Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lublin
Innovatio Press - Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomii i Innowacji
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie Wydziału Pedagogiki i Psychologii Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomii i Innowacji
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 207 s. il. - Ill. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788362074747 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 |c Jerzy Doroszewski |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150689315684352 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wstęp
..............................................................5
Odbudowa administracji szkolnej i jej działania
.........................11
Szkolnictwo podstawowe
............................................31
Średnie szkoły ogólnokształcące
......................................51
Szkolnictwo zawodowe
..............................................67
Zakłady kształcenia nauczycieli
.......................................83
Szkolnictwo rolnicze
................................................95
Szkolnictwo artystyczne
............................................123
Oświata dorosłych
.................................................133
Udział Związku Nauczycielstwa Polskiego w odbudowie szkolnictwa
.......151
Zakończenie
......................................................165
Bibliografia
.......................................................171
Aneks
............................................................179
Summary
.........................................................185
Indeks nazwisk
....................................................189
Indeks miejscowości
...............................................203
Summary
After the end of the World War Two, Polish government started to treat the
question of reconstruction of educational system, very specifically. The subject
of education was considered to be the most relevant. It is necessary to point out
the fact that Polish scholarship was hit by the German occupation. First of all,
buildings of schools were in a disastrous condition. Before the World War Two,
Polish schools were accommodated in a disadvantageous way. That was the re¬
sult of the dismemberment of Polish territories which took place several years
before. During the war operations some of the school buildings were seriously
damaged, or destroyed. Those which escaped destruction (in towns and cities)
were intercepted by the German army, or by gendarmerie and the police. In this
way, the whole equipment of schools (book collections and all didactic tools) was
totally destroyed. The most severe loss, however, was death of numerous Polish
teachers. The then government of Germany considered Polish teachers to be the
most relevant enemies. As a result, the workers of schools were those who had to
be biologically destroyed. From the very beginning of the German occupational
operations, Polish teachers were imprisoned and murdered. They were killed du¬
ring interrogations, in concentration camps and during the collective murders.
Some of them died during the war operations, or as the members of resistance
movements. Historians claim that during those times, about
25-30%
of Polish
teachers died. At the same time, it is important to emphasize the fact that during
the occupation all schools offering pedagogical studies were closed.
The district of Lublin, which was liberated from German occupation earlier
than other regions of Poland, was the place where actions of reactivating schools
were taken as soon as possible. The first priority was organising the new admi¬
nistration of schools. 27th July
1944
in Chelm there was created the first Depart¬
ment of Education (ministry) that was relocated to Lublin after few days. The first
director of this department was
Stanislav Skrzeszevski.
4th August
1944
there was
organised Superintendent of Education of Lublin District, the director of which
was
Franciszek Krzemień-Oj
ak.
This
moment
was the beginning of intensive
working on creating educational administration in the area surrounding Lublin.
During one month, several scholar inspectors were appointed to their posts. In
August and September
1944
the whole group of pedagogical workers was organi¬
sed. Appointing the workers of scholar inspection was performed very carefully
and studiously. Only people possessing full pedagogical qualifications and appro¬
priate background were employed. If it was possible, most of the workers had
some knowledge about working in a scholar administration. Thanks to the skills
186
I Jerzy Doroszewski
Szkolnictwo i oświata na Luhelszczyźnie w latach
1944-1948
of the employed workers, the process of reactivating and reconstructing schools
could be finished successfully.
The most relevant question was reconstruction of primary schools (elemen¬
tary ones). It was usually performed quickly and spontaneously. All the teachers
who survived the German occupation pretended to come back to their places
of work as soon as possible. Most of them managed to do it thanks to the help
of their pupils parents who participated in reconstruction of school buildings.
Even the press reported about schools restarting their functioning faster than the
Department of Education knew about it. The beginning of the new school year
which took place
1st
September
1944,
was the patriotic event, especially in rural
areas. Some of the schools had to start their work later than it was expected, but
all of them managed to do it. Until the end of the year
1944,
about
80%
of schools
working before the war, managed to restart teaching. The rest of teaching insti¬
tutions were reactivated successively until the school year
1947/48,
when there
was
5,2%
of closed schools. The main reason of such situation was the fact that
there was lack of properly educated teachers. In small towns and counties around
Lublin, there was lack of
30-140
qualified teachers. The graduates of courses offe¬
ring initial pedagogical preparation were employed in order to solve the problem,
but the number of teachers without demanded qualifications was raising. Some
of them decided quit the job because of the low salaries and possibilities of wor¬
king in other professions. As a result, many children did not attend to schools.
Such situation was eliminated systematically, but in
1947/48
there were still
16%
of children staying at homes.
Reconstruction of the middle (secondary) schools happened in a bit different
way than it was in case of the elementary ones. The schools which had existed befo¬
re the war, were reconstructed quickly. There were
37
such institutions:
19
national
schools and
18
private ones. At the same time, there was happening the great pro¬
cess of creating totally new schools that were organised on the basis of secret edu¬
cational centres from the period of German occupation. It was relevant, that new
schools were opened in small towns and villages. There were
26
such institutions.
As a result, there was a huge group of young people who could be educated on the
secondary level despite of their poverty. That was a great financial
erFort.
Despite
of it, schools were usually located in the palaces which Polish government bothered
from the former territorial owners. In order to organise lessons the head masters
decided to employ highly educated teachers, as well as the students of high schools.
Those young people who lived far from the big cities, could dwell in dormitories. As
a result, the teenagers from poor families had chance to be well educated.
Because of the huge financial losses left by German army, it was a huge chal¬
lenge for the Polish government to reconstruct numerous schools. The vocatio¬
nal scholarship had to prepare young people to rebuild the country. Technical
and building studies were indispensable for reconstructing all of the destroyed
Summary
objects. Most of the vocational schools that existed during the German occupa¬
tion, restarted their activities. At the same time, there were built new educational
institutions which offered different directions of teaching. Teachers employed in
such types of schools had different types of specialisation. There were lots of pe¬
ople working in industry, trade and administration who were employed in schools
in order to teach vocational subjects. As a result, young people could attend not
only to the public schools, but also to the private ones that were appointed by
the economic organisations and associations. The number of vocational schools
was systematically increasing. In
1944
there were
60
such institutions. Four years
later the number of such schools reached
114.
There were plenty of young people
willing to learn because of the fact that they could find jobs immediately after
graduating from schools. For the teenagers from small villages who pretended to
be agriculturists, there were numerous agronomic directions of studying. They
could practice their skills in the huge farms created to provide practical exercises.
There were also appropriate classrooms for learning school subjects and rooms
with professional machines. The agronomic schools were divided into lower ones
(institutions preparing to work in private farms), and secondary ones, which ena¬
bled young people to study in the universities. Lower schools developed faster
than the other ones, the number of young people pretending to study there was
lower than it was predicted. The teenagers believed that such a type of education
cannot give them possibility of working in other professions, or achieving social
and professional advancement. High schools were prospering faster than it was in
case lower ones because the number of pupils attending there was very big. All the
agronomic schools participated in the process of raising the agriculture.
Because of the fact that in primary schools there was lack of well qualified
teachers, pedagogical education was very relevant. Firstly, the secondary schools
which existed before the war (Chelm,
Lesna
Podlaska,
Lublin,
Siedlce,
Zamosc)
were activated. In a school year
1947/48,
there were next schools
-
in
Puławy,
Szczebrzeszyn and in Lublin. All these institutions were fit up with dormitories
thanks to which all the young people from surrounding towns and villages could
attend to classes. The process of education in such schools lasted four years, so
its graduates were able to work soon. As a result, in all these schools there were
pedagogical courses organised for students in order to give them some kind of in¬
itial preparation for work. They could complete their qualifications by continuing
education on extramural studies. In primary schools, the lack of well qualified
teachers was resupplied in the fifties of 20th century. It is relevant that only some
part of the graduates started working in their professions. Some of them decided
to find other jobs because of higher salaries.
During the whole process of reconstruction of the Polish educational system,
artistic education was also very important. In Lublin there were music and plastic
schools which were created sooner than it was done in other cities. Later, there
188
I *erzy Doroszews^
Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach
1944-1948
were music schools in Chelm,
Łukowa, Krasnystaw,
Zamosc, as well as plasic ones
in
Siedlce,
Zamosc and Naleczow. In
1945
in Lublin, there was created a drama
school which educated actors. Polish magnificent actors and professors were lec¬
turers there, so the level of education was very high. Some of the students had an
opportunity to perform in theatres and in radio. Unfortunately, in
1948
the drama
school in Lublin was closed.
Education for adult people was very important. Because of the fact that at the
time of the German occupation most of Polish schools were closed, many young
people had no chance to be well educated. The new secondary schools offered a qu¬
ick educational process which was based on a program lasting two years. Four years
later, there were
19
such schools, where about
4 000
people could learn. Most of such
institutions were performed by the local governments, different associations, or or¬
ganisations. Simultaneously, the primary schools for adult people (mainly in Lublin)
were created. What is more, different types of professional courses were organised in
order to enable the adults to continue their education. Despite of different obstacles,
numerous forms of education for the adults were available. People could attend the
libraries, common rooms and completing educational courses. In rural areas people
had an opportunity to participate in amateur art groups, such as choirs, orchestras
and folk theatres. The art groups mentioned above, used to present different spectac¬
les and performances, which were highly approved by the society.
During the whole historical period described above, providing an appropriate
educational system in Poland was very difficult. The Polish government, local go¬
vernments and the representatives of the educational administration did mutual
efforts in order to educate Polish people properly. Taking into consideration the
attitude of Polish teachers, it is necessary to emphasize their active participation
in reconstruction of educational system. As a result, all the efforts were finished
successfully.
Translation: Anna Nowosadzka
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:42:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788362074747 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026214140 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 207 s. il. - Ill. 24 cm. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
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| publisher | Innovatio Press - Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomii i Innowacji |
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| series2 | Monografie Wydziału Pedagogiki i Psychologii Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomii i Innowacji |
| spelling | Doroszewski, Jerzy Verfasser aut Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 Jerzy Doroszewski Lublin Innovatio Press - Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomii i Innowacji 2013 207 s. il. - Ill. 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie Wydziału Pedagogiki i Psychologii Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomii i Innowacji Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1944-1948 gnd rswk-swf Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 gnd rswk-swf Bildung (DE-588)4006650-2 gnd rswk-swf Woiwodschaft Lublin (DE-588)4365673-0 gnd rswk-swf Woiwodschaft Lublin (DE-588)4365673-0 g Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 s Bildung (DE-588)4006650-2 s Geschichte 1944-1948 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026214140&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026214140&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Doroszewski, Jerzy Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 gnd Bildung (DE-588)4006650-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4053474-1 (DE-588)4006650-2 (DE-588)4365673-0 |
| title | Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 |
| title_auth | Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 |
| title_exact_search | Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 |
| title_full | Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 Jerzy Doroszewski |
| title_fullStr | Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 Jerzy Doroszewski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 Jerzy Doroszewski |
| title_short | Szkolnictwo i oświata na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1944 - 1948 |
| title_sort | szkolnictwo i oswiata na lubelszczyznie w latach 1944 1948 |
| topic | Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 gnd Bildung (DE-588)4006650-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schule Bildung Woiwodschaft Lublin |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026214140&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026214140&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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