Verfügbarkeit: Human geography

Human geography: people and the environment

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Detroit Gale Cengage Learning
Schlagworte:	Human geography Anthropogeografie
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN:	9781414491356 1414491352

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	VOLUME 1 List of Maps............................................................................................................................................ xv About This Book ............................................................................................................................. xvii Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... xxiii Chronology ........................................................................................................................................... xxv Part I: Fundamentals of Human Geography Concepts and Skills ............................................................................................................................. 3 Concepts and Skills: Overview ................................................................................................. 5 Fundamentals of Human Geography ................................................................................... 8 Fields of Geography .................................................................................................................... 11 History of Geography ................................................................................................................ 15 Geographical Concepts .............................................................................................................. 19 Geographical Themes ................................................................................................................. 22 Six Elements of Geography ..................................................................................................... 24 Map Reading .................................................................................................................................. 29 Maps and Spatial Data ................................................................................................................... 33 Maps and Spatial Data: Overview ........................................................................................ 35 Map Scale ........................................................................................................................................ 37 Longitude and Latitude ............................................................................................................ 39 Map Classes ..................................................................................................................................... 43 Map Projections ............................................................................................................................ 46 Map Distortion .............................................................................................................................. 49 Map Types ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Use and Misuse of Maps .......................................................................................................... 57 Mental Maps ................................................................................................................................... 59 Sources of Geographic Data ................................................................................................... 61 vtt Contents Geospatial Technologies........................................................................................................... 64 Part II: Population Geography Distribution, Trends, and the Environment.................................................................. 73 Distribution, Trends, and the Environment: Overview ........................................... 75 Global Population Distribution............................................................................................ 78 Population Density ...................................................................................................................... 82 Population Growth—History and Future Trends ....................................................... 85 Population Effects on the Environment ........................................................................... 88 Population Decline ...................................................................................................................... 92 Models and Theory .......................................................................................................................... 97 Models and Theory: Overview .............................................................................................. 99 Linear vs. Exponential Growth .......................................................................................... 101 Demographic Transition Model ........................................................................................ 104 Epidemiologie Transition Model ...................................................................................... 107 Ian Bremmer s J Curve .......................................................................................................... 110 Zero Population Growth ....................................................................................................... 113 Census Data and Collection Methods ........................................................................... 116 Understanding Demographic Data .................................................................................. 118 Population Structure ................................................................................................................ 120 Government Programs to Influence Population ....................................................... 123 Religious Programs/Policies to Influence Population ........................................... 126 Movements and Migration ...................................................................................................... 131 Movements and Migration: Overview ............................................................................ 133 Historic Global Population Movement/Migration Patterns ............................................................................................................................... 135 Modern Global Population Movement/Migration Patterns .............................. 137 Immigrants and Emigrants ................................................................................................... 140 Migration Patterns within a Region ................................................................................ 143 United States Historical Immigration and Migration Patterns and Analysis ............................................................................ 146 Types of Migration ................................................................................................................... 151 Characteristics of Migrants ................................................................................................... 154 Politics of Immigration ........................................................................................................... 158 Voluntary Segregation ............................................................................................................ 160 Forced Segregation ................................................................................................................... 163 Wilbur Zelinsky s Migration Transition Model ......................................................... 165 Ravenstein s Model on Distance of Migration .......................................................... 167 Intervening Obstacles and Opportunities ..................................................................... 169 Part III: Cultural Geography Cultural Geography ...................................................................................................................... 173 Cultural Geography: Overview .......................................................................................... 175 viii HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT Contents Concepts of Culture ................................................................................................................ 178 Popular Culture (Widespread, Global) vs. Folk Culture (Clustered, Regional) .................................................................................................. 180 Cultural Diffusion and Change on a Global Level ................................................. 186 Cultural Regions ........................................................................................................................ 190 Cultural Landscapes ................................................................................................................. 193 Ethnicity and Race .................................................................................................................... 196 Culture and Gender ................................................................................................................. 200 Environmental Impact of Cultural Practices and Values ......................................................................................................................... 203 Cultural Ecology ........................................................................................................................ 205 Language .............................................................................................................................................. 209 Language: Overview ................................................................................................................ 211 Language Trees .......................................................................................................................... 213 Language and State Boundaries ........................................................................................ 216 Toponymy ..................................................................................................................................... 219 Language Diffusion .................................................................................................................. 221 Dialects ............................................................................................................................................ 224 Geopolitics of Language ........................................................................................................ 227 Religions ................................................................................................................................................ 231 Religions: Overview ................................................................................................................. 233 Origin of Religions ................................................................................................................... 235 Universalizing Religions ......................................................................................................... 238 Ethnic Religions ......................................................................................................................... 242 Diffusion of Religions ............................................................................................................. 245 Syncretic Religions .................................................................................................................... 248 Religious Divinity Classifications ....................................................................................... 250 Sacred Places ................................................................................................................................ 253 Religious Calendars .................................................................................................................. 257 Religion and Geopolitics ....................................................................................................... 260 Religious Conflict ...................................................................................................................... 262 Religious Boundaries ............................................................................................................... 267 Part W: Political Geography Territories and States ................................................................................................................... 273 Territories and States: Overview ....................................................................................... 275 Political Geography .................................................................................................................. 278 Territoriality .................................................................................................................................. 280 Spatial Relationships between Political Patterns and Patterns of Ethnicity, Economy, and Environment .................................... 282 States ................................................................................................................................................ 284 Political Power Distribution within States ................................................................... 286 Gateway States ............................................................................................................................ 288 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT ІХ Contents Modern State............................................................................................................................... 290 Immigrant State......................................................................................................................... 292 Evolution of Nation-States...................................................................................................... 297 Evolution of Nation-States: Overview ............................................................................ 299 History of Boundaries ............................................................................................................. 301 Types of Boundaries ................................................................................................................ 304 Origin-Based Classification ................................................................................................... 306 Boundary Disputes ................................................................................................................... 308 Nationalism ................................................................................................................................... 311 Supranationalism ........................................................................................................................ 314 Colonialism (Colonies) ........................................................................................................... 318 Tribalism ........................................................................................................................................ 321 Nations and International Relations ................................................................................. 327 Nations and International Relations: Overview ........................................................ 329 Stateless Nations ........................................................................................................................ 330 International Relations ........................................................................................................... 333 World-Systems Analysis .......................................................................................................... 336 Organic Theory .......................................................................................................................... 338 Heartland Theory ...................................................................................................................... 340 The Rimland Theory ............................................................................................................... 342 New World Order ..................................................................................................................... 345 Nation-State ................................................................................................................................. 347 Forces of Cohesion and Fragmentation ........................................................................ 350 Electoral Geography ................................................................................................................ 353 The Law of the Sea .................................................................................................................. 355 VOLUME 2 List of Maps ............................................................................................................................................ xv About This Book ............................................................................................................................. xvii Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... xxiii Chronology ........................................................................................................................................... xxv Part V: Agricultural and Rural Geography Agricultural and Rural Geography ..................................................................................... 361 Agricultural and Rural Geography: Overview ............................................................ 363 Agricultural Geography and Rural Regions ................................................................ 366 Agriculture .................................................................................................................................... 368 Origins/Timeline of Agriculture ....................................................................................... 371 Modern Commercial Agriculture ....................................................................... 374 Subsistence Agriculture ........................................................................................... 378 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT Contents Agricultural Systems and Production ............................................................................... 383 Agricultural Systems and Production: Overview ...................................................... 385 Swidden .......................................................................................................................................... 386 Plantation Farming ................................................................................................................... 389 Grain Farming ............................................................................................................................. 392 Rice Growing ............................................................................................................................... 395 Mediterranean Agriculture .................................................................................................... 397 Specialized Fruit Production ............................................................................................... 399 Truck Farming ............................................................................................................................ 401 Livestock Ranching .................................................................................................................. 403 Sustainable Agriculture ........................................................................................................... 405 Environmental Impact of Agriculture ............................................................................ 409 Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming ............................................................................... 412 Agricultural Regions and Resources ................................................................................. 415 Agricultural Regions and Resources: Overview ......................................................... 417 Aquaculture: Cultivation of Oceans ................................................................................ 419 Distribution of Agriculture ................................................................................................... 422 Agricultural Regions ................................................................................................................ 424 Irrigation Methods ................................................................................................................... 428 Forestry ........................................................................................................................................... 432 Von Thünen Model of Agricultural Land Use ......................................................... 435 Patterns and Distribution .......................................................................................................... 437 Patterns and Distribution: Overview ............................................................................... 439 Organization of Landscape .................................................................................................. 441 Settlement Patterns ................................................................................................................... 443 Functional Differentiation ..................................................................................................... 445 Diffusion of House Types ..................................................................................................... 447 Property Ownership Patterns .............................................................................................. 449 Food Supply and Distribution ............................................................................................ 452 Part VI: Economic and Industrial Geography Economic Systems and Industrialization ....................................................................... 457 Economic Systems and Industrialization: Overview ............................................... 459 Industrial Revolution ............................................................................................................... 460 Theory of the Location of Industries ............................................................................. 463 Locational Interdependence ................................................................................................ 465 Industrial Location Factors .................................................................................................. 467 Gravity Model ............................................................................................................................. 469 Industrial Regions .......................................................................................................................... 473 Industrial Regions: Overview .............................................................................................. 475 Major Industrial Regions ....................................................................................................... 477 The Four Asian Tigers ............................................................................................................ 480 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT xi Contents The Four Baby Tigers............................................................................................................. 483 Comparative Advantage ......................................................................................................... 485 Treaty Ports .................................................................................................................................. 486 Export Processing Zones ....................................................................................................... 488 Entrepots ........................................................................................................................................ 491 Secondary Industrial Regions .............................................................................................. 491 Future of Industrial Regions and Contemporary Patterns ............................................................................................................................... 493 Distribution and Management of Fossil Fuels ........................................................... 495 Economic Development ............................................................................................................ 499 Economic Development: Overview ................................................................................. 501 Categories of Economic Development .......................................................................... 502 Distribution of Economic Regions .................................................................................. 505 Pessimistic vs. Optimistic Viewpoints of Economic Development ................................................................................................................... 507 Economic Indicators of Development ........................................................................... 511 Economic Indicators of Development That Focus on Gender ................................................................................................................................ 513 Social Indicators of Development ..................................................................................... 516 Demographic Indicators of Development .................................................................... 518 Models and Theory ....................................................................................................................... 521 Models and Theory: Overview ........................................................................................... 523 Models of Economic Development ................................................................................. 525 World Systems Model—Global Scale ............................................................................. 527 Liberal Models ............................................................................................................................ 530 Structuralist Models ................................................................................................................. 531 Modernization Model ............................................................................................................. 534 Dependency Theory ................................................................................................................. 536 Central Place Theory ............................................................................................................... 538 Market Area Analysis ............................................................................................................... 541 Hierarchy of Services ............................................................................................................... 542 Economic Support Factors ................................................................................................... 544 Globalization ...................................................................................................................................... 547 Globalization: Overview ......................................................................................................... 549 The Globalization Economy ............................................................................................... 552 Deindustrialization .................................................................................................................... 556 Sustainable Development ...................................................................................................... 558 Foreign-Direct Investment ................................................................................................... 561 Specialized Economic Zones ............................................................................................... 563 Manufacturing Export Zones .......................................................................................... 565 *** HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT Contents High-Technology Corridors ................................................................................................ 567 Technopole ................................................................................................................................... 569 Productivity ................................................................................................................................... 572 The Service Industry ................................................................................................................ 574 Transportation ............................................................................................................................. 576 Economic Systems .................................................................................................................... 579 Part VII: Urban Geography Development of Cities ................................................................................................................ 587 Development of Cities: Overview ..................................................................................... 589 Ancient Cities .............................................................................................................................. 592 Post-Roman, Pre-Industrial Europe ................................................................................ 595 Post-Industrial Cities ............................................................................................................... 598 Urbanization ...................................................................................................................................... 601 Urbanization: Overview ......................................................................................................... 603 World Cities ................................................................................................................................. 605 Economic Base of Settlements ........................................................................................... 607 Central Business District ........................................................................................................ 609 Bid Rent Model ......................................................................................................................... 612 Urbanization Process ............................................................................................................... 615 Urban Hierarchy by Influence ........................................................................................... 617 Site and Situation of Urban Areas .................................................................................... 619 Urban Structure ......................................................................................................................... 622 Models and Theory ....................................................................................................................... 627 Models and Theory: Overview ........................................................................................... 629 Models of Urban Systems ..................................................................................................... 630 Urban Realms Model .............................................................................................................. 634 World City Models ................................................................................................................... 636 City Types ..................................................................................................................................... 640 Rank-Size Rule ........................................................................................................................... 643 Issues and Infrastructure ........................................................................................................... 645 Issues and Infrastructure: Overview ................................................................................ 647 Socio-Economie Issues in Urban Geography ............................................................. 648 Process of Deterioration ........................................................................................................ 651 Urban Renewal ........................................................................................................................... 653 Poverty in Urban Areas .......................................................................................................... 656 Racial Tension in Urban Areas .......................................................................................... 659 Political Organization .............................................................................................................. 663 Architecture .................................................................................................................................. 666 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT xiii Contents Urban Infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 669 Socio-Economic Issues in Suburban Geography ...................................................... 671 Urbanization and the Environment ................................................................................ 674 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................. 677 For Further Research ................................................................................................................... 681 Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 721 xtv HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
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