Verfügbarkeit: A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története

A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története: (1940 - 1945)

Rumän. u. engl. Zsfassung. - Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: History of the Southern Transylvanian Reformed Church District (1940 - 1945)

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Nagy, Alpár-Csaba (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Hungarian
Veröffentlicht:	Budapest L'Harmattan 2012
Schriftenreihe:	Documentatio ethnographica 27
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1940-1945 Magyaren Reformierte Kirche Unterdrückung Siebenbürgen > Süd
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Zusammenfassung:	Rumän. u. engl. Zsfassung. - Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: History of the Southern Transylvanian Reformed Church District (1940 - 1945)
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: History of the Southern Transylvanian District Reformed Church District. Zsfassung in rumän. Sprache u.d.T.: Istoria Eparhiei Reformate din Transilvania de Sud
Beschreibung:	498 S.
ISBN:	963236578X 9789632365787

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804150733936787456
adam_text	Tartalom ELŐSZÓ 11 A DÉL-ERDÉLYI REFORMÁTUS EGYHÁZKERÜLETI RÉSZ MŰKÖDÉSÉNEK KEZDETEI 17 A megalakulás 17 A második bécsi döntés 17 A döntés előzményei és kihirdetése 17 A döntés demográfiai következményei 21 A kettészakadt egyházkerület 23 Az Erdélyi Református Egyházkerület 1940-ben 23 A bécsi döntés következményei az Egyházkerület életében 23 Аг Intézőbizottság kinevezése 26 A kezdeti időszak (1940. szeptember—október) 31 Az indulás 31 Az első megbeszélések 31 Ideiglenes szervezeti szabályzat 32 Számbavétel 34 Nehézségek 34 Egyházmegyék 35 A lelkészek távozása Magyarországra 37 Lélekszám-csökkenés 39 Az új egyházi struktúra állami elismerése 42 Kapcsolatfelvétel a kormánnyal 42 Az első minisztériumi tárgyalások 44 A DÉL-ERDÉLYI REFORMÁTUS EGYHÁZKERÜLETI RÉSZ ÉLETE 47 Az egyházkormányzás 47 Az egyházkerületi rész szervezete 47 Egyházkerület vagy egyházkerületi rész? 47 Próbálkozás a közgyűlés összehívására 53 A Nagyenyedi Református Egyházmegye lelkészértekezletének javaslata 56 A szervezeti szabályzat körüli viták 62 A kialakult egyházszervezet 66 Az Intézőbizottság 67 Az első nyilvános gyűlések 67 A titkos gyűlések 70 Nyilvános gyűlések 1945 ben 75 A Püspöki Szék 76 Püspöki Szék és/vagy Intézőbizottság? 76 Nyüvános gyűlések 77 Titkos gyűlések 78 Az elnökség 84 Az elnökség hatásköre 84 Az elnökség munkamódszere 85 Az elnökség és a magyar kormány 86 Αχ elnökség és a román kormány 91 Pénzbeli segélyezés 93 Püspöki vizitációk 95 Az egyházi elnök, Nagy Ferenc 96 A világi elnök, Bethlen Bálint 101 Az Intézőbizottság központi irodája 103 A központi iroda megszervezése 103 Az ügyosztályok 104 Kiegészítő tisztségek 109 Bizottságok 110 Az Intézőbizottság munkájával szembeni kritika, konfliktusok 112 A Tőkés Ernő-ügy 112 Az Intézőbizottság és a Nagyenyedi Református Egyházmegye 117 Szőcs Sándor és az Intézőbizottság 119 Az Intézőbizottság és a Bethlen Kollégium Elöljárósága 121 Nagy Ferenc és Musnai László 127 Az egyház viszonya a román kormánnyal és az állami hatóságokkal 130 Az egyház lojális magatartása 130 Törvényszegés és államellenes szervezkedés hiánya 131 Hatósági rendelkezések betartása , 131 A kormány viszonyulása 135 Időhúzás 135 Ellentmondó intézkedések 137 Rosszhiszeműség 138 Magyarellenes kormányhivatalnokok 140 Az egyház és a hatóságok viszonyának értékelése 143 A többi magyar egyházzal való viszony 146 Az Intézőbizottság és a kolozsvári Igazgatótanács viszonya 146 Támogatások 147 Sérelmek 149 A Királyhágómelléki Református Egyházkerület töredékével való viszony 150 Tárgyalások az egyesülésről 151 Szembenállás 154 A Gyulafehérvári Római Katolikus Egyházmegyével való viszony 156 Együttműködés 157 Viták 161 Az evangélikus egyházzal való viszony 164 Az unitárius egyházzal való viszony 165 A dél-erdélyi református egyházmegyék élete 166 A Brassói Református Egyházmegye 167 A Gyulafehérvári Református Egyházmegye 171 A Hunyadi Református Egyházmegye 172 A Kalotaszegi Református Egyházmegye 175 A Kolozsvári Református Egyházmegye 177 A Küküllői Református Egyházmegye 179 A Mezőségi Református Egyházmegye 180 A Nagyenyedi Református Egyházmegye 184 A Nagyszebeni Református Egyházmegye 186 Az Oromániai Református Egyházmegye 188 Az egyház belső élete 193 istentiszteletek 194 Látogatottság 194 Igehirdetések 196 Akadályok 196 Katekézis 198 Felekezeti ükolákban 198 Áüami iskolákban 199 A gyülekezetekben (konfirmációi előkészítés) 200 Belmisszió 201 Az ideiglenes missziói tanács javasba 201 Megbénult belmissziói alakulatok 202 A Nőszövetség 203 Gyermekmunka 205 Börtönmisszió 206 Egyházi szeretetszolgálat 208 A rászorulók segélyezése 208 A Szászvárosi Arvaház helyzete 211 A brassói Szeretetház 214 Más szeretetintézrnények 215 Szórványgondozás 216 Szórvány-munkaterv 216 Szórvány-segély 217 Szórvány-káté 218 Egyházi sajtó 219 javaslatok, Sajtóbizottság 220 Lapkiadás 221 Gyerekkönyvek 224 A Bethlen Nyomda 224 Könyvkiadás 226 A Református Naptár 227 Tankönyvkiadás 229 Hitvalíásos kiadványok 230 Nyugdíj- és segélyügyek 232 Javasfot a közös nyugdíjpénztárról 232 Аг önálló nyugdíjpénztár 233 Alkalmi segélyezés 237 SegeV^r 238 A segélyezés más formái 239 A dél-erdélyi református elemi iskolák 240 Felekezeti elemi oktatás Romániában a két világháború között 240 A dél-erdélyi református elemi oktatás a bécsi döntés utáni hónapokban 243 Általános helyzetkép 243 Eltávozott tanítók 244 Beiratkozások körüli zavarok 247 Az iskolák finanszírozása 248 A dél-erdélyi református elemi oktatás 1941-45 között 251 A tanítóhiány 151 A tanulók 256 Hatósági túlkapások 259 Finanszírozás 264 A dél-erdélyi református középiskolák 265 Református középiskolák Nagy-Romániában 265 A dél-erdélyi református középiskolák a bécsi döntés után 268 Általános helyzetkép 268 A tanulói létszám csökkenése 269 Eltávozott tanárok 269 Finanszírozás, nehézségek 270 A dél-erdélyi református középiskolák 1941H-5. között 271 Tanárok 272 Tanulók 275 Αχ iskolapolitikai háború és következményei 277 Finanszírozás 279 A DÉL-ERDÉLYI REFORMÁTUSOKAT ÉRT SÉRELMEK 1940 ÉS 1945 KÖZÖTT 281 Általános helyzetkép 281 A romániai magyarellenesség mozgatórugói a negyvenes évek első felében 281 A magyarság kollektív bűnössége, bosszú az észak-erdélyi román sérelmekért 282 A homogén nemzeti áüam, mint célkitűzés 282 A kölcsönösségi alapú nemzetiségi politika 285 8 A primitív nacionalizmus és a pragmatikus szempontok 289 A dél-erdélyi magyarságot ért atrocitások formái 292 Első időszak: 1940. szeptember - 1941 ■ január 292 Második időszak: 194 І · január - 1 944· augusztus 293 Harmadik időszak: 1 944. augusztus - 1945. április 296 Egyéni sérelmek 301 A magyarellenes hangulat 301 Hangulatkeltés a sajtóban és politikai beszédekben 301 Az észak-erdélyi román menekültek 305 Elbocsátások, kiutasítások 307 Inzultusok, atrocitások, merényletek 312 Református lelkészek, tanítók, egyháztagok ellen 312 Református templomok, iskolák, egyházi épületek ellen 321 Lelkészek, egyházi vezetők elleni hatósági zaklatások 326 A csendőrség és a titkosrendőrök túlkapásai 326 Állandó megfigyelés 327 Indokolatlan motozások 328 Házkutatások 330 Más, enyhébb zaklatások 334 Hadbírósági eljárások 336 Számadatok 338 Vádlottak 339 A? eljárások miatti károk 340 A leggyakoribb vád: a román nemzet gyalázása 341 Illegális gyülekezés 347 Hamisítás 349 Illegális határátlépés 350 Más esetek 351 Közösségi sérelmek 353 Az ostromállapot-törvények 353 A gyülekezési tilalom és annak következményei 357 A gyülekezési tilalom 358 Egyházi testületek megbénítása 360 Lelkészt és gyülekezeti közösségek megbénítása 362 istentiszteletek megbénítása 365 Egyházi adminisztráció megbénítása 369 Egyéni lelkigondozói munka megbénítása 370 Utazási korlátozások 371 A magyar nyelv használatának korlátozása 374 Magyar feliratok, magyar nyelv a levelezésben és telefonbeszélgetésekben 3 74 A magyar helységnevek haszпáL·ta 376 A cenzúra 378 A cenzúráztatás rendszere 378 A cenzorok ellenséges magatartása 380 Cenzúra és egyházi sajtó 382 Gazdasági sérelmek 384 Egyházi ingatlanok lefoglalása 384 Katonák és menekültek beszállásolása 384 Egyházi ingatlanok elrekvirálása 385 Működő oktatási intézmények épületeinek lefoglalása 391 Megkülönböztetett adóterhek (Illeték-egyenértékadó) 394 Hadikölcsönjegyzés 398 Az állami támogatások megvonása 402 Közigazgatási segély 403 Iskolai segély 404 Egyházi alkalmazottak vasúti utazási kedvezménye 405 Egyházi iskolák községi költségvetési támogatása 406 Református lelkészek állami járandóságai körüli törvénytelenségek 407 Oklevelek érvényessége 408 Esperesi közigazgatási segély 408 Családi pótlék megvonása 409 Lelkészt fizetések felfüggesztése 410 Sérelmek 1944· augusztus 23. után 414 A hatóságok részéről elszenvedett sérelmek 415 Utazási korlátozások 416 Internálások 418 Kényszermunkatáborok 435 Hadbírósági eljárások 436 A magyar nyelv használatának korlátozása 438 Az egyházi épületeknek katonai célokra történő rekvirálása 438 A Dél-Erdélyen átvonuló katonai alakulatok és a civil lakosság okozta sérelmek 441 Fosztogatás az arcvonalon kívül eső településeken 442 Az arcvonal útjába eső egyházközségek sérelmei 446 AZ ERDÉLYI REFORMÁTUS EGYHÁZKERÜLET ÚJRAEGYESÜLÉSE 451 ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS, KÖVETKEZTETÉSEK 461 FELHASZNÁLT IRODALOM 467 Levéltári források 467 Nyomtatott levéltári források 468 Emlékiratok, visszaemlékezések 468 Összefoglaló művek, tanulmányok 468 NÉV-ÉS HELYNÉVMUTATÓ 471 SUMMARY 486 REZUMAT 493 10 History of the Southern Transylvanian Reformed Church District (1940-1945) Keywords Church History, History of the Reformed Church of Transylvania, History of Roma¬ nia during WW2, Southern Transylvania, Hungarian Minority, Antonescu-regime, Romanian-Hungarian Relationship, Governing Committee, Ferenc Nagy, Bálint Bethlen, János Vásárhelyi, Reformed Church in Southern Transylvania, 23rd of Au¬ gust 1944, Romanian-Hungarian War, Atrocities and Injuries Committed Against the Church. Summary In our dissertation we have presented the history of the Southern Transylvanian Church District between 1940 and 45, a period in which 2/5 of the body of the Re¬ formed Church had lived a provisory separate life, torn from its centre. We have presented the newly created church structure, which came to existence in a particu¬ lar historical situation during World War II, on the southern part of the divided Transylvania. Based on the available information, we have presented the circum¬ stances of its formation, organizations and the hardness of the first months. We have presented the newly formed governing structures; we have outlined the re¬ sults of the government of the church authorities, the hardness and lags of their ac¬ tivity. We have run through the relationship of the church district with the Roma¬ nian government and with the other Hungarian churches, through the liře of the dioceses left completely or partially in Romania, and through the different seg¬ ments of the internal church life. We have outlined the social, political relation¬ ships, which formed the background of the injuries suffered by the church and of the anti-Hungarian and anti-Reformed approach of the Romanian government and public opinion. We presented thoroughly the several types of injuries suffered by the church from individual, community or economical aspects, and the torments and looting suffered after the 23rd of August 1944. Finally we have presented the events of the reunification of the Transylvanian Reformed Church, and the reorgan¬ ization of a unified government. From the large amount of presented data regarding the unique chapter of the his¬ tory of the Transylvanian Reformed Church, we can conclude the following: 486 1. The Second Vienna Award tore not only Tranyslvania in two, but it also divided the Transylvanian Reformed Church District. By the measures taken by Bishop János Vásárhelyi and the meeting of the Governing Board on the 31st of August 1940, the church could avoid the final rupture of the Southern Transylvanian part from the body of the Transylvanian Reformed Church. The decision of the meeting, claiming that it declares the congregations, schools and institutions left in Southern Transyl¬ vania belonging to the body of the Transylvanian Reformed Church , had a key im¬ portance, because through this decision the provisory character of the division was preserved throughout the whole time of partition. In the first two months, the newly created Governing Committee did not try to organize a separate church district, hop¬ ing that based on the principle of mutuality, the Romanian Government will allow Bishop Vásárhelyi to exercise his Episcopal authority over his followers in Southern Transylvania. When it became clear that this is impossible - after the discussions of November 1940 from Kolozsvár (Cluj) - the presidents decided to convoke the gener¬ al assembly of the church in order to elect a new bishop and a new governing board. We presume that their main task was to preserve the continuity of existence of the Reformed Church of Transylvania, acknowledged by the Romanian confessional law in 1928, and to get a better dealing position with the Romanian government as a sepa¬ rate church district, and finally to pacify those who were discontented because of the naming of the presidents and the lack of elections. However, the convocation of the general assembly and the election of the bishop would have meant the acceptance of the final partition of the Southern and Northern Transylvanian Church District. But this did not happen due to the approach of the Romanian government, which consid¬ ered the decision of the Governing Board from the 31st of August 1944 unchangeable, and accepted the authorities created by this decision only. This way the Governing Committee had become the substitute of the Governing Board in Southern Transyl¬ vania, and it always had to report to this governing authority. This way the unity of the Transylvanian Reformed Church did not cease, and this is best proved by the fact that there was no hardness in 1945 in reestablishing the unified government in the whole church, and it did not involve any relevant change in the government system or structure of the church. 2. Despite the fact that the unity of the Transylvanian Reformed Church did not cease, the two divided parts practically started separate, different, parallel ways of life. The Northern Transylvanian part became again part of the Hungarian Reformed Church, new church laws were introduced, and on several areas the way of ecclesias¬ tical government changed substantially, in Southern Transylvania however the 1904 Church Law remained the only valid law source. Bishop János Vásárhelyi was not in Nagyenyed (Aiud) between the Autumn of 1940 and the Spring of 1945, starting with 1941 the Governing Board of the Transylvanian Reformed Church did not deal with the problem of the Southern Transylvanian Church District, and the Governing Committee in the south introduced new regulations during the time of the partition. 487 After the liquidation of the common pension fund the problem of the Reformed pas¬ tors pension was resolved separately, the financing of the Church District also being resolved from separate funds. The schools held by the Reformed Church worked in the south according to the Romanian Education Law, and since the Theological Institute remained in Kolozsvár (Cluj), in the south a new Theological Academy was established. The Church District established a printing press, published his own of¬ ficial paper, new manuals for primary education, and his own hymn book and a new translation of the Heidelberg Catechism. 3. Looking over the five year long history of the Southern Transylvanian Reformed Church District, we can affirm with certainty that on the day following the Vienna Award János Vásárhelyi and the Governing Board chose such persons to lead the newly created church district that were perfectly fit to fulfill the tasks they had been given. Ferenc Nagy, pastor of Tövis (Teiuş), dean of the Diocese of Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), has led the church district for five years with consciousness, patience and prevision, and preserved it in the period which brought probably the most tor¬ ments in the history of the Transylvanian Reformed Church, even though he did not look for his mandate, and wanted to decline it. His attachment, endeavor and responsibility for the cause of the church is obvious both from his declarations, and from the opinions of his contemporaries or his governing methods. During his ne¬ gotiations in Hungary or in Bucharest he perseveringly represented the interest of the church district, and providently handled its spiritual and material concerns. The most eloquent proof of his prevision is the fact, that in August 1944, jeopardizing his own image, he decided to bury the money deposits of the church district (cca. 30 mil¬ lion lei), saving them from the looting of the Soviet soldiers quartered in the offices of the Government Committee, who had broken its safe. The churchwarden Bálint Bethlen, an aristocrat with Spartan habit, who avoided boasting and display, became an excellent working partner for Ferenc Nagy. The cooperation of the two leaders was undisturbed; we have no information of any dispute or conflict between them. 4. In its activity, the governing authorities and the central office of the church faced critic from the beginning, and had to deal with serious animosity. Most of these emerged from the frustration of persons, who considered themselves neglected, and the resulted debates and conflicts often turned into personal remarks or ill-advised affirmations. Such conflict was outlining from the relationship of the Governing Committee with Ernő Tőkés or with the Conference of Pastors in the Diocese of Nagyenyed (Aiud). The conflict that broke out between the Governing Committee and the Borough Council of the Reformed College in Nagyenyed emerged from the opposite standpoints of the warden of the College, Pál Szász, and the churchward¬ en, Bálint Bethlen, and from the differences in principles and ideology regarding financial problems between the Presidential Board, the College of Deans and the Borough Council. During the debate however old injuries or disputes of decades between teachers and pastors had come to surface. The boards standing on opposite 488 sides could not find the possibility of cooperation, and their bad relationship was preserved until the liquidation of the Church District since the members of the Bor¬ ough Council decided to boycott the last meeting of the Governing Committee. The animosity between Perene Nagy and László Musnai and Sándor Szőcs, shaded their activity, which on the other hand was efficient. The lack of proper tone and commu¬ nication made their reconciliation impossible even after 1945. 5. The zeal, consciousness and perseverance of the Governing Committee of the Southern Transylvanian Church District and of the pastors and teachers helped to avoid the liquidation of several congregations and institutions of the Church. In the first months Bishop János Vásárhelyi and Vicebishop Ferenc Nagy were those who stopped the mass of pastors and teachers in fleeing to Hungary, even though some of them still left the country (pastors in a smaller, but teachers in a larger number). And even though fleeing from the church district was constant, its foreseen liquidation did not occur. Moreover the church achieved considerable results in the field of edu¬ cation, internal mission, Diaspora care, assistance of distressed persons, book pub¬ lishing etc. The lags in their results are not the consequence of some kind of wrong spirituality, or the lack of zeal, they emerged instead from the countless individual and community injuries the church had to suffer and from the complete narrowing of the possibilities of the church. This fact is proved by the conclusions of Bishop János Vásárhelyi formulated on one of the last meetings, and those of the Governing Board formulated on the 25th of October 1945, statingthat given the circumstances the Governing Committee tried his best to fulfill the duties given by the Governing Board in the Autumn of 1945. 6. The Church District has found loyal allies in the other Hungarian churches for his fight for survival. The relationship between the Hungarian churches is best char¬ acterized in this period by common standout for the common cause and by coop¬ eration. Their good relationship was clouded only by local quarrels, but these did not interfere with the achievement of common goals. The plan to unify the Church District with the fraction of the Western Transylvanian Church District failed, and this failure was followed by a cold relationship between the two fragments, mostly because dean Elemér Nemes made a grievance of the way the Hungarian financial aid was distributed in Southern Transylvania. 7. After the Second Vienna Award the burden of preserving the Reformed elemen¬ tary and secondary education fell over the Southern Transylvanian Church District. The educational network, which was hard to preserve even for the unified Transyl¬ vanian Reformed Church, despite any effort of the Church District started to atrophy and decay. Organizing the elementary education was severely hardened by the fact that a lot of teachers had fled from the country and by the discriminative measures of the authorities against Reformed schools. Therefore only one third of the Reformed children of school age attended Reformed schools, and their number was constantly decreasing. The number of schools was also decreasing: in 1940 there were 104 el- 489 ementary schools, but in 1945 there were only 75. The efforts of the Governing Com¬ mittee were in vane: they could not raise the number of well prepared educators, they could not substitute those who had left. The secondary schools were also expecting a slow but sure decay. Even though at the end of the first school year there were signs of optimism regarding the flourish¬ ing of the secondary educational system, starting with the second year, the number of leaving teachers was constantly growing, and there was no chance to substitute them. Even though the number of students was constantly growing, the aggressive approach of the Romanian government, which peaked in 1943 with the closing of the secondary schools on Nagyenyed (Aiud) and Brassó (Braşov), narrowed every life chance of the secondary education. This way in the summer of 1944 in Southern Transylvania neither the church leaders, nor the political leaders of the Hungarians considered the educational problem a key matter, because their 15 year long perspec¬ tives were only the total liquidation of these schools. We have to emphasize the fact that preserving the school system would have been almost impossible without the efficient help of the Hungarian government. The church directed 71% of the financial aid of the Hungarian government to preserve the school system. We think that this measure stopped the quick decay of the schools, but it was not enough to cease their slow disappearance. Looking over the five years his¬ tory of the elementary and secondary education, we can affirm that its decay was not caused by the lack of proper financial support. The fleeing of teachers and educators was the result of spiritual and not material reasons, and it is obvious that the human resource problems could not be balanced with the raising of financial support. 8. The approach of the Romanian government and public opinion toward the Hungarians was characterized in the researched period by serious hatred and re- vengefulness and the determination for ethnical cleansing. In the background of this approach were the following: the desire to avenge the injuries that the Romanians had suffered in Northern Transylvania; the determination to create the ethnically uniform Romanian national state; the politics based on reciprocity, which were con¬ cretized in mutual avenge from both sides; the primitive nationalism and finally pragmatic and economic considerations. In the researched period there was no place either for pluralism or for the elementary rules of democracy in Romania. The Hun¬ garian could feel themselves as secondhand citizens, or vogelfrei as the Jews. Their situation was improved after the break with the Nazi ideology, moreover, during the Hungarian-Romanian war they were treated as dangerous elements, public enemies in Romania. The Antonescu-regime was nothing more than a totalitarian dictator¬ ship, which extended to the infinite the nationalist state politics of the 30s, and the following governments, even though they denied ethnic discrimination, practiced hidden offensive politics toward the Hungarians. They did not consider the Reformed Church as a spiritual reality, but more as a Hungarian public institution, so the discriminative and biased measures taken 490 against Hungarians hit the church as well. The authorities have considered it the representative of the Hungarians, so as they have narrowed the life possibilities of the Hungarians, they have narrowed it for the Church also. 9. The history of the Southern Transylvanian Reformed Church District is a history of suffered injuries. Even though the main target for the newly created Governing Committee was to find a modus vivendi, as we look over the wide scale of the suf¬ fered injuries, or over their considerable number, we can affirm that the five years of separation brought the church no chance for living, only suffering. Ferenc Nagy characterized the life of the church in 1943 by saying that the Reformed people here live with the tormenting feeling that there is a death sentence declared over them, but it has not been executed yet . Taking into account the large number of illegalities, or crying injustice, atrocities of xénophobe acts emerging from declared hatred, committed with the appearance of justice, among any type of background search is obvious: the contemporary Romanian community and the government considered that they have to create with any price the ethnically homogenous Romania, which is free from Hungarians or other minorities. Beyond mutuality, revenge or pragmatism both during the Antonescu regime and during the following governments there is a definite outline of a well thought policy to bereave the Hungarians of their basic human rights, forcing them to voluntarily give up their positions and find a new home in their kin state. Even though this policy had succeeded, there was no complete success, because the majority of the Hungar¬ ians stood still on their positions. Anyway, this policy had brought unprecedented sufferings for the Hungarians and implicitly for the Reformed Church. The violent actions, the countless harassments from the authorities (confiscations, court martial proceedings based on false accusations), the constant abuses, the requiring and the war loans, the illegal limitation of salaries of pastors, which meant their daily bread, and finally the internments lasting for months and the complete lack of legal defense against injuries had stressed considerably the leaders of the church, the pastors and the followers, causing for some mental illness, and for others even their death. The injuries regarding the use of languages, the limitations of traveling and gathering, the censorship, the decay of newspaper and book publishing, the austerity of the authorities that paralyzed in every aspect the ecclesiastical and educational life, the over calculated taxes, war loans and the bereaving of the communities of their legal financial support made whole church communities incapable of living, and turned the life of the church into a constant struggle for survival. 10. The constant attacks aiming at the welfare, assets and communities of the church contributed to the violent assimilation of the Hungarians in Southern Tran¬ sylvania, and therefore to the dispersion of the Reformed Church. The representation of the Southern Transylvanian Hungarians and Reformed people, their demographic and spiritual potential was seriously decreasing in this period, and the effects of this decrease can be seen even today. 491 11. Finally it is necessary to emphasize the heroism of those people who made their sacrifices for the survival of the church. We think that by presenting the life of the church and the suffered injuries the importance of their resistance becomes obvi¬ ous, and it can be proved that there were people who held their positions in knowl¬ edge of their vocation and mission, neglecting their own financial advancement and jeopardizing their own and their families existence and safety. There were only a few servants of God who fled from their duty, and most of them did this when they could not stand anymore the everyday torments. And finally we have to agree with Béni L. Balogh, who weighing the importance of the minority life between 1940 and 1945, mentions as the only positive fact that the Hungarians in Southern Transylvania survived this period full of torments, even though they brought enormous sacrifices. We think that his statement is valid for the Reformed Church also. 492
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spelling	Nagy, Alpár-Csaba Verfasser aut A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története (1940 - 1945) Nagy Alpár-Csaba History of the Southern Transylvanian District Reformed Church District Istoria Eparhiei Reformate din Transilvania de Sud Budapest L'Harmattan 2012 498 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Documentatio ethnographica 27 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: History of the Southern Transylvanian District Reformed Church District. Zsfassung in rumän. Sprache u.d.T.: Istoria Eparhiei Reformate din Transilvania de Sud Rumän. u. engl. Zsfassung. - Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: History of the Southern Transylvanian Reformed Church District (1940 - 1945) Geschichte 1940-1945 gnd rswk-swf Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd rswk-swf Reformierte Kirche (DE-588)4048954-1 gnd rswk-swf Unterdrückung (DE-588)4257314-2 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen Süd (DE-588)4997541-9 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen Süd (DE-588)4997541-9 g Reformierte Kirche (DE-588)4048954-1 s Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 s Unterdrückung (DE-588)4257314-2 s Geschichte 1940-1945 z DE-604 Documentatio ethnographica 27 (DE-604)BV011079600 27 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026242740&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026242740&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Nagy, Alpár-Csaba A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története (1940 - 1945) Documentatio ethnographica Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd Reformierte Kirche (DE-588)4048954-1 gnd Unterdrückung (DE-588)4257314-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4100008-0 (DE-588)4048954-1 (DE-588)4257314-2 (DE-588)4997541-9
title	A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története (1940 - 1945)
title_alt	History of the Southern Transylvanian District Reformed Church District Istoria Eparhiei Reformate din Transilvania de Sud
title_auth	A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története (1940 - 1945)
title_exact_search	A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története (1940 - 1945)
title_full	A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története (1940 - 1945) Nagy Alpár-Csaba
title_fullStr	A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története (1940 - 1945) Nagy Alpár-Csaba
title_full_unstemmed	A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története (1940 - 1945) Nagy Alpár-Csaba
title_short	A dél-erdélyi református egyházkerületi rész története
title_sort	a del erdelyi reformatus egyhazkeruleti resz tortenete 1940 1945
title_sub	(1940 - 1945)
topic	Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd Reformierte Kirche (DE-588)4048954-1 gnd Unterdrückung (DE-588)4257314-2 gnd
topic_facet	Magyaren Reformierte Kirche Unterdrückung Siebenbürgen Süd
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026242740&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026242740&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV011079600
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