wattle-and-
-daub construction walls, were then discovered, as well
as a wreck of an early medieval boat (wreck no.
VIII)
(Fig.
12-19).
Uncovered
stratigraphie
layout consisted
of six sequences (layers I-VI) (Fig.
9).
On level VI (Fig.
10)
additionally the method of horizontal stratigraphy
was applied. This research technique was adopted,
since it was believed that several phases of harbour
wharf expansion were discovered, with different chro¬
nological coordinates. A hypothesis was put forward
that they may also correspond to individual cycles of
settlement colonizing the area of the south slope of the
hill. Based on the layout of the above wattle walls, oc¬
curring in layer VI, five zones were separated. They
were marked in turn as zones
A, B, C, D
and E. They
included areas between series of wattle walls, following
one another from the side of the slope of the hill to¬
wards the bank of the
Dziwna
strait.
The excavations conducted have resulted in disco¬
vering a settlement being the most southward part of
the settlement complex of the early medieval
Wolin.
It
was made up of buildings situated in a narrow strip
of land between the south slope of the Hanged Man
Hill and the
Dziwna
bank. The bank itself was streng¬
thened with provisional wattle-and-daub construction
walls. Also remains of an early medieval boat was used
to build the wharf
.
However, it cannot be ruled out that some uncove¬
red wattle structures (trench no.
3,
layer VI, zone D)
(Fig.
10)
could function as pens to keep caught live stur¬
geons. Very large amounts of sturgeon scales uncover¬
ed at that place may indicate such purpose of those
structures. Unfortunately, the fragmentary state of pre¬
servation of other wooden structures (trench no.
1)
un¬
covered in the area between the wharf and the slope
of the hill made it impossible to say anything about the
construction of houses built there.
A relatively poor artefact material allowed making
only a very general reconstruction of economic and so¬
cial functions which the settlement could perform in
the culture of the
Wolin
residents of the time. The pre¬
sence of strengthened wharf and remains of a wreck
suggest that probably a harbour functioned here, and
perhaps also a place to cross the
Dziwna.
The layout and construction of two wattle walls built
the closest to the channel of the
Dziwna
and sturgeon
bones occurring in zone
D
of layer VI allowed assump¬
tions about the fishing character of the settlement. Al¬
so other, relatively numerous artefacts connected with
fishery, such as weights and net floats, can indicate that.
Based on the uncovered finds it is difficult to conc¬
lude that a form of craft manufacture could occur at
that place. If this really took place, which may be po¬
tentially suggested by such artefacts as wastes made
at phyllite processing and lumps of slag which could
be related to smelting of iron, it was carried out on
a very narrow scale. The artefacts uncovered there,
except for two finds, that is a fragment of a bracelet
made of bronze and a piece of an iron bowl, show a ra¬
ther low level of the material culture of the communi¬
ty inhabiting this district of
Wolin.
Results of the research of the South Settlement al¬
lowed separation of two cycles of settling this area. The
first, initiated about the beginning of the 2nd half of the
10th c, lasted probably until the half of the 11th centu¬
ry (layers VI-IV from trench no.
3).
The other cycle
(layer III from trench no.
3)
lasted much shorter. It fol¬
lowed a break in settlement lasting about
50
years. This
can be dated to the 1st half of the 12th
с
1.2.
Over the bridge to the past
-
excavations in the
Ogrody
(Gardens) district
(Władysław Filipowiak,
Błażej
Stanislawski)
The Gardens district (site no.
4)
is situated between
the Old Town and Silver Hill (Fig.
2),
that is the two
biggest parts of the early medieval
Wolin.
From the east
it directly adjoins the bank of the
Dziwna
strait.
The period of the most important research work in
the Gardens district is the turn of the 20th and 21st cen¬
turies. First in
1997
two trenches were established in
connection with earthwork at building the floodbank
carried out at that time. These were trench no.
01
si¬
tuated in the north part of the site and trench no.
02
located in its south part (Fig.
6).
Directly at the latter,
3
m
to the east of it, a test pit was marked out
-
trench
no.
03
(Fig.
6).
The latest excavations were carried out in the years
1999-2002.
These were conducted because of the plan¬
ned construction of the ring road of
A3
road and
a bridge over the
Dziwna (Fig.
21).
Five main trenches
Summary
345
were established at that time (Fig.
6):
trenches no.
1-5
and three test pits marked out at places of the future
piers of the flyover: no.
12, 13
and
14.
Identified sites
were still supplemented with ten rescue trenches, which
accompanied the earthwork already during the con¬
struction of the bridge and ring road.
The excavations conducted in the Gardens district
was exceptional in the whole former research of the hi¬
story of
Wolin.
This was affected by a number of fac¬
tors. The first was a particularly wide scope of field
work, which included trenches situated in different po¬
ints of the site. Thanks to that it was possible to iden¬
tify the range and character of settlement. Moreover,
numerous determinations of cutting age of trees from
the uncovered wooden structures were carried out.
Owing to them in many cases the precise chronology
of settlement levels and relics of buildings occurring
in them was determined. A degree of preservation of
features and the movable artefact material collected al¬
so allowed the interpretation of the character of settle¬
ment and culture of people living in the Gardens di¬
strict at individual stages of its settling.
Analysis of
stratigraphie
systems, dendrochronolo-
gical markings obtained and movable artefact material
made it possible to formulate the initial conclusions
concerning the beginnings of settlement in this area and
the stages of its settling. It was also possible to synchro¬
nize settlement stratifications uncovered in individu¬
al archaeological trenches.
The earliest traces of settlement in the Gardens were
registered in trench no.
3,
in layers V and IV, then in
trench no.
1,
in layer IV and in trenches no.
01, 02
and
03.
Dendrochronological markings of cutting age of
trees used to build structures uncovered at all the five
places in question allow making an assumption that the
beginning of settlement in the Gardens took place at
the end of the 9th century or at the turn of the 9th and
IO01
centuries. The highest situated land was then set-
tied (the area of trench no.
3).
A few years later
-
after
the year
907 -
areas lying east of the hill, towards the
Dziwna
strait, were developed. A quarter of buildings
Was established there with palisade construction
houses. Their remains were uncovered in trenches
02,
03
and no.
1.
The first phase of settlement lasted most probably
about
40
years. Its upper chronological border can be
determined using the results of dendrochronological
analyses of wood samples collected in trench no.
1,
in
layer TV. Based on these, it may be supposed that the
end of the first settlement phase took place in the 40s
Of the 10th century. The last renovation of the west wall
of building no.
1
uncovered in layer IV was made from
Wood cut about the year
938.
Shortly afterwards, there
was a break in settling the area of the Gardens district.
This was most probably caused by rising the water level
fri
the
Dziwna
and temporary flooding this area with
water.
The community living there at that time used pali-
sade construction building. The buildings formed
a compact quarter. However, no traces of hearths were
unearthed in any of those features. This fact allows rul¬
ing out their residential function. Thus the buildings
could serve as storehouses connected with the port and
perhaps trade character of the city. The inventory of re¬
lics occurred within the limits of the above features was
characteristic of the material culture of Slavs and did
not differ from other districts of
Wolin
in this respect.
The Gardens was settled again at the end of the
10*
century, and most likely after
980.
Then an oak plat¬
form was built in the west part of the district, on which
post-and-beam construction houses were erected. We
can interpret like this remains of wooden structures
which were registered in trench no.
5,
in layers VI-V-
-IV. At the same time in the east part of the Gardens,
on the
Dziwna
bank, a harbour wharf and next post-
-and-beam houses were built. Those buildings were un¬
covered in trench no.
2,
in layer III.
Nevertheless, it was still most probably a very damp
area. This can be concluded on the basis of discovered
outlines of ditches from that time, which were record¬
ed in trench no.
1,
in layer III. We can interpret them
as remains of the irrigation system, aiming at drying
this area. Ditches with presumably similar function
were also found in trenches no.
4
and
5.
Traces disco¬
vered in trench no.
3,
in layer III and in trench no.
4,
in layers
VI-VII-
VIII
should be also connected with the
same settlement cycle.
Another break of settlement took place most proba¬
bly about the middle of the 11th century. The crisis may
have been caused by a raid of King Magnus the Good
on
Wolin
in
1043.
The settlement phase under discus¬
sion should be identified with layer III in trench no.
1,
layers V-IV and III in trench no.
2,
layers III and II in
trench no.
3,
layers
VIII-
VII
and VI in trench no.
4,
la¬
yers VI-V-IV in trench no.
5.
The time period from the end of the 10th
с
until the
middle of the
11*
century was the crowning period of
developing the area, the settlement and culture. Ano¬
ther settling the Gardens district, in contrast with the
previous I phase of settlement, spread over the whole
site area. Post-and-beam construction buildings domi¬
nated then. Houses with that construction were disco¬
vered e.g. in trenches no.
2
and
5.
A wharf was built directly on the bank of the
Dziw¬
na
bay. Development of sailing at that time was pro¬
ved by finds of fragments of boat wrecks, which were
used secondarily to strengthen the wharf, line the sur¬
face of platform erected on pillars and boat side pla¬
ting boards unearthed as single finds.
The „sea cultivation was of utmost importance then.
This is confirmed by finds connected with fishery. Net
floats and weights were found. Advanced development
of sailing is indicated by a specific relic
-
a wooden disk
-
which was discovered in trench no.
2,
interpreted as
a navigation device, the so-called solar compass (Fig.
58,
II.
15).
A ferry crossing the
Dziwna
was also situated in this
part of the town. The wreck of a flat-bottom vessel is
346
Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny
interpreted in this way
-
as probably a river ferry. It
was discovered opposite the wharf unearthed in
trench no.
2,
on the other side of the
Dziwna
at
Recław.
Craft also developed intensively there at that time. Se¬
veral workshops were discovered in the Gardens di¬
strict. A leather production workshop and another, deal¬
ing with wood processing, functioned in two buildings
operated in two buildings erected at the wharf. Also
in the building remains of which were unearthed in
trench no.
5
was intended for leather tanning and dres¬
sing. In the area where trench was marked or in its im¬
mediate vicinity, an iron processing workshop was pro¬
bably situated, which is indicated by vast amount of
slag uncovered in layer III of this trench. In trench no.
3
relics of stoves were also unearthed, used most pro¬
bably for baking bread. Apart from specialized crafts¬
men s workshops, also signs of home manufacture on
a small scale were discovered, such as antler proces¬
sing
-
in trenches no.
1
and
3
and weaving which was
marked by spindle whorls, weaving tables and a weight
for the loom, as well as needles.
Mass historical material from that period was cha¬
racterized by the Slavic character dominated in the
whole site. It manifested itself by the occurrence of on¬
ly local pottery products and post-and-beam construc¬
tion houses typical of
Wolin.
The elite relics however,
had a clearly foreign cultural origin. The concentration
of goods connected with the culture of Norsemen, spe¬
cial on this site and on the scale of the whole settlement
complex of the early medieval
Wolin,
is worthy of note.
They were discovered in all the main archaeological
trenches
-
trenches no.
1, 2, 3
and
5
and in rescue trench
no.
5,
as well as during the earlier rescue excavation.
The occurrence of many relics which can be regard¬
ed as pieces of art intended particularly for the Scan¬
dinavian elites attracts attention in the first place. For
numerous items were discovered here ornamented in
the way characteristic of the so-called
Wolin
school of
insular art, drawing inspiration from the ring-chain
Scandinavian ornamentation of the
Borre
style. These
are three wooden spoons, knife hilts and the end of
a cane. Moreover, the wooden figure of the head of
a horse or dragon in the
Ringerike
style (Fig.
77)
and
the horn rim ornamented in the
Mammen
style belong
to the canon of Scandinavian art. The collection of Scan¬
dinavian relics is supplemented by three pawns for the
Scandinavian game called hnefatafl, regarded as a ty¬
pical element of equipment of Scandinavian warriors,
Scandinavian conical spindle whorls (Fig. 83e), element
of the stem of a Scandinavian boat, two shieldlike broo¬
ches of the Sp2 type (Terslev) (Fig.
79)
and belt fittings.
Also a bone spoon (Fig. 84g), horn comb (Fig. 89h) and
horn facing with a carved image of the head of a dra¬
gon or snake (Fig.
88)
belong most probably to the circle
of Scandinavian culture.
Another sensation of the Gardens district on the scale
of the whole
Wolin
is the finds of
militaria (Fig.
82).
Al¬
so the number of iron items, exceptional on this site,
is worthy of attention, which can also be a significant
fact arguing for the special role of this site.
Apart from visible signs of the Scandinavian pre¬
sence in the Gardens, which encourage for putting for¬
ward the hypothesis about the presence of Scandina¬
vian military elites (Fig.
82,
II.
2),
the occurrence of tra¬
ces of craft and trade activities is also notable. Some of
the above mentioned Scandinavian relics could be
made exactly in the local workshops. Whereas the sign
of trade is a small beam scale which was discovered in
trench no.
3.
In the same layer an unusual concentra¬
tion of various relics was recorded, for instance glass
beads (II.
26).
To sum up, it may be stated that in the second phase
of settlement of the Gardens district, people who lived
there dealt both with craftwork and trade, as well as
sailing and fishery. Warriors stayed there as well. Those
people were characterized by high culture. For instance,
the concentration of art relics allows speculation that
these could be warrior-merchant elites of the commu¬
nity of the time.
An attempt to answer the question what ethnos in¬
habited that part of the town then is an open matter.
Were they Slavs, which is indicated by characteristic
ceramics, antler processing and construction or perhaps
Scandinavians, which is supported by objects decorat¬
ed in the
Borre,
Mammen
and
Ringerike
styles and
other items characteristic of their culture?
After that extraordinary period
-
both in the histo¬
ry of settling the Gardens district and the history of the
whole
Wolin
-
another, third phase of early medieval
settlement took place. However, it is very difficult to
date precisely. This results from the fact that oak wood
was practically no longer used in construction of the
time. This causes the lack of possibility of dendrochro-
nological dating. Settlement stratifications from that pe¬
riod are also characterized by poor inventory, which
practically prevents us from determining their absolute
chronology. This period falls in the second half of the
11th century. Settlement stratifications from that period
were recorded in trench no.
1,
in layer II and in trench
no.
2,
in layer II.
Houses were still erected in the post-and-beam con¬
struction at that time. Sailing still played a certain role.
This is indicated by further functioning of the port
wharf. No more objects are found in stratifications from
that period which show a more than average social sta¬
tus of the district residents at that time. Further pre¬
sence of warriors and merchants was not recorded. Al¬
so there are no imports or objects connected with the
Scandinavian cultural circle. Visible collapse of craft and
considerable impoverishment of material culture occur¬
red. Its dominating attribute at the time was ceramics.
However, continuation of the settlement plot was re¬
corded. Next houses whose relics were unearthed in
trench no.
2
were erected in the same place as those in¬
habited during the previous settlement phase.
All the above observations indicate that an econo¬
mic crisis, characteristic of the whole
Wolin,
occurred
Summary
347
in the district at the time, and more likely, also far reach¬
ing social changes. This was presumably the conse¬
quence of the already mention raid of Magnus the Good
and the damage that was done.
The presence of one more, the fourth, phase of set¬
tlement was found in the area of the Gardens district.
It is generally dated to the period of the full Middle
Ages. Its remains were noticeable mainly in trench no.
5,
in layer III, from where relics of stone-brick buildings
and numerous vessels of the
Grappen
type derived, as
well as imported
Siegburg
stoneware.
L3. Research in
Wolin,
on the South Suburb
(Błażej
Stanislawski,
Mieczysław Jusza)
The South
Suburb of
Wolin
(site no.
2)
is situated
south of the Old Town (Fig.
2).
In the early Middle Ages
both districts were divided by a rampart surrounded
the Old Town and a belt of marshes.
Trench no.
5
established in
2001
r. (Fig.
7)
was si¬
tuated at
Mostowa
street, in the area of a fishing point
at a distance of
15
m
from the outside edge of the port
wharf on the
Dziwna
strait (Fig.
7
and
122).
The reason
for conducting the excavation there was numerous ar¬
chaeological finds unearthed in that place during earth¬
work carried out a year before, not provided with the
archaeological supervision. As a result, fragments of
a early medieval Slavic boat were uncovered (Fig.
119-
120),
as well as oak boards, early medieval ceramics,
animal bones and a bronze horseshoe-shaped brooch
of the Baltic type (Fig.
121).
At first a trench of
8
χ
2.2
m
(marked as plot A) was
outlined (Fig.
122).
It adjoined with its longer side the
north wall of foundation of two garages. At the follow¬
ing stage of the research the second plot of this trench
was outlined (plot B). Its area was
5
χ
2.5
m.
Plot
В
was
outlined at right angles to plot A, in such a way that
its north profile made the extension of the north pro¬
file of plot A. Five
stratigraphie
levels were registered
in the trench (layers I-V) (Fig.
123).
Sequences II and
Ш
were settlement levels and layers IV-V geomorpho-
logical levels. Within layer III (Fig.
122)
remains of pa¬
lisade construction walls were discovered. They were
made from oak boards and fragments of boat plating
boards laying horizontally.
•|
The excavation carried out in trench no.
5
and relics
found on the secondary deposit uncovered during the
.
construction of garages adjacent to the archaeological
trench allowed recording two settlement periods in this
area. The first one
-
earlier
-
took place in the first half
ör
the
10*
century. Unearthed palisade construction
walls dated dendrochronologically and most likely, the
remains of a boat wreck (Fig.
119-120)
and a Baltic
brooch, date from that area. We can date the second set¬
tlement period only approximately, due to the shortage
of the sources, to the 11th century.
Two interpretations of functions of the uncovered
wooden structures (Fig.
122)
can be assumed. We may
deal with a part of port wharf reinforcement, similar
ι
to those we know from the Old Town, from trench no.
8.
However, there are no characteristic stays in the form
of yokes. They may also be the remains of walls of cot¬
tages built in the palisade construction. Analogical con¬
structions were registered in
Wolin
in the Gardens di¬
strict, for instance in trench no.
1.
Nevertheless, this in¬
terpretation in turn is at variance with the fact that no
traces of the floor were found, even in the form of clay
mud floor or dense fascine.
Uncovered boatbuilding relics, in turn, and the boat
wreck, can speak for the port character of this part of
town. Baltic jewellery in turn may indicate a conside¬
rably higher social status of people living there than it
was believed before. Based on the results of the earlier
research, the South Suburb was identified with popu¬
lation dealing with fishery.
Chapter II. Study of craftwork
ILI.
Shoemaker s craft of the early medieval
Wolin
(Anna B.
Kowalska)
The aim of this study is to make an attempt to outline
the directions of
Wolin shoemaking
development and
to determine the stages of forming shoemaking craft
as a separate domain of manufacture. The term „craft
mentioned in the title in a way imposes the top-down
statement that shoemaking in the early medieval
Wo¬
lin
had a professional character. In this study an attempt
was made to grasp the moment, and rather the time pe¬
riod, when shoemaking could begin to emerge as an
independent craft, and to examine the changes in the
local shoemaking industry. To what extent the local
experience and the impetus from outside were essen¬
tial in that process
-
this is another important question
being the subject of the author s interest. She made this
attempt based on the rich material derived from stra¬
tifications accumulated in the period from the end of
the 8th to about the middle of the 13th centuries. The col¬
lection of relics which were analysed consisted of ne¬
arly
13 000
specimens which were found during the ar¬
chaeological excavations in the Old Town and in the
Gardens district.
From the earliest settlement levels,
Wolin
shoemak¬
ing was characterized by specific features, developed
for centuries in the local workshops. The typical foot¬
wear of the early medieval
Wolin
seem to be shoes with
a two-piece, symmetrical top, which appeared as early
as in the oldest cultural layers and survived to the end
of the early Middle Ages. All the forms different from
the Wolinian „standards were recorded only in the pe¬
riod from the end of the 8th century to the 3rd quarter
of the 10th century. In shoemaking, this is at the same
time the period of domination of shoes made up of
three parts (the sole and two halves of the top), which
can be regarded as „classic , deriving directly from the
one-piece forms, preserved best and in the greatest
numbers. It seems that concentrations of wastes disco¬
vered in the Gardens district can be connected with ma¬
nufacturing three-piece shoes.
348
Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny
One-piece shoes should be regarded as the oldest
form of the early medieval
Wolin
footwear. The evo¬
lution of one-piece shoes involved first of all better fit¬
ting of the shoe shape to the shape of the user s foot
already at the stage of cutting the suitable template
from a piece of material. Six types of one-piece shoes
have been identified in
Wolin
so far. An expression of
progress in technology of shoemaking was introduc¬
tion into use threads, most often of plant origin, instead
of a strip of leather. Some Wolinian one-piece models
have features of made-to-measure products, adapted
to the needs of particular users. Also it seems that di¬
stinguishing between right and left foot was already
used at that time, by proper putting on each other while
sewing leather edges at the top of foot and the use of
asymmetric templates of the pattern. However, those
observations could be confirmed only by finds of pairs
of shoes, not only single specimens. Some pieces of one-
-piece shoes had another common feature. This was
a pair of cuts situated more or less in the middle of the
shoe length, horizontally or diagonally to the line of
cuts used for pulling through the lace. Some researchers
are inclined to connect additional holes of this type at
the side of shoes with attaching spurs.
All one-piece forms made in accordance with the lo¬
cal traditions or modelled after foreign articles show
at least several essential progressive features which
were developed in the
Wolin
shoemaking in the follow¬
ing centuries. The most important of them was regu¬
lar sewing with threads. The technological advance¬
ment was expressed by the use of cuts in templates al¬
lowing regulation of the basic footwear parameters: the
width and height. The interwoven stitch became the
characteristic element.
The three-piece shoes, made from the sole and two
symmetrical halves of the top, make the numerically
largest group of the shoemaking products. The
Wolin
shoemaking in the 10th century was based mainly on
multi-piece forms. It seems that at that time the circle
of shoe recipients expanded considerably, and they
came from different environments of the early medie¬
val society. Shoemakers made shoes using the old pat¬
terns basing on the local traditions and gradually re¬
placing them with new, improved forms made of a few
pieces. The essential feature of the
Wolin
shoemaking
in the period from the middle of the 9th to the begin¬
ning of the
11*
centuries was substantial conservatism
in choosing forms and constructional solutions.
Changes within the standards of making three-piece
shoes developed in the first half of the 9th c. involved
introducing some improvements raising the functional
and aesthetic values of this form of footwear. Introdu¬
cing to shoemaking sewing in the thickness of leather
was an expression of the technological progress made
in
Wolin
at the end of the
10*
century. In the
11*-12ίη
centuries,
Wolin
shoemaking was dominated by the
system of cutting based on the one-cut with insertions.
The one-piece shoes already fell into disuse at that time.
Three-piece models were used parallel, with the tradi¬
tional interwoven stitch running along the axis of toe,
but at the end of the 11th century they belonged to the
archaic type. From about the middle of the 11th centu¬
ry, in the period of tops-one-cuts with insertions and
sewing techniques in the thickness of leather being
more common, a tendency can be seen to unify tech¬
nological practices and forms of footwear in most Eu¬
ropean urban centres. Regional differences in develop¬
ed shoemaking, having new technological solutions, re¬
ferred to ways of decorating shoes, preferences in the
ways of closing or particular kinds of insertions. In this
respect
Wolin
shoemaking most closely refers to that
of Szczecin.
H.2. Amber working of the early medieval
Wolin
(¡Jerzy Wojtasik]
)
Archaeological excavations carried out in
Wolin
pro¬
vided numerous finds of amber relics. The largest
amounts of amber items, such as beads, pendants, raw
material and production wastes were unearthed in the
area of the Old Town within the fortifications, and par¬
ticularly in trenches no.
4, 6
and
7.
Smaller collections
of relics derive from trenches no.
5
and
8.
Many am¬
ber relics, especially raw material and production
wastes of different sort, were uncovered as a result of
rescue excavations carried out in the south-east part of
the Old Town. Traces of amber processing on a large
scale were also recorded during the pre-war excavation
on the
Wolin
Market Square.
The previous research indicates that amber was
worked in
Wolin
from the very beginning of existence
of the settlement. It was discovered in the earliest set¬
tlement sequences of trench no. in the Old Town. They
are dated to the end of the 8th century or, possibly, the
turn of the 8th and 9th centuries. In the 9th century a cyc¬
lic development of craft based on this material began
which lasted until the middle of the 11th century. Am¬
ber, however, occurred in the settlement stratifications
coming from the whole period of the early medieval
Wolin
history. Apart from pottery, leather production
and antler processing, the craftsman s processing of this
material was one of the most common craft.
In this article, amber relics derived from all the sites
and archaeological trenches within the whole settle¬
ment complex were presented and discussed. The re¬
lics were presented according to the particular assort¬
ments of products, that is divided into beads, pendants,
zoomorphological figures and others. Different catego¬
ries of the amber raw material which was used in the
local workshops were also discussed, as well as the me¬
thods for amber working used in them, i.e. manual,
turning and ways of boring holes.
II.3. Pottery of the early medieval
Wolin
in cultural
processes
(Błażej
Stanislawski)
Ceramic vessels were produced in
Wolin
in mass
amounts throughout the history of this centre. All the
production techniques known in North-West Slavic
lands were applied. In pottery production, i.e. hand-
Summary
349
-made, slightly turned, heavily turned and completely
turned vessels were made.
Pots of the AB/Sukow/Dziedzice type, characteristic
of the oldest Slavic pottery, were made using the first
of those techniques. However, this production method
in
Wolin
was of very little importance. This is indicat¬
ed by a very small number of discovered vessels of the
B/Sukow type. They were produced in the low period
of time, i.e. at the end of the 8th century and at the ve¬
ry beginning of the 9th century.
Slightly forming wheel-made technique was used to
make very common vessels, mostly with a two-coni¬
cal shape of the D/Menkendorf type, also referred to
as
D
style. This was a numerous group of pots, made
in the part turning technique on the slow rotating pot¬
ter s wheel. Pots of the D/Menkendorf type were cha¬
racterized by a low technological standard. Ceramics
kept in
D
style was made from the beginning of the 9th
century. The end of production took place in the middle
of the 11th century. Therefore
D
style was the charac¬
teristic element of the local pottery for about
250
years.
Heavily forming wheel-made technique was first
used to make vessels of the C/Feldberg type, and then
vases of the F/Fresendorf and E/Woldegk types.
Vessels of the C/Feldberg type (B style) comprised
a set of
8
basic forms of vessels. The vast majority of
them were closed specimens of squat shape with the
rim edge bent outside. Bowls were also sporadically
made in this way. These products were made in the
partly turning technique of both high and low techno¬
logical standards. These were both undecorated ves¬
sels
-
of the variant of the first C/Feldberg type
-
and
specimens decorated at the top part, occurring in the
definite majority. Decorations were also placed at the
edges of rims, which was one of the distinctive featu¬
res of
В
style. Ornament was applied with a comb-like
tool, forming mainly motifs of strips of diagonal pricks
and small sloping wavy lines. Ceramics of
В
style
-
Feldberg
type
-
was the element of the early medieval
Wolin
pottery from the end of the 8th century. The youn¬
gest vessels were produced as early as in the 1st half of
the 10th century.
Vessels of the F/Fresendorf and E/Woldegk types
-
also referred to as
С
style
-
were produced in the partly
wheel-made technique on the slow-rotating potter s
wheel. They are characterized by a very good techno¬
logical quality. The high standard was achieved thanks
to practices of wiping the vessel surface with a wet sloth
before its firing and in many cases thanks to the use of
angobe technique. This method involved covering the
outside surface of the vessel with white clay of the com¬
position different from the pottery mass of which the
core of the vessel was made.
С
style was represented
by the vases of the F/Fresendorf type, which definitely
dominated in it, and considerably less numerous pots
of the E/Woldegk type. Pottery ware made according
to the rules of
С
style were produced in
Wolin
in the
period from the beginning of the 9th century until the
1st quarter of the 11th century. The stage of flourishing
production, however, fell in the 1st half of the 10th cen¬
tury. Later they were already made in a very small
amount.
The complete wheel-made technique (E style),
which began to be used in
Wolin
very early, that is at
the beginning of the
IO*
century, or even at the end of
the 9th century, was applied to made a rich assortment
of vessels of the
G/Vipperow, J/Teterow, M/Bobzin, K,
L/Kowall, H/Weisdin, I/Warder types, as well as
bowls. Among them the most popular were specimens
of the G/Vipperow, and then J/Teterow types. The pro¬
duction of the other types was much less common.
E
style included a wide range of pottery ware with dif¬
ferent shapes and functions, made with the complete
wheel-made technique on the fast rotating potter s
wheel. All the vessels produced in this way were also
connected with analogous ornaments. Almost
3/4
of
their surface was decorated. The dominating decora¬
tion consisted of surrounding grooves, supplemented
with motifs of wavy lines, cuts and pricks. Plaiting pat¬
terns were also met, which occurred on storage vessels
and on lids. Ceramics in
E
style was produced in
Wo¬
lin
for almost three centuries, i.e. from the beginning
of the 10th century, and perhaps even from the end of
the 9th century, until the decline of the town, which took
place at the end of the 12th century.
The pottery styles presented never occurred in the
form of a simple evolutionary sequence, but in diffe¬
rent configurations. Based on the configurations which
occurred in the
Wolin
pottery it was possible to divide
it into four basic periods
-
chronological horizons.
In chronological horizon I (la and Ib) (from the end
of the 8th to the end of the 9th or
9/10
centuries) potte¬
ry was mainly characterized by production of vessels
in
В
style. Ceramics kept in
С
and
D
styles, which ma¬
de a supplementing element, was introduced parallel
to manufacture. Pots of A style also occurred in slight
amount at the initial period. Coming changes were no¬
ticeable in pottery, expressed in an increasing propor¬
tion of ceramics of
С
and
D
styles, which characteri¬
zed horizon Ib.
In horizon II (from the beginning to the 3rd quarter
of the 10th century) first, in period
Па,
pottery was do¬
minated by production of vessels in
С
style and sup¬
plemented with vases made in
С
style which were in
full bloom at that time. Also the last relics of
В
style
were made. The first vessels made according to the
E
style standards were introduced to production. La¬
ter
-
in horizon lib
-
ceramic manufacture was still do¬
minated by pottery produced according to the stan¬
dards of
D
style. It was supplemented with vases clas¬
sified as
С
style. At the same time there was a growing
interest in
E
style.
Pottery in horizon III (from the 4th quarter of the 10th
century to the middle of the 11th century) was charac¬
terized by domination of
E
style, at trace amount of ac¬
companying them pots of
D
style, whereas in IV chro¬
nological horizon (from the middle of the ll01 to the
end of the 12th centuries) only ceramics of
E
style
oc-
350
Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny
curred.
New forms of vessels were introduced to pro¬
duction.
Chapter III. Historical and etymological studies
III.l.
Wolin:
pagan religion and conversion of the
town to Christianity in the light of Latin sources
from the
11^-12*
с
Outline
(Stanisław Rosik)
Description of the sources is opened with mentio¬
ning the written sources used in studies of the earliest
history of
Wolin,
from the so-called Bavarian Geogra¬
pher from the middle of the 9th century and the report
of Ibrahim ibn Yaqub written as a result of his journey
to the Empire and its neighbours in the
60s
of the 10th
century. Those sources are hypothetically connected
with the tribe of Wolinians and their famous town at
the mouth of the Oder, just as
-
here with more pro¬
bability
-
the account of Thietmar of Merseburg (died
1018)
about the big town Livilni. This mention corre¬
sponds to the message left more than half a century la¬
ter by Adam of
Brema
about Iumne, the town of Slavs,
but also of many other nations, allegedly the largest
town in Europe, identified with
Wolin.
The news brings
the picture of relations in the town, inspiring various
directions of research on the state of religious life there
(e.g. ban on public promotion of Christianity, at tole¬
rating the presence of its followers), but first of all on
the ways of interpretation of the barbarian world: to-
poses (e.g. hospitality),
interpretatio
Romana
in a descrip¬
tion of the town and its surroundings, as well as the
specificity of characterizing its world character (motif
of „barbarians and Greeks drawn from New Testa¬
ment).
Reception of news about Iumne in the first book of
Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold of Bosau, written in
the 1160s, resulted in the first record of the legend of
Vineta,
the ruins of which
-
after destroying it by one
of Danish kings
-
could reportedly still be seen at the
time.
Vineta
was in this tradition connected with the
circle of Barbaricum, whereas
Wolin
was already Chri¬
stianized town at the time, and the seat of the bishop¬
ric. Conversion of the town took place as part of mis¬
sionary expeditions to
Pomerania
undertaken by Saint
Otto of
Bamberg in 1124-1125,
which is confirmed as
early as in the chronicle by Ekkehard of Aura from
about
1126,
but first of all in three
hagiographies
of the
mentioned Apostle of Pomeranians, written during
nearly two decades after his death in south-German Be¬
nedictine monasteries: the first one, the so-called Vita
Prieflingensis, by an anonymous monk of Priifening at
the gate of
Regensburg,
and the following two
-
by
Ebon and Herbord
-
at
Michelsberg in Bamberg.
The news from Otto s triptych makes the core of writ¬
ten source basis for studies both of the pre-Christian
cult in
Wolin
and of establishing Christianity there.
In the first of these aspects, a picture of the prima¬
cy of Szczecin over
Wolin
is notable, but in discussion
over the
pre
Christian religion of Slavs and its Christian
interpretation, the information given by Otto s biogra¬
phers about objects of cult, such as the sacred spear and
column, connected apocryphally with Julius Cesar as
the town founder, as well as a sanctuary, that is the so-
-called
kącina,
are of the essential importance in the first
place. Moreover, attention is focused on rites in
Wolin
mentioned in the description of the residents aposta¬
sy already after a Christian community being settled
there.
Establishing Christianity in
Wolin
makes a signifi¬
cant thread in Otto s hagiography in constructing com¬
prehensive interpretations concerning the course of his
first mission in
Pomerania.
In the
vitae
of this hero his
two visits in the town are emphasized unanimously
-
the first with no success, ended with sending the mis¬
sionary to Szczecin, and the second, when Wolinians
themselves were to ask for conversion of their commu¬
nity learning about the conversion of Szczecin residents.
In the end two churches were to be erected in
Wolin
and a community began to function with a priest Adal¬
bert. The episode of apostasy in the town between Ot¬
to s first mission to Pomeranians and the second, un¬
dertaken in
1128,
did not destroy functioning of the new
Christian community. Otto of
Bamberg
himself exer¬
cised supervision of
Wolin
and the whole church or¬
ganization in the West Pomeranian state to his death
in
1139,
and then a bishopric was established with the
mentioned Adalbert at its head. Those facts have an ef¬
fect on creating various themes in the hagiography un¬
der discussion, and particularly on appearing the mo¬
tive of founding
Wolin
by Julius Cesar.
III.2.
Wolin/Jómsborg
in the medieval Scandinavian
literature
(Jakub Morawiec)
Thanks to commercial, cultural and political contacts,
the medieval
Wolin
was very well known in the Scan¬
dinavia as
Jómsborg
at that time. This also found its
reflection in the fact that the stronghold on the
Dziw¬
na
appeared in different literary works written in the
North in the Middle Ages. Individual authors linked
Wolin/Jómsborg
to people who in time gained a legen¬
dary status and to events regarded as key moments in
the history of the whole region.
This in the first place refers to the legend about
a company of excellent warriors who became famous
as
Jómsvikings.
The origin and history of this group,
until its dramatic final which was the battle of Hjerun-
gavåg,
was connected by tradition with Scandinavian
rulers
(Harald
Bluetooth, Sweyn Forkbeard, jarl
Hlaőir
Hakon)
and magnates (Palnatoki, Sigvaldi,
ï>orkell
the
Tall). According to descriptions from the sagas,
Jóms¬
borg,
the seat of the squad, was a powerful stronghold,
with an iron gate and a bay for
300
boats.
Due to the fame of the stronghold and the compa¬
ny stationing there, also other famous figures of leaders
and rulers were connected with it in the Scandinavian
tradition. This in the first place refers to the Swedish
prince
Styrbjörn Olafsson
and King
Olaf Tryggvason
of Norway. The former was appointed the jarl of
Jóms¬
borg
by King
Harald
Bluetooth of Denmark and used
Summary
351
the
Jómsvikings
in the battle against his uncle, King Eric
of Sweden. The latter married Burislav s daughter Geira
and together with her he ruled
Vindland
for three years.
At that time he regained for his wife the control over
rebelled towns, which also included Jomsborg.
Olaf
came to the town once more when he came to the Sla¬
vic country to regain for his next wife
Pyra
her Slavic
possessions from
Burislav.
This is from Jomsborg that
jarl Sigvaldi led him to the trap at Svoldr, which
brought him death in the battle.
In those stories Jomsborg plays a significant, al¬
though limited, role. It was the main place where Scan¬
dinavians came into contact with Slavs. The stronghold
functioned as the literal showpiece of the whole Vind-
land. Consequently, what the authors of sagas relate to
Slavs and Slavic lands, almost entirely and always re¬
fers to Jomsborg. Although
Burislav
is unanimously de¬
scribed as a powerful ruler, his kingdom, beyond Joms¬
borg, remains completely unknown. Also he and his
family (three daughters: Geira,
Astrid
and Gunnhild),
function only from the angle of their presence in Joms¬
borg.
The raid of Magnus the Good, the King of Norway
and Denmark, on
Wolin
in
1043
is one of those few
events in the context of which one can tell not only
about the legend but also about historical reality. The
legendary dimension refers first of all to the help in
fighting enemies, including the pagan Slavs, which was
given to Magnus by his father, Saint
Olaf. In
fact ma¬
ny circumstances show that the raid on
Wolin
was
a part of fight for power in Denmark that Magnus had
with Sweyn Ulfsson. This attack was probably the re¬
venge for an unspecified help which Wolinians offered
to the latter.
Ш.З.
Etymology of Slavic local and nearby names
from the
Wolin-Kamień
area
(
|Ewa Rzetelska-Feleszkol
,
Alexandra Petrulevich)
Presented etymological explanations refer to the na¬
mes of villages and features situated in the Wolin-Ka-
mień
area. The study comprises the area identified with
lands inhabited in the period of the early Middle Ages
by the tribe of Wolinians. The choice of names was ba¬
sed on lists and detailed archive maps being in the col¬
lection of the National Museum in Szczecin.
Both in written lists and on maps from the
1920s
and
1930s,
the most names were German or originally Sla¬
vic (Pomeranian) and Germanized names. Only origi¬
nally Slavic names or those „suspected of Slavic ori¬
gin were worked out in respect of etymology. All the
names of villages except for German were provided
with linguistic explanations. Of the physiographic
names (numbered on the lists), only those were select¬
ed which could be of Slavic origin, whereas the names
of explicitly German etymology were omitted. „The ca¬
talogue of sources presents rich toponomastic mate¬
rial, but it needs some work and field verification as
well as studies on etymology of the German nomen¬
clature.
Conclusion
(Błażej
Stanislawski)
As an exception, two volumes have been devoted to
the problems of the history of the early medieval
Wo¬
lin
and the culture of its residents
-
presented as part
of the series
Origines
Polonorum.
This results in the first
place from the fact of importance of this centre, the role
it played in the history of the multi-ethnic communi¬
ty of the Baltic economic zone, the North-West Slavic
Lands and the populations of Polish lands in the pro¬
cess of formation of the early
Piast
state. Moreover,
a number of interdisciplinary research projects have
been carried out in
Wolin
in recent years. Their results
substantially broaden our knowledge about this centre.
They also resulted in the new interpretations of histo¬
rical, toponomastic, archaeological, numismatic and na¬
tural sources.
In this volume we have presented the results of exca¬
vations which were conducted in Gardens district, as
well as at the South Suburb and the South Settlement;
studies of craftwork; pagan religious beliefs and the
conversion of the town to Christianity in the light of
Latin sources; the place of Wolin-Jomsborg in the me¬
dieval Scandinavian literature and the etymology of Sla¬
vic local and nearby names from the
Wolin-Kamień
area.
In Volume
2
the results of natural and problem stu¬
dies will be presented.
Within the framework of those studies, the following
problems will be discussed:
1.
Changes in the natural environment of the
Wolin
vicinity during holocen, with particular concern on the
period of the early Middle Ages;
2.
Changes in the natural environment and plant uti¬
lization in the early medieval
Wolin;
3.
Early medieval fishery of
Wolin
residents in the
light of research of archaeo-ichthyological remains;
4.
Animals in the early medieval
Wolin.
Archaeozoo-
logical research;
5.
Early medieval wooden artefacts from
Wolin
in the
light of raw material analysis.
The second part of the volume will refer to the re¬
sults of some problem studies. These will include the
following issues:
1.
Defensive fortifications of the early medieval
Wo¬
lin;
2.
Early medieval coins from archaeological excava¬
tions in
Wolin;
3.
Early medieval hoard of coins from Silver Hill in
Wolin
from the 2nd half of the 10th c;
4.
„Jómswikinga saga
in the light of archaeological
sources;
5.
Shipbuilding, harbour and sailing of the early me¬
dieval
Wolin.
Γη
volume two, also conclusions summing up the re¬
sults of the previous study of the history of early me¬
dieval
Wolin
and the culture of its residents will be pre¬
sented.
Spis
tresei
O autorach
9
Wstęp do archeologii wczesnośredniowiecznego Wolina (Błażej Stanisławski)
13
1.
Historia badań
14
2.
Systematyzacja stanowisk
20
3.
Rezultaty badań
37
Rozdział I. Archeologiczne badania wykopaliskowe w Wolinie w latach
1996-2002 45
1.
Badania wykopaliskowe na Osadzie Południowej (Władysław Filipowiak, Błażej Stanisławski, Mieczysław
Jusza)
45
1.1.
Źródła archeologiczne
-
ich wstępna analiza funkcjonalna i chronologiczna
49
1.1.1.
Wykop nr
1 49
1.1.2.
Wykop nr
2 49
1.1.3.
Wykop nr
3 50
1.1.4.
Wykop nr
4 53
1.2.
Charakterystyka gospodarcza oraz kultura życia codziennego mieszkańców Wolina
54
1.2.1.
Wyroby z drewna i kory
54
1.2.2.
Wyroby z gliny
61
1.2.3.
Wyroby z żelaza i metali kolorowych
62
1.2.4.
Wyroby z poroża, kości i skóry
62
1.2.5.
Wyroby z bursztynu, kamienia i szkła
62
1.2.6.
Tkaniny i łyko
63
1.3.
Interpretacja znalezisk
64
2.
Przez most do przeszłości
-
badania wykopaliskowe w dzielnicy Ogrody (Władysław Filipowiak, Błażej
Stanisławski)
65
2.1.
Źródła archeologiczne
-
ich wstępna analiza funkcjonalna i chronologiczna
67
2.1.1.
Wykop nr
1 71
2.1.2.
Wykop nr
2 92
2.1.3.
Wykop nr
3 121
2.1.4.
Wykop nr
4 133
2.1.5.
Wykop nr
5 139
2.1.6.
Wykopy nr
6, 7, 8
oraz punkty osadnicze nr
1-10 156
2.1.7.
Stanowisko nr
17 167
2.2.
Charakterystyka gospodarcza oraz kultura życia codziennego mieszkańców Wolina
169
2.2.1.
Wyroby z drewna i kory
169
2.2.2.
Wyroby z gliny
172
2.2.3.
Wyroby z żelaza
173
2.2.4.
Wyroby z metali kolorowych
174
2.2.5.
Wyroby z poroża i kości
174
2.2.6.
Wyroby z bursztynu, kryształu górskiego i kamienia
178
2.2.7.
Wyroby ze skóry
179
2.2.8.
Szklane paciorki
179
2.2.9.
Tkaniny, wojłok i liny
180
2.2.10.
Zabytki pradziejowe, średniowieczne oraz nowożytne
180
2.3.
Interpretacja
181
2.3.1.
1 faza osadnicza
181
2.3.2.
II
faza osadnicza
185
2.3.3.
III faza osadnicza
188
2.3.4.
IV
faza osadnicza
189
3.
Badania wykopaliskowe w Wolinie na Przedmieściu Południowym (Błażej Stanisławski,
Mieczysław Jusza)
190
3.1.
Uwagi wstępne
190
3.2.
Źródła archeologiczne
-
ich analiza funkcjonalna i chronologiczna
194
3.3.
Interpretacja
197
Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny
Rozdział
II.
Studia nad wytwórczością rzemieślniczą
201
1.
Rzemiosło szewskie wczesnośredniowiecznego Wolina (Anna
Б.
Kowalska)
201
1.1.
Podstawa źródłowa
202
1.2.
Analiza obuwia
204
1.2.1.
Obuwie jednoczęściowe
205
1.2.2.
Obuwie wieloczęściowe
215
1.2.3.
Obuwie trzyczęściowe
217
1.2.4.
Obuwie z jednoczęściowym wierzchem
223
1.2.5.
Pozostałe typy obuwia
227
1.3.
Etapy rozwoju szewstwa w Wolinie
228
2.
Bursztyniarstwo wczesnośredniowiecznego Wolina
([
Jerzy Wojtasik|
) 235
2.1.
Asortyment wyrobów z bursztynu
238
2.2.
Surowiec
244
2.3.
Metody obróbki bursztynu
245
2.4.
Etapy rozwoju bursztynnictwa
248
2.5.
Handel i wymiana
248
3.
Garncarstwo wczesnośredniowiecznego Wolina w procesach kulturowych (Błażej
Stanislawski) 249
3.1.
Źródła
251
3.2.
Analiza ceramiki wolińskiej
266
3.3.
Konstrukcja zespołów naczyń
268
3.4.
Styl w garncarstwie wczesnośredniowiecznego Wolina
271
3.5.
Styl w procesach kulturowych wczesnośredniowiecznego Wolina
274
Rozdział III. Studia historyczne i etymologiczne
291
1.
Wolin: religia pogańska i konwersja miasta na chrześcijaństwo w świetle źródeł łacińskich z
XI-XII
w.
Zarys (Stanisław Rosik)
291
1.1.
Iumne według Adama z Bremy
293
1.2.
Iulin w żywotach Ottona z Bambergu (z uwzględnieniem przekazu Ekkeharda z Aura)
295
1.3.
Pogaństwo w Wolinie
296
1.3.1.
Kącina
297
1.3.2.
Święta włócznia i cezariańska kolumna
298
1.3.3.
O obrzędach kultowych w Wolinie
299
1.4.
Zaprowadzenie chrześcijaństwa w Wolinie
299
1.4.1.
Zaprowadzenie chrześcijaństwa w mieście. Budowa kościołów
301
1.4.2.
Epizod apostazji i kontynuacja
chrystianizaqi
302
1.4.3.
Ustanowienie biskupstwa a miejsce Wolina w
vitae
Ottona z Bambergu
302
2.
Wolin/Jómsborg w średniowiecznej literaturze skandynawskiej (Jakub Morawiec)
304
2.1.
Charakterystyka źródeł
305
2.2.
Powstanie Jómsborga
309
2.3.
Jómsborg siedzibą grupy zbrojnych
-
jomswikingowie
311
2.4.
Słynni wodzowie w Jómsborgu
313
2.5.
Słowiańscy partnerzy Skandynawów w Jómsborgu
317
2.6.
Najazd Magnusa Dobrego na Wolin w
1043
r.
319
3.
Etymologia słowiańskich nazw miejscowych i terenowych z obszaru wolińsko-kamieńskiego
(|Ewa Rzetelska-Feleszkol
,
Alexandra Petrulevich)
320
3.1.
Katalog źródeł etymologicznych (przykład Wolina)
321
3.2.
Wnioski
322
Zakończenie (Błażej
Stanislawski) 329
Bibliografia
331
Summary
343
Indeks osób
353
Indeks nazw geograficznych i etnicznych
357
Spis rycin, ilustracji i tabel
361
Table
of
contents
Authors
9
Introduction
to archaeology of the early medieval
Wolin (Błażej
Stanislawski) 11
1.
History of excavations
14
2.
Systematization of sites
20
3.
Results of research
37
Chapter I. Archaeological excavations in
Wolin
in
1996-2002 43
1.
Excavation at the South Settlement
{Władysław Filipowiak, Błażej
Stanislawski,
Mieczysław Jusza)
45
1.1.
Archaeological sources
-
their initial functional and chronological analysis
49
1.1.1.
Trench no.
1 49
1.1.2.
Trench no.
2 49
1.1.3.
Trench no.
3 50
1.1.4.
Trench no.
4 53
1.2.
Economic characterization and everyday life culture of
Wolin
residents
54
1.2.1.
Wood and bark products
54
1.2.2.
Clay products
61
1.2.3.
Iron and non-ferrous metal products
62
1.2.4.
Antler, bone and leather products
62
1.2.5.
Amber, stone and glass products
62
1.2.6.
Fabrics and bast
63
1.3.
Interpretations of finds
64
2.
Over a bridge to the past
-
excavation in the
Ogrody
(Gardens) district
(Władysław
Filipowiak,
Błażej
Stanislawski) 65
2.1.
Archaeological sources
-
their initial functional and chronological analysis
67
2.1.1.
Trench no.
1 71
2.1.2.
Trench no.
2 92
2.1.3.
Trench no.
3 121
2.1.4.
Trench no.
4 133
2.1.5.
Trench no.
5 139
2.1.6.
Trenches no.
6, 7, 8
and settlement points no.
1-10 156
2.1.7.
Site no.
17 167
2.2.
Economic characterization and everyday life culture of
Wolin
residents
169
2.2.1.
Wood and bark products
169
2.2.2.
Clay products
172
2.2.3.
Iron products
173
2.2.4.
Non-ferrous metal products
174
2.2.5.
Antler and bone products
174
2.2.6.
Amber, rock crystal and stone products
178
2.2.7.
Leather products
179
2.2.8.
Glass beads
179
2.2.9.
Fabrics, felt and ropes
180
2.2.10.
Prehistoric, medieval and modern-era artefacts
180
2.3.
Interpretation
181
2.3.1.
1 phase of settlement
181
2.3.2.
II phase of settlement
185
2.3.3.
Ill phase of settlement
188
2.3.4.
IV phase of settlement
189
3.
Research in
Wolin
at the South Suburb
(Błażej
Stanislawski,
Mieczysław
Jusza)
190
3.1.
Initial remarks
190
3.2.
Archaeological sources
-
their functional and chronological analysis
194
3.3.
Interpretation
197
Chapter II. Study of craftwork
199
1.
Shoemaker s craft of the early medieval
Wolin
(Anna B.
Kowalska)
201
8
Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny
1.1.
Source base
202
1.2.
Analysis of footwear
204
1.2.1.
One-piece footwear
205
1.2.2.
Multi-piece footwear
215
1.2.3.
Three-piece footwear
217
1.2.4.
Footwear with one-piece top
223
1.2.5.
Other types of footwear
227
1.3.
Stages of shoemaking development in
Wolin
__228
2.
Amber working of the early medieval
Wolin ( Jerzy Wojtasikj
) 235
2.1.
Assortment of products made from amber
238
2.2.
Raw material
244
2.3.
Methods of amber processing
245
2.4.
Developmental stages of amber working
248
2.5.
Trade and exchange
248
3.
Pottery of the early medieval
Wolin
in cultural processes
(Błażej
Stanislawski) 249
3.1.
Sources
251
3.2.
Analysis of
Wolin
ceramic
266
3.3.
Structure of groups of vessels
268
3.4.
Style in pottery of the early medieval
Wolin
271
3.5.
Style in cultural processes of the early medieval
Wolin
274
Chapter III. Historical and etymological studies
289
1.
Wolin:
pagan religion and conversion of the town to Christianity in the light of Latin sources from the
llth-12th
с
Outline
(Stanisław
Rosik)
291
1.1.
lumne according to Adam of Bremen
293
1.2.
lulin in the lives of Otto of
Bamberg
(including source material from Ekkehard of Aura)
295
1.3.
Paganism in
Wolin
296
1.3.1.
Каста
297
1.3.2.
Sacred spear and Caesarian column
298
1.3.3.
About cultic rites in
Wolin
299
1.4.
Establishment of Christianity in
Wolin
299
1.4.1.
Establishment of Christianity in the town. Building churches
301
1.4.2.
Episode of apostasy and the continuation of Christianization
302
1.4.3.
Appointing bishopric and the place of
Wolin
in
vitae
of Otto of
Bamberg 302
2.
Wolin/Jómsborg
in the medieval Scandinavian literature
(Jakub Morawiec)
304
2.1.
Characterization of sources
305
2.2.
Founding of
Jómsborg
309
2.3.
Jómsborg
as the seat of a group of armed warriors
-
the
Jómsvikings
311
2.4.
Famous leaders in
Jómsborg
313
2.5.
Slavic partners of Scandinavians in
Jómsborg
317
2.6.
Raid of Magnus the Good on
Wolin
in
1043 319
3.
Etymology of Slavic local and nearby names from the
Wolin-Kamień
area
([Ewa
Rzetelska-Feleszko]
,
Alexandra Petrulevich)
320
3.1.
Catalogue of etymological sources (the example of
Wolin)
321
3.2.
Conclusions
322
Conclusion
(Błażej
Stanislawski) 327
Bibliography
331
Summary
343
Index of people
353
Index of geographic and ethnic names
357
List of figures, illustrations and tables
361
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142678775 |
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| bvnumber | BV041283847 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)859419605 (DE-599)BVBBV041283847 |
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| id | DE-604.BV041283847 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:53:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788374362498 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026732979 |
| oclc_num | 859419605 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 370 s., [24] s. tabl. kolor. il. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm. |
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| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej [etc.] Wydawnictwo Trio |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Origines Polonorum |
| series2 | Origines Polonorum |
| spelling | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny 1 Błażej Stanisławski, Władysław Filipowiak Wyd. 1. Warszawa Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej [etc.] 2013 Wydawnictwo Trio 2013 370 s., [24] s. tabl. kolor. il. - zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Origines Polonorum 6 Origines Polonorum ... Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Stanisławski, Błażej Sonstige oth Filipowiak, Władysław 1926-2014 Sonstige (DE-588)142678775 oth (DE-604)BV041283835 1 Origines Polonorum 6 (DE-604)BV022754920 6 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026732979&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026732979&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny Origines Polonorum |
| title | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny |
| title_auth | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny |
| title_exact_search | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny |
| title_full | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny 1 Błażej Stanisławski, Władysław Filipowiak |
| title_fullStr | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny 1 Błażej Stanisławski, Władysław Filipowiak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny 1 Błażej Stanisławski, Władysław Filipowiak |
| title_short | Wolin wczesnośredniowieczny |
| title_sort | wolin wczesnosredniowieczny |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026732979&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026732979&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041283835 (DE-604)BV022754920 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stanisławskibłazej wolinwczesnosredniowieczny1 AT filipowiakwładysław wolinwczesnosredniowieczny1 |