Verfügbarkeit: Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe

Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe: (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Çeliku, Mehmet ca. 20./21. Jh (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Albanian
Veröffentlicht:	Tiranë Shtëpia Botuese Shtypshkronja Ilar 2012
Schlagworte:	Albanian language / Syntax Syntax Albanisch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references (pages 431-439)
Beschreibung:	XIV, 439 pages 21 cm
ISBN:	9789928107695 9928107696

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245	1	0	\|a Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe \|b (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik \|c Mehmet Çeliku
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	PASQ YRA E LËNDËS Libër me vështrim të ri teorik të ndërtimit sintaksor të gjuhës shqipe (Prof. Dr. Remzi Përnaska) ............................................. I Nga sintaksa tradicionale te sintaksa e përbërësve sintaksorë (Prof. Dr. Rami Memushaj) .................................................... VII PARATHËNIE ................................................................................... XI KREUI DISANOCIONE BAZË NE FUSHË TË SINTAKSËS TEORIKE .................1 1.1 Teoria strukturaliste e sintagmas ( frazës a grupit të fjalëve ); teoria e togfjalëshit ; përbërësit sintaksorë; përkimet e mospërkimet midis tyre ..............................................................1 1.2 Dy njësitë sintaksorë ...................................................... ............ З 1.3 Sintaksa strukturaliste: disa koncepte e terma kryesore sintaksorë ................................................................................... З 1.4 Statusi і kryefjalës ne raport me kallè zuesin ..............................6 1.5 Analiza strukturore e fjalive të thjeshta dykryepërbërëse.......... 7 1.6 Skemat e lidhjeve të përbërësve ne fjali dhe konfigurimi і tyre .9 1.7 Dy struktúrát e fjalive të thjeshta .............................................13 1.8 Ku dallon përbërësi sintaksor nga togfjalëshi dhe pse po e braktisim këtë term? .................................................................16 1.9 Fjala dhe përbërësi sintaksor ...................................................19 1.10 Llojet e përbërësve sintaksorë ...............................................20 1.11 Përbërësit sintaksorë dhe funksionet e tyre gramatikore .......21 1.12 Klasifikimi і gjymtyrëve, kriteret e klasifikimit ..................... 2B 1.13 Trajtat e shkurtra të përemrave si caktuesorë të përbërësve sintaksorë .................................................................................28 1.14 Problemi і statusit të kallëzuesorëve dhe të kallëzuesve emërorë .................................................................................... ЗО 1.15 Statusi i formave të pashtjelluara të foljeve ...........................32 1.16 Fj alia dhe thënia .....................................................................33 1.17 Teksti si objekt i një njësie të veçantë sintaksore apo objekt і një disipline të re gjuhësore .....................................................43 KREUII PËRBËRËSIT SINTAKSORE ...............................................................47 2.1 Sintaksa dhe lidhja e saj me shkencat e tjera gjuhësore. Objekti і sintaksës .................................................................................47 2.2 Njësitë sintaksore .....................................................................49 2.3 Përbërësit sintaksore ................................................................51 2.4 Struktúráé përbërësve sintaksore ............................................55 2.5 Tipat ndërtimorë të përbërësve të thjeshtë ...............................56 2.6 Tipat ndërtimorë të përbërësve të thjeshtë të zgjeruar .............59 2.7 Tipat ndërtimorë të përbërësve të zbërthyeshëm .....................61 2.8 Përbërësit sintaksore, кока dhe caktuesorët ............................64 2.9 Provat për dalłimin e përbërësve sintaksore në fjali ................71 2.10 Përbërësit sintaksore të bashkërenditur në íj aline e thjeshtë .73 2.11 Përbërësit sintaksore të bashkërenditur në periudhë ..............76 2.12 Mënyrat e lidhjeve gramatikore të përbërësve sintaksore .....81 2.13 Mjetet gjuhësore që lidhin fjalët dhe përbërësit sintaksore në fjali ..........................................................................................87 2.14 Përbërësit sintaksore të veçuar (PV) ......................................96 2.15 Marrëdhëniet kuptimore dhe funksionet sintaksore të përbërësve sintaksore në Caline e thjeshtë dhe në periudhë ..102 2.16 Pasqyrat e lidhjeve të përbërësve sintaksore ...............;........124 2.16.1 Pasqyra e pluseve të fjalisë së thjeshtë dykryepërbërëse ..125 2.16.2 Pasqyra e pluseve të fjalisë së thjeshtë njëkryepërbërëse .126 2.16.3 Pasqyra e pluseve të fjalisë së përbërë ............................127 KREU III FUNKSIONET GRAMATIKORE TË PËRBËRËSVE SINTAKSORE ....129 3.1 Struktura e fjalisë dhe përmbajtja semantike e saj .................129 3.2 Predikativiteti dhe kallëzuesia ...............................................134 3.3 Përbërësit sintaksorë në funksion të kryefjalës ......................136 3.4 Përbërësit sintaksorë në funksion të kallëzuesit ....................145 3.4.1 Kallëzuesit foljorë të thjeshtë .............................................146 3.4.1.1 Kallëzuesit foljorë të thjeshtë të ndërlikuar .....................150 3.4.2 Kallëzuesit foljorë të përbërë ..............................................153 3.4.3 Kallëzuesit emërorë ............................................................155 3.4.4 Kallëzuesit e shprehur pa përbërës sintaksorë ....................160 3.5 Bashkëpërshtatja e foljes-kallëzues me kry efjalen ................160 3.6 Përbërësit sintaksorë në funksion të kundrinorit ....................161 3.6.1 Kundrinorii drejtë ..............................................................164 3.6.2 Kundrinori і zhdrejtë ..........................................................166 3.6.2.1 Kundrinori і zhdrejtë і rasës dhanore (pa parafjalë) ........166 3.6.2.2 Kundrinori і zhdrejtë me parafjalë ...................................171 3.7 Përbërësit sintaksorë në funksion të rrethanorit .....................176 3.7.1 Rrethanorët plotësorë dhe rrethanorët shtesorë ..................177 3.7.2 Rrethanori і vendit.............................................................. 180 3.7.3 Rrethanori і kohës ...............................................................184 3.7.4 Rrethanori i shkakut ............................................................187 3.7.5 Rrethanori і mënyrës ..........................................................190 3.7.6 Rrethanori і qëllimit ............................................................192 3.7.7 Rrethanori і sasisë ...............................................................194 3.7.8 Rrethanori і kushtit .............................................................195 3.7.9 Rrethanori і lejimit.............................................................. 196 3.8 Përbërësit sintaksorë në funksion të përcaktorit ....................197 3.8.1 Përcaktori me përshtatje ... ..................................................198 3.8.2 Përcaktori me drejtim .........................................................199 3.8.3 Përcaktori me bashkim .......................................................202 3.8.4 Përcaktori ndajshtimor ........................................................202 3.9 Përbërësit sintaksorë në fimksion të krahasorit ......................204 3.10 Përbërësit sintaksorë tëveçuar ............................................207 3.10.1 Përcaktori і veçuar .................... :>...:.v ..............................211 3.10.1.1 Ndajshtimi і veçuar ........................................................216 3.10.2 Rrethanori і veçuar ...........................................................220 3.10.3 Kundrinori і veçuar ...........................................................226 3.11 Përbërësit sintaksorë në ftmksion të gjymtyrëve homogjene .228 3.11.1 Raportet semantike midis gjymtyrëve homogjene dhe mjetet gramatikore të shprehjes se tyre .............................................230 3.11.1.1 Gjymtyrët homogjene me raporte këpujore ...................230 3.11.1.2 Gjymtyrët homogjene me raporte veçuese .....................232 3.11.1.3 Gjymtyrët homogjene me raporte kundërshtore ............232 3.11.1.4 Gjymtyrët homogjene me raporte përmbyllëse ..............233 3.12 Fjalët dhe togjet e fjalëve jashtë lidhjeve të zakonshme sintaksore me gjymtyrët e fjalisë ...........................................234 3.12.1 Thirrori ..............................................................................235 3.12.1.1 Me se shprehet thirrori? .................................................238 3.12.1.2 Pjesëzat dhe pasthirrmat që shoqërojnë thirrorët ...........240 3.12.1.3 Vendndodhja e thirrorëve në íj ali dhe intonacioni me të cilin shqiptohen ......................................................................241 3.12.2. Fjalët, togjet e fjalëve dhe fjalitë e ndërmjetme ...............242 3.12.2.1 Llojet e fjalëve dhe togjeve të ndërmjetme sipas kuptimit tëtyre .....................................................................................244 3.12.2.2 Shprehja morfo-sintaksore e fjalëve dhe togjeve të ndërmjetme ............................................................................248 3.12.2.3 Vendndodhja e fjalëve dhe togjeve të ndërmjetme në fjali dhepikësimi ...........................................................................250 3.12.3 Fjalitë e ndërmjetme .........................................................251 3.12.3.1 Struktura e fjalive të ndërmjetme: përbërësit dhe zgjerimi і tyre......................................................................................... 260 3.12.4 Fjalët, togjet e fjalëve dhe fjalitë e ndërkallura ................261 3.12.4.1 Fjalitë e ndërkallura .................. .....................................264 3.12.4.1.1 Vendi і fjalive të ndërkallura dhe pikësimi .................270 3.13 Rendi і gjymtyrëve në fjalinë e thjeshtë dëftore; rendi і pjesëve të thënies ...................................................................271 3.13.1 Rendi і drejtë і gjymtyrëve të dyta ...................................272 3.13.2 Rendi neutral dhe rendi emfatik i pjesëve të thënies ........274 KREU IV FJALITË E ТНЈГ ЗНТА .....................................................................277 4.1 Fjalitë е th , shta sipas qëllimit të thënies ..............................278 4.1.1 Fjalitë dëftore ......................................................................279 4.1.2 Fjalitë pyetëse .....................................................................281 4.1.2.1 Tipat kuptimorë të fj alive pyetëse................................... 281. АЛ. 22 Mjetet gramatikore të shprehjes së konstrukteve pyetëse ..283 4.1.3 Fjalitë urdhërore .................................................................284 4.1.3.1 Struktura gramatikore e fjalive urdhërore ........................285 4.1.4 Fjalitë dëshirore ..................................................................286 4.1.5 Fjalitë thirrmore ..................................................................287 4.2 Fjalitë e thjeshta sipas modalitetit .........................................289 4.2.1 Struktura gramatikore e fjalive mohuese ............................289 4.2.1.1 Tipat kuptimorë të fjalive mohuese .................................291 4.3 Fjalitë e thjeshta sipas numrit të kryepërbërësve ...................293 4.3.1 Dy modelet kryesore të fjalive të thjeshta ...........................293 4.3.2 Grupet strukturore të fjalive njëkryepërbërëse ...................294 4.3.2.1 Fjalitë njëkryepërbërëse foljore vetőre ............................296 4.3.2.1.1 Fjalitë vetőre me vetë të përcaktuar ..............................296 4.3.2.1.2 Fjalitë vetőre me vetë të papërcaktuar ..........................298 4.3.2.1.3 Fjalitë vetőre me vetë të përgjithësuar ..........................300 4.3.2.2 Fjalitë njëkryepërbërëse foljore pavetore ........................304 4.3.2.2.1 Tipat kryesore të fjalive njëkryepërbërëse foljore pavetore .................................................................................305 4.3.2.3 Fjalitë njëkryepërbërëse emërore .....................................311 4.3.2.3.1 Llojet e fjalive emërore .................................................312 4.4 Fjalitë e thjeshta sipas pranisë a mungesës së përbërësve sintaksorë ...............................................................................313 4.4.1 Nocione të përgjithshme .....................................................313 4.4.2 Llojet e fjalive të papiota ....................................................316 4.4.2.1 Fjalitë e papiota kontekstuale ..........................................316 4.4.2.2 Fjalitë e papiota situatave ................................................319 4.4.2.3 Fjalitë e papiota sipas gjymtyrës së pashprehur ...............319 4.4.2.4 Fjalitë e papiota eliptike ..................................................324 4.4.2.5 Periudhat e papiota ..........................................................324 4.5 Fjalitë e thjeshta pa përbërës sintaksorë................................ 325 4.5.1 Llojet e fjalive pa përbërës sintaksorë................................ 326 4.5.1.1 Fjalitë e pohimit e të mohimit pa përbërës ......................326 4.5.1.2 Fjalitë pyetëse pa përbërës ...............................................328 4.5.1.3 Fjalitë nxitëse pa përbërës ...............................................329 4.5.1.4 Fjalitë thirrmorepa përbërës ............................................330 4.5.1.5 Fjalitë e përshëndetjes pa përbërës ..................................331 KREUV FJALITË E PËRBËRA (PERIUDHAT) ................................................333 5.1 Fjalia e thjeshtë dhe fjalia e përbërë (periudha) .....................333 5.2 Dy variantei e fjalisë dhe përbërësit e tyre sintaksorë ...........334 5.3 Klasifikimi і fjalive të përbëra ...............................................336 5.4 Dallimet e fjalive të përbëra bashkërenditëse nga nënrenditëset ................................................ ..........................339 5.5 Mjetet gjuhësore që krijojnë unitetin e fjalisë se përbërë ......340 5.6 Skemat strukturore të fjalive të përbëra .................................345 5.7 Fjalitë e përbëra bashkërenditëse ...........................................350 5.7.1 Fjalitë e përbëra bashkërenditëse lidhëzore ........................350 5.7.2 Fjalitë e përbëra bashkërenditëse j olidhëzore (asindetike) .353 5.7.3 Fjalitë e përbëra bashkërenditëse j olidhëzore-lidhëzore .....354 5.8 Fjalitë e përbëra nënrenditëse ................................................355 5.8.1 Kriteri і klasifikimit të fjalive të përbëra nënrenditëse .......355 5.8.2 Fjalitë e përbëra nënrenditëse me sifjali të varur plotësore ..356 5.8.2.1 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali kryefjalore .........356 5.8.2.2 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali kundrinore .........360 5.8.2.3 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali kallëzuesore ......363 5.8.2.4 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali përcaktore .........365 5.8.2.4.1 Nëntipat semantiko-struktururor të periudhave me sifjali përcaktore ...............................................................................365 5.8.2.4.2 Periudhat me sifjali përcaktore plotësore ......................367 5.8.2.4.2.1 Sifjalitë përcaktore plotësore ftilluese .......................367 5.8.2.4.2.2 Sifjalitë përcaktore plotësore dalluese .......................368 5.8.2.4.3 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali përcaktore - lidhore shtesore ......................................................................369 5.8.2.4.3.1 Sifjalitë përcaktore shtesore përshkruese ...................370 5.8.2.4.3.2 Sifjalitë përcaktore shtesore ndajshtimore .................371 5.8.2.4.3.3 Sifjalitë përcaktore shtesore vlerësuese .....................372 5.9 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali rrethanore shtesore ..373 5.9.1 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali vendore ................373 5.9.2 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali kohore ..................375 5.9.3 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali shkakore ...............379 5.9.4 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali qëllimore ..............383 5.9.5 Fjalia e përbërë nënrenditëse me sifjali kushtore ................385 5.9.6 Fjalia e përbërë me sifjali mënyrore ...................................391 5.9.7 Fjalia e përbërë me sifjali krahasore ...................................393 5.9.8 Fjalia e përbërë me sifjali lejore .........................................398 5.9.9 Fjalia e përbërë me sifjali rrjedhimore ................................401 PËRFUNDIME ................................................................................405 CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................415 SHKURTIME ..................................................................................425 TERMÁT KRYESORË TË PËRDORUR ..............................................427 BIBLIOGRAFI ................................................................................431 CONCLUSIONS The grammar book The syntax of the Albanian language with the subtitle syntactic constituents views syntactic structure of Albanian from a new theoretical perspective. After several decades, an attempt has been made to replace the traditional Albanian syntax with a new syntactic theory which describes and analyses all syntactic structures in the light of contemporary structural European and American linguistics. The book aims at updating the theory and terminology of Albanian syntax. To achieve this objective, we rely heavily on the contemporary generative syntax, other relevant linguistic disciplines, as well as the achievements of traditional syntax; given this basis, we have analysed the syntax of the Albanian language, highlighting its special, unique properties. What are the most general and most important concepts of structural syntax, which underlie our new perspective in the present study? (1) Recognizing syntactic constituents (phrase, word group) as syntactic structural units. Sentence analysis is entirely based on the semantic and structural analysis of constituents, their lexical- grammatical expression, as well as their grammatical and semantic relations in the structure of the sentence. The terms phrase, syntagma or werd group that are used in other languages, have been substituted with the term syntactic constituent (phrase), which is equivalent to them. The recognition of the syntactic constituent as a separate syntactic unit (which is the fundamental achievement of structural syntax), and the syntactic analysis based on this unit, enables a 415 scientific analysis of sentence structure in all natural languages. (2) We recognize the theory of verb valency; the verb is regarded as the structural and semantic nucleus of the sentence, as the core of the relations underlying sentence constituents and their projection. Verb valency extends as a category to the structure of the complex sentences. (3) In addition to the phrase, a second syntactic unit is the sentence which can be of two types: the simple sentence and the compound/complex sentence, i.e. the simple sentence and the compound/complex sentence constitute a single syntactic unit. So, there are two syntactic units (syntactic constituents (phrases) and clauses) and two variants of the occurrence of the sentence (simple sentence and compound/complex sentence). The simple and complex sentence structures are analyzed structurally and semantically. Sentence elements are regarded as functions of syntactic constituents (phrases) and not as separate syntactic units. (4) The utterance is recognized and treated as the concrete act of the current discourse process, as a discourse functional unit; our syntactic analysis regards sentences as utterances. Accurate scientific analysis of the sentence can be made relying solely on this principle. In this context, the following structural elements do deserve particular attention: the relations of phrases in the structure of the sentence; intonation as a complex phenomenon, including stress, order, situation, context, interchangeability, structural opposition. The utterance is placed in the spotlight of the syntax of simple and complex sentences. (5) Syntax always operates in conjunction with other linguistic disciplines such as morphology, lexicology, semantics, phonetics and phonology. The relationship of syntax with other related linguistic disciplines has been considered throughout the present syntactic study. How are syntactic constituents (phrases) conceived of theoretically? Syntactic constituents have the following basic 416 properties: they are syntactic units of indefinite size and heterogeneous structure ; their structure consists of one lexical item, two or more lexical items up to an entire clause, which are capable of establishing pair and hierarchical relations in the sentence. Each syntactic constituent appears simultaneously as a semantic unit, constructive grammatical unit and phonetic-intonational unit. Syntactic constituents, unlike the word, do not exist outside the immediate pair relations which construct the structure of the sentence. Each word is a syntactic constituent ifit fulfills two conditions: be a lexical item and be able to enter into pair relations with other constituents in the sentence. Syntactic constituent is commonly used as a term that labels a string of words, but it may often consist of a single lexical item provided that it can potentially be expanded with other lexical items up to a clause and fill a certain slot in the sentence structure. Simple sentence constituents and complex sentence constituents are joined by means of two types of semantic and structural relations: coordination and subordination. These two main types of relations underlie the structural and semantic types of simple sentences, sentence elements, compound and complex sentences and their classification. The term word group , introduced into Albanian from Russian language has been used in Albanian linguistics for about four decades. This term and the notion it stands for is replaced in the present study by the term syntactic constituent , because we conisider it insufficient for the structural analysis of the sentence: word group is only one type of syntactic constituent (phrase); it is a substitute for the phrase only when the latter consists of two or more lexical items joined by dependency relations. Unlike the phrase, the word group can not be a single lexical item, two or more lexical items joined by coordination, or a clause. By applying these basic theoretical concepts, the present syntax has achieved the following results: (1) It presents the complete system of relations between all sentence constituents, by identifying key phrase structure rules 417 representative of structural-semantic relations in both simple and complex sentences. The compound/complex sentence is a subsystem of constituent relations comparable to the subsystem of constituent relations in the structure of the simple sentence. The hierarchy of sentence constituents is represented by plus diagrams, not by tree diagrams or labeled bracketing, starting from top to bottom, i.e. from the largest unit to the smallest one, using the respective symbols. The symbols used are abbreviations of Albanian linguistic terms. (2) The present book The Syntax of the Albanian Language contains some new terms, the majority of which are widely used in structural linguistics; some of them are modified and others are created in accordance with the specific nature of the Albanian language; here are some of them: syntactic constituent (short constituent) (used instead of phrase or word group); simple constituent; expanded constituent, complex constituent; leading constituent, head of a constituent; subordinate constituents; coordinate constituents; separate constituents; comparative constituents; main constituent; specifier (specifying word-forms that form simple constituents, determiners and modifiers that form expanded constituents); noun phrase; verb phrase; adjective phrase; adverb phrase; pronominal phrase; numeral phrase; complement (necessary element of the verb phrase, (Eng. complement or obligatory modifier), including direct object, indirect object, prepositional object, subject and object complements and several adjuncts); adverbial modifiers (circumstantial, optional adjuncts or optional modifiers); circumstantial complement; modifier (optional sentence element); verb valency; monotransitive verb, ditransitive verb; complex transitive verb; clause (part of a compound or complex sentence); main clause; dependent/subordinate clause; simple sentence; compound and complex sentence; simple sentence with two main constituents; simple sentence with one main constituent; simple sentence without constituents; complex sentences with subordinate complement clauses (obligatory; Eng. a complement clause modifies 418 the verb of the main clause or a nominal element of it, including in the group complex sentences with nominal subject, object and complement clauses as well as one type of relative clauses); complex sentences with subordinate relative clauses (optional; Eng. a relative clause modifies a nominal element of the main clause); complex sentences with subordinate adverbial clauses (optional, Engl. an adverbial clause modifies the entire main clause.) (3) The present syntax considers specifically some syntactic phenomena of the Albanian language similar to those of several other languages; other syntactic phenomena are theoretically interpreted somewhat differently: In addition to sentences with two main constituents, the Albanian language recognizes as special grammatical constructions sentences with a single main constituent, which cover a variety of forms and semantic relations; preposition marked noun phrases in Albanian differ partly from prepositional phrases in languages with poor flexion; the subject agrees with the verb forming a relation of mutual dependency: the predicate agrees with the subject in person, number and sometimes even gender, the subject is semantically conditioned by the predicate, and their first relation in sentences with two main constituents is horizontal; the functional words such as articles, inflections, prepositions, etc. are not listed separately in the plus diagrams; the present syntax expands the notion of copular verbs, including here other desemanticized verbs except be ; the words një, ca/disa are recognized not only as numerals or pronouns, but also as indefinite articles of indefinite nouns; non finite forms of the verb are known mainly as secondary elements of the simple sentence, as component part of complex predicates as the main constituent of the sentence and sometimes even as the core predicative nucleus (sentence forming unit); Albanian has several types of specifiers, such as: specifiers of nouns (л/ё, ca/disa , і biri, e ema, im bir, dj ali im, which are specifiers of indefimteness and possession); specifiers of nominalized numerals, such as të dy with a collective meaning; 419 specifiers of verbs, t shkroi, і foli, u íha, specifying the transitivity of the verb; poflas, po lexonte, as specifiers of progressive aspect. With several differences, thera are included in the group of specifiers the pre-posed inflections of adjectives and nouns in the genitive case {shkolla efshatit, université ti i ri). Prepositions and conjunctions are similar to specifiers in terms of their grammatical function as linking elements, semantic and grammatical controllers. (4) Albanian language has a very rich system of subordinate and coordinate syntactic relations in the structure of the simple sentence and the compound/complex sentence. Types and subtypes of such relations are comparable to those of other languages, but there are also many specific, exclusive properties. Albanian is rich in grammatical forms some of which are multifunctional. A characteristic feature of Albanian is that it has preserved an abundant inflectional system for nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives; the fast enrichment of preposition and conjunction categories during the last hundred years. Albanian is characterized by a rich system of inflections, such as the five case forms of nouns, some case forms of pronouns, adjectives; numerous mood, tense and person forms of the verbs; the conditioned use of personal pronouns of first person singular and plural; the realization in various ways of some specific phenomena as the definiteness of nouns, degrees of adjectives, order of constituents in the simple sentence structure. For example, the expression of definiteness of nouns by definite endings, the expression of indefiniteness of nouns by double grammatical forms, indefinite articles and indefinite endings, numerous endings for the plural of nouns, the post-posed syntax of adjectives in the structure of noun phrases; the pre-posed inflections of adjectives and genitive case nouns, the relatively large number of phraseological units (idioms) in Albanian, numerous rules on the use of definite and indefinite nouns, also related to the use of prepositions; definiteness or indefiniteness of proper nouns according to their syntactic function, the lack of 420 genuine infinitive form in the Albanian standard (it normally exists in the northern dialect); the extensive use of subjunctive mood, which replaces the infinitive in the simple sentence and the compound/ complex sentence, especially its original multiple uses in different types of simple sentences, such as double negative constructions for a positive statement, etc. (5) The simple and the compound/complex sentences are much alike. The only main difference between them lies in the semantic aspect: the complex sentence contains two or more predicative nuclei, thus being semantically richer, i.e. it provides wider information as compared to the simple sentence which contains a single predicative nucleus. The structure of the complex sentence is broader. However, the similarities between the simple sentence and the complex sentence outnumber the above mentioned changes. In both simple and compound/complex sentences there can be encountered coordination with some of its subtypes (copular, correlative), dependent subject, verb, object, relative, complement, adverbial relations (such as time, location, cause, purpose, condition, manner, comparison, concession, etc.; result relations are exceptional because of being found mainly in the complex sentence; quantitative relations are rarely found in complex sentences (in which case they are usually idioms), concessive relations are tyopical of complex sentences and they are generally disjuncts in the simple sentence structure. So, there is an almost complete parallelism between the simple and the complex sentence in terms of the grammatical ways of expressing the semantic relations between the constituents of the sentence. This recurrence of the ways of expressing various semantic relations using the same grammatical means has been brought about by the necessity of transmitting the message in an accurate, complete and diverse way, a process that has gone along with the human intellectual development. Similar semantic relations to those mentioned above can also be found in constructions with non-finite forms of the verbs, within a narrower spectrum. Worth 421 mentioning are the object relations, adverbial relations (time, cause, manner, purpose, condition, concession) as well as relative and coordinating relations; in addition to these, the infinitive form of the Gheg dialect comparable to that of other languages, can express predicative relations too. Accordingly, there are three constructions in the language that establish synonymous semantic relations: two of them encountered in the simple sentence with common constituents and non-finite forms, and another one found in the complex sentence between clauses as sentence constituents. Given the underlying similarities between the simple and complex sentences and the relations between the constituents in these structural variants, coordinate and subordinate clauses are classified in a new way, different from the traditional one (at least, different from Gr. A. 1997). Based on the two main ways of establishing syntactic relations between constituents, complex sentences are divided into two large groups or in two main types: A. Compound sentences (coordination); B. Complex sentences (subordination). Group A. compound sentences are further divided into three subtypes: (Al. compound sentences with coordinating conjunctions, A2. asyndetic compound sentences, and A3. compound sentences wjth or without coordinating conjunctions). According to Gr. Α., 1997, p. 437, 439, given the nature of coordination , in the group of the compound sentences there are distinguished two major groups: compound sentences with conjunctions or asyndetic ones. In the present analysis complex sentences are further divided into three subtypes according to the modification criterion, i.e. what element of the main clause the subordinate clause modifies, establishing an obligatory or optional relationship. These subtypes are: Bl. complex sentences with complement caluses (obligatory) that modifiy the verb of the main clause or a nominal constituent of it; B2. complex sentences with relative clauses (optional) that modifiy a nominal constituent of the main caluse; B3. complex sentences with adverb clauses (optional) that modify an entire clause. Obviously, this classification 422 is based on the semantic relations between the constituent sentences (clauses). (6) Prepositions and conjunctions as two key syntactic connecting means in the simple sentence structure are generally stable (consolidated) categories and express various semantic, relations. Prepositions and conjunctions are specialized in expressing semantic relations and various nuances of these relations, supporting these nuances even grammatically. This is observed in some conjunctions such as temporal, causal, comparative, concessive etc.; for example time conjunctions can express temporal relations in the general sense but also simultaneity, sequence or subsequence of actions, duration, recurrence, relative proximity. In Albanian, there have recently been found new conjunctions and prepositions used to express various semantic and stylistic relations in a clear and precise way. But, there are some prepositional constructions and some conjunction constructions which are generally related to the standard and must be further considered from the point of view of the standard language. The number of prepositions and conjunctions of the standard does not coincide with the real number of the prepositions and conjunctions used by Albanian native speakers. The standard selects linguistic devices in accordance with its needs, so that every device expresses one or more semantic relations or certain semantic-stylistic nuances. It requires that the conjunctions have one meaning, especially new prepositions and conjunctions. The standard in the field of syntax aims at an accurate expression of language and its economical use. In this regard, the currently used double connectors such as //// / until, once /as soon as/as soon as /after, before / before, whenever /wherever, because / since, because he / due to the fact that, since / being that, if/is that, if he /are to be provided / condition, although /megjithqë etc. must be considered from this perspective, preferring one option to the other. It is the distinguished writers and the media that will make the difference between these options, in the course of time. 423 A topic of particular interest but less thoroughly studied is word order which is closely related to the situation, text and intonation. So far, what has been partially analysed is the order of elements in declarative sentences. Further research must be carried out in the following directions: (a) the order of elements of a sentence and the order of the elements of an utterance; (b) the word order of declarative sentences and other simple sentence types including not only those according to the purpose of the utterance (interrogative etj.), but all sentence types; (c) the order of the sentence constituents (clauses) in compound/complex sentences and their order as elements of utterances. If neutrally used, the clauses of complex sentences take up a normal position. However, the word order of almost all subordinate adverbial optional clauses is conditioned by the current discourse. To illustrate this we have provided examples from different types of complex sentences with subordinate clauses. The same could be stated about the order of coordinate clauses in compound sentences, especially in asyndetic compound sentences where the situation, context, previous text and intonation are much more significant. These observations must be supported by reliable laboratory data about intonation. This will lead to a deeper insight into the utterance and more accurate punctuation rules. 424
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author	Çeliku, Mehmet ca. 20./21. Jh
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spelling	Çeliku, Mehmet ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1181909007 aut Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik Mehmet Çeliku Tiranë Shtëpia Botuese Shtypshkronja Ilar 2012 XIV, 439 pages 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (pages 431-439) Albanian language / Syntax Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 gnd rswk-swf Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd rswk-swf Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 s Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026205669&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026205669&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Çeliku, Mehmet ca. 20./21. Jh Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik Albanian language / Syntax Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4058779-4 (DE-588)4112482-0
title	Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik
title_auth	Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik
title_exact_search	Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik
title_full	Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik Mehmet Çeliku
title_fullStr	Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik Mehmet Çeliku
title_full_unstemmed	Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik Mehmet Çeliku
title_short	Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe
title_sort	sintakse e gjuhes shqipe perberesit sintaksore veshtrim i ri teorik
title_sub	(përbërësit sintaksorë) ; vështrim i ri teorik
topic	Albanian language / Syntax Syntax (DE-588)4058779-4 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd
topic_facet	Albanian language / Syntax Syntax Albanisch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026205669&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026205669&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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