Rimske terme u Čačku:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Čačak
Narodni Muzej
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Prilozi za istoriju Čačka
3 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Roman baths in Čačak |
| Beschreibung: | 126 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788684067434 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 130820s2012 ab|| |||| 00||| srp d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788684067434 |9 978-86-84067-43-4 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)873388197 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Jeremić, Gordana |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rimske terme u Čačku |c Gordana Jeremić ; Aleksandra Gojgić |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Roman baths in Čačak |
| 264 | 1 | |a Čačak |b Narodni Muzej |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a 126 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Prilozi za istoriju Čačka |v 3 | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Roman baths in Čačak | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1970-1972 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Thermen |0 (DE-588)4131684-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Römerzeit |0 (DE-588)4076769-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ausgrabung |0 (DE-588)4129464-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Čačak |0 (DE-588)4229136-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Čačak |0 (DE-588)4229136-7 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Thermen |0 (DE-588)4131684-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Römerzeit |0 (DE-588)4076769-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Ausgrabung |0 (DE-588)4129464-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1970-1972 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gojgić, Aleksandra |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Prilozi za istoriju Čačka |v 3 |w (DE-604)BV035756172 |9 3 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026202461&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026202461&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150668307464192 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Садржај
I
Увод
.......................7
Ii
Архитектура купатила у Чачку
.............11
III
Функционална анализа и схема
кретања
..........19
IV
Однос купатила у Чачку према осталим
римским
балнеумима
натериторији Србије................
22
V
Купањеу
римском свету
............... 28
VI
Покретни
налази:
1.
Оловна цев
................... 38
2.
Опеке....................
39
3.
Инсгалацијезазидно грејаље
............ 40
4.
Остаци фреско-сликарства
............. 44
5.
ГІрозорско стакло
................ 47
6.
Камени сноменици
................ 49
7.
Керампчке посуде:
7.1.
Зделе
................... 51
7.2.
Лонци
.................. 56
7. 3.
Таїьирп
.................. 61
7. 4.
Крчаг
................... 62
7. 5. 1
Іоклопци
................. 63
7.6.
Пехари
.................. 64
7. 7.
Фрагменти
посуда
.............. 68
7.8.
Коментар керамичких
посуда
.......... 70
8.
І Іосуде од стакла:
8.1.
Тоалетне боне
................ 72
8.2.
Зделе
................... 73
8.3.
Пехари
.................. 74
8.4.
Фрагменти
посуда
.............. 77
9.
Накит
од стакла
................. 79
10.
Предмети од метала
...............81
11.
Налази
новца
..................83
VII
Закључна разматрања
................92
VIII
Литература
....................100
IX
Списак илустрација
.................108
X
Додатак
1 -
Римски натписи
о купатилима на тлу
Србије
· · · -110
XI
Додатак
2 -
Речник
појмова
..............112
XII
Summary
.....................118
XIII
List of illustrations
..................125
XII
Summary
Roman baths in
Čačak
The archaeological site Roman baths is located in downtown
Čačak,
in the
tion
between
Gospodar Jovanova
Street and city promenade, behind the Belgrade Hotel near
the House of culture,
200
meters southwest of the National Museum of
Čačak.
Rem s
of
bigger edifice s foundation from Roman period were discovered in
1970
when the
tions for a residential
-
commercial building were dug. In the same year a systematic
і
leo-
logical excavation was taken, after which the object was preserved
(1970-1972).
S
hen
it has been available for the public as a Monument of Culture of Great
Importane«
With the construction of apartment block one room in the northeast section
oí
the
building was ruined completely, and the other one in its greater part. Also, due
í
ern constructions, the western parts of the object remained beyond the study. According
to the archaeological research, above the remains of Roman building in the 12 1 century
Christian necropolis was formed and the area was used since the middle Ages, through
the Turkish times to the present day, which caused the devastation of older archaeological
layers and findings.
The building that was discovered in
1970
in downtown
Čačak
represents the late
Roman bath, built most likely at the end of 3rd or in the early 4th century, which was in use
until the year AD
378
and the invasion of the Western Goths. Two phases are evident in the
construction of the building. The building was built on an elevated river plateau sloping to
the southeast,
600
m
from the
Morava
river bed towards the south. Rectangular in shape,
longitudinally oriented east-west and its eastern part turns
5
degrees to the north. The
maximum length of the building along the east-west axis is
22.60
m, along the north-south
axis
18.45
m, with total area of
340
square meters. Building has had at least eight rooms
of various sizes and purposes, organized into three series (northern, central and south).
Late Roman bath is preserved in the basic, and partially, the above-ground parts.
The wall thickness is between
0.55
and
0.70
m, the walls are built of cut coarse-grained
sandstone blocks, sealed with lime mortar mixed with gravel and sand. In the construction
of the baths parts of the epigraphical limestone monuments, probably gravestones, from
the 2nd or 3rd century were secondarily used. Hypocaust piers, vaulting over the canals,
door frames and floors were built of brick. In order to isolate from the moisture, the walls
are coated with hydrostatic mortar. In the rubble of the building the remains of fresco
decoration (traces of blue, red and ocher colours) were registered.
118
Summary
Roman baths in
Čačak
The archaeological site Roman baths is located in downtown
Čačak,
in the section
between
Gospodar Jovanova
Street and city promenade, behind the Belgrade Hotel, near
the House of culture,
200
meters southwest of the National Museum of
Čačak.
Remains of
bigger edifices foundation from Roman period were discovered in
1970
when the founda¬
tions for a residential
-
commercial building were dug. In the same year a systematic archaeo¬
logical excavation was taken, after which the object was preserved
(1970-1972).
Since then
it has been available for the public as a Monument of Culture of Great Importance.
With the construction of apartment block one room in the northeast section of the
building was ruined completely, and the other one in its greater part. Also, due to mod¬
ern constructions, the western parts of the object remained beyond the study. According
to the archaeological research, above the remains of Roman building in the 12th century
Christian necropolis was formed and the area was used since the middle Ages, through
the Turkish times to the present day, which caused the devastation of older archaeological
layers and findings.
The building that was discovered in
1970
in downtown
Čačak
represents the late
Roman bath, built most likely at the end of 3rd or in the early 4th century, which was in use
until the year AD
378
and the invasion of the Western Goths. Two phases are evident in the
construction of the building. The building was built on an elevated river plateau sloping to
the southeast,
600
m
from the
Morava
river bed towards the south. Rectangular in shape,
longitudinally oriented east-west and its eastern part turns
5
degrees to the north. The
maximum length of the building along the east-west axis is
22.60
m, along the north-south
axis
18.45
m, with total area of
340
square meters. Building has had at least eight rooms
of various sizes and purposes, organized into three series (northern, central and south).
Late Roman bath is preserved in the basic, and partially, the above-ground parts.
The wall thickness is between
0.55
and
0.70
m, the walls are built of cut coarse-grained
sandstone blocks, sealed with lime mortar mixed with gravel and sand. In the construction
of the baths parts of the epigraphical limestone monuments, probably gravestones, from
the 2nd or 3rd century were secondarily used. Hypocaust piers, vaulting over the canals,
door frames and floors were built of brick. In order to isolate from the moisture, the walls
are coated with hydrostatic mortar. In the rubble of the building the remains of fresco
decoration (traces of blue, red and ocher colours) were registered.
118
XII
Summary
During the archaeological research two phases of construction and reconstruction
of the building were registered, however, since the documents of the excavation were lost,
it was impossible to check some of the results. In this paper, we have used field sketches,
photo documentation and paper published by R. Prokic in
1975.
Room
1 -
The easternmost room of the northern series was destroyed during the
construction of residential
-
commercial building, with internal dimensions
3.25
χ
4.25
m.
The thickness of the walls varies: north and south walls are
0.64
to
0.65
m, east and west
0.50
m. The room entrance was from the west. The floor and walls had several layers of
hydrostatic mortar. In the lower zone of the south wall of the room a lead pipe was found.
Room
2 -
It is the east room of the southern series, with internal dimensions
4.37x4.80
m. The walls of the room are of unequal thickness: north wall is
60
cm, east
and southern walls are
65
cm, while the western wall is
47
cm. The only preserved part
of the floor in the room is the part of substructure made of compact gravel. In the room
rubble hexagonal floor brick tiles have been found. The room was entered on the west
from the room
3,
where the warm air circulated beneath the floor through an opening
46
cm wide. Northern wall of the room was used for the construction of drainage canal
45
cm wide, which was
57
cm higher than the grade line of the floor of the first stage of
balneum. South wall of the canal was built directly on the room floor, without funding.
The canal was built of stone and it was plastered inside. On the plastered surfaces of the
canal researchers noticed traces of contamination.
Room
3 -
It builds on the room
2
on the west. Rectangular in shape, this room with
the dimensions
4.28
m
(east-west axis)
χ
5.09
m
(north-south axis), has the
2.00
m
apse
in radius on the south end. The entrance to the room was on the west wall toward the
room
4,
and probably on the northern
1.38
m
wide wall. Between rooms
3
and
4
there
were three arched openings below the floor level (latitude
65,45
and
65
cm), designed for
the circulation of warm air from the room
4.
The vaults of the opening are built of bricks
with
43
cm thick walls between them.
The floor of the room was based on the hypocaust piers, and hypocaust base was
made of the layer of gravel topped with lime mortar. The piers were made of brick size
18
χ
18
cm, with brick pedestals size
29
χ
29
cm. The pedestals were not placed with the
piers that were along the walls of the room. The final part of the floor in this part of the
room was not registered. In the second phase the change was made by increasing the
spacing between the piers. In the apse, only ten of the assumed twenty-eight piers were
preserved. The researchers mention that bricks of different sizes
(16
χ
18
cm,
18
χ
18
cm,
22
χ
31
cm,
24
χ
31
cm,
27
χ
27
cm and
34
χ
34
cm) were used for the pier bases and
that this construction belongs to the second phase. The apse area in the second phase
was covered with rubble; at
0.65
m
height from the bottom of the piers new
30
cm thick
mortar floor was set.
Room
4 -
The central room of the southern series, rectangular in shape,
4.4
χ
6.4
m.
Two phases could be recognized in the construction of the floor. In the first phase the floor
119
ROMAN
BATHS
IN
ČAČAK
was based on the hypocaust piers, while in the second phase the space was covered with
rubble up to
42-45
cm, where the floor in the later phase was placed, also with hypocaust
piers with spacing of
50
cm between them. In the eastern part of the south wall praefurnium
is located at an angle
45°,
made of bricks size
18x18
cm. The furnace is
50
cm wide and
directed toward the room
3.
On the east and the west walls of the room there were three
passages of various sizes:
63
cm,
57
cm and
63
cm.
Room
5 -
Represents the west room of the south series, rectangular in shape,
4.48
χ
4.34
m,
with the apse on the south wall and rectangular space with the furnace on the west
end. Dimensions of the western part are
1.4
m
(east-west axis)
χ
4.34
m
(north-south axis).
This section is separated from the central part with two
0.60
χ
0.45
m
pilasters. It had the
function of water boilers, heated directly from praefurnium. The walls of the furnace are
1.05
m long
and
0.50
m
wide. The central part of the room has two levels of floors, based
on the hypocaust piers. Apse had a brick bath. The depth of the apse is
1.75
m, and the
thickness of the divisional wall is
31
cm, later reinforced to a thickness of
79
cm. In the
first phase of using, this space had its own praefurnium on the west side, later walled up.
Along the apse interior there was a built channel
10
to
12
cm wide and
15
to
20
cm deep,
while on the east side there was the overflowing channel for water runoff. The new stone
furnace was built by adding the stone over the brick walls.
Room
6 -
The largest room in the complex, rectangular in shape,
10.62
χ
5.28
m.
The walls of the room haven t been equally preserved. The east wall of the room shows
a slight turn to the northwest, so that the room has a more slightly trapezoidal shape. In
its interior the remains of the floors of both phases are preserved. At the first floor level
along the central part of the south wall a massive doorstep was discovered. This doorstep,
0.40
χ
1.50
m
size and
20
cm high, was built of stone and sealed with lime mortar. Above
the first phase floor, a massive substructure of the new floor made of river pebbles was
set up,
0.40
m
thick, above which lime mortar was applied. On the west wall there was a
triangular brick opening for water drainage. The entrance to the room, approximately
80
cm wide, was located on the west wall, north of the water hole.
Room
7 -
It is located north of the room
6,
with which it had a common passage
0.80
m
wide. Rectangular in shape, it has the apse on the western end. The rectangular section
of the room with internal dimensions
4.0
χ
3.8
to
4.0
m
has the 1.8 m deep apse. Along the
walls the banks
31
to
42
cm wide were built. The floor was resting on the substructure of
broken bricks, stone and river pebbles, above which two layers of bricks
(29
χ
45
cm) were
placed, with mortar joints
7
cm thick. The final layer was made of two mortar layers. On
the west side of the floor level at a height of
40
cm there was an opening, which probably
had a function of distribution of water in the pool i.e. water drainage in the second phase,
when the opening was enlarged.
Room
8 -
The room was destroyed in its north-eastern part. Rectangular in shape,
10.00
m x
5.28
m,
it has two columns on the north and south walls, which divide the room
in two almost square spaces. The existence of passages to the adjoining rooms hasn t been
determined exactly.
120
4ft*
XII
Summary
The main entrance to the complex was most probably located on the north, while on
the west was the side one. Bath visitors first entered into the dressing room
-
apodyterium
(room
8
in the plan), where they paid a ticket for bathing and left their clothes in special
cassettes, probably made of wood. Then they entered gymnasium palaestra, also with a
rectangular base and of similar size, (room
6),
where visitors would oil themselves and
exercised. Bathing used to begin in the room with a warm bath (tepidarium) (most prob¬
ably the room
3).
After adapting to hot water, bathers went into the room (caldarium) with
hot tub {alveus) (room
5
according to the plan), from where they were able to go into the
room for sweating (sudatorium) (room
4),
then back to the room with warm baths (tepi¬
darium), where massages and various medical and beauty treatments during all seasons
could have been organized, thanks to the pleasant climate of the room. The bathing had
its end in the room (frigidarium) with cold water bath {piscina) (rooms
1
and
7),
after
which the bathers dried and dressed themselves and went home for dinner. There was a
toilet
(latrina)
(room
2)
within the baths in the last southeast corner, and the already used
water from the hot and cold baths was used for them.
The inhabitants of these parts of the Roman Empire, as elsewhere, often bathed
themselves, mainly in the afternoon, after work and before dinner. The baths were the
centers of health and culture in the Roman world, places where people used to spend a
lot of time, where they could enjoy bathing, sports, socializing, literature, art and music.
The baths in the Roman world were both public
(publica)
and private
(meritoria).
In
cities, the financing of baths construction and maintenance was the responsibility of city
officials or wealthy citizens. Private individuals could build the private baths, and they
could buy or sell it, and these usually were balneums (balnea), while the state and cities
used to finance the construction of large and highly decorated thermal baths (thermae).
The construction and maintenance of the Roman baths was not cheap. Baths required
care
(tutela)
for stokehold fuel, bathing water and facility staff(balneator or
fabri balnea-
toris). To use water from public aqueducts operating costs were paid (vectigal) depending
on the flow of water in the pipes. In other cases
-
the supply from storage tanks or wells
was free. The Roman baths were separately open for men and for women. According to
one preserved contract, there was a difference in working hours during the summer and
winter, and in general women used the bath in the morning and men in the afternoon
and in the evening.
To the development of the Roman baths was mostly contributed by the invention
of constant heating of rooms and water in bathtubs. During the 3rd and 2nd century
ВС
in Greek colonies of southern Italy and Sicily hypocaust was discovered, which included
room heating system using hollow floor (suspensura) and hollow walls (tubulatio), which
were heated by hot air from the furnace (praefurnium), located in stokehold. One room
in the baths could have one or more stokeholds. The Roman architect Vitruvius left most
data about hypocaust system; he suggested that in the rooms with hot baths, flat bricks,
feet and a half long
(sesquipedales),
should be laid on the basis to which the bricks in the
121
ROMAN
BATHS
IN
ČAČAK
form of columns (pilae) should be lined up, and onto which should come roof tiles two
feet
(60
cm) long, which supports the floor. Sometimes, depending on the shape of bricks,
polygonal, circular or rectangular (often below pools) columns were used, and the use
of ceramic tubes was recorded as well. The height of columns ranged from
60
to
100
cm.
The floor of a room made of mortar, brick, marble and stone, with a total thickness of
20
cm approximately, was based on the brick-roofs.
Thanks to the discovery of walls warming up technique in the latter half of the 1st
century
ВС
by using a hollow tubes
(tubuli)
and lugged tiles (tegulae mammatae) signifi¬
cant savings in baths heating and in reduction of condensation in rooms was possible.
The ceramic tubes
(tubuli)
and tegulae mammatae were used in the construction. Tegulae
mammatae are simple roof bricks, rectangular in shape, with four bumps
4
to
5
cm high at
each end, which were pressed in the wall mortar and reinforced with iron nails or hooks.
The baths mostly had ceramic
tubuli
with side openings, which are attached to the wall
with an iron hook. Over the tubules,
3
to
6
cm thick mortar layer was applied, on which
the decoration
-
marble tiles, fresco-painting or stucco could be set. Thanks to the
tubuli
the walls of large thickness could be heated and part of the heat was taken from the floor
in order not to be too hot for walking.
An important role in the bath warming, the furnace with stokehold (praefurnium,
hypocausis) played. Usually the furnace was vaulted, with low side walls which extended
the stokehold. Above it there was a base for boilers, often on iron girders. The amount
of water needed to fill the bathtubs depended on the size of the baths.
120
to
1200
cubic
meter of water was usually used per day.
The temperature in the baths depended on solar energy. The use of large windows
and the solar heat accumulation in the rooms resulted in significant savings of fuels,
which, due to economic development, production and population growth became more
and more expensive on the Roman market. Temperature needed to heat small baths was
over
150°.
Experimental research has found out that it took nearly five hours, or nearly
70
kW
of heat power and an approximately
57
kilos of wood per hour for heating the bath.
Baths in
Čačak
belong to the widespread type of late antique baths, for which the
Latin term balneum, balineum is used. It is rectangular in shape, with a reduced number
of rooms in parallel arrangement (parallel row type). This type of baths emerged from
Greek public baths, based on spa, health and social element of these types of buildings. It
was built on ground that was full of water (near the
Morava
River, subterranean waters),
and it could have its own water supply systems (wells, tanks) also.
According to its size of
340
square meters it belongs to the category of small, private
baths, so the term first used by researchers for this object
-
thermae
-
was actually incorrect,
because baths in
Čačak
have no large area (over
1500
square meters), or outdoor swim¬
ming pool, or great gymnasiums and other facilities that thermae should have. Analogies
for this late antique bath from the downtown
Čačak
are numerous. The building with
similar ground plan and means of construction was discovered in Beljina near
Čačak
122
XII
Summary
from the mid-fourth or the first half of the fifth century, which is probably a part of villa
rustica.
It is the same type with parallel row of rooms, only much smaller, with the total
area of
99
square meters.
Parallels are also found at several sites in Serbia, with the baths registered within the
fortified road station near Medvedja (Mansio Idimum), within the fortified imperial com¬
plex in Gamzigrad
{Romuliana),
as a part of a large villa in the suburb of the ancient
Niš
(Naissus)
-
at
Mediana (Mediana)
and in
Žujinci
near
Preševo.
Bath from Idimum has many
similarities in terms of size, rooms disposition and time of construction. It is a building
24
x
16.5
m
large
(396
square meters), with eight rooms, constructed under
Constantine
I, probably around the year AD
317,
ruined as balneum in
Čačak
was, during the invasion
of the Western Goths in the year AD
378.
Smaller late antique bath, as an independent
object, was built in the south-eastern part of the fortified complex of Emperor Galerius
(296-311)
in Gamzigrad
(Romuliana),
with the two registered phases of construction and
remodelling. It occupies an area of approximately
28.5
m
(north-south axis)
x
14.16
m
(east-west axis)
- 403.56
square meters. The bath at
Mediana
is larger
(31.5
x
28.3
m,
i.e.
891.45
square meters) and is connected through a long corridor with a large villa. It was
also built at the time of
Constantine
I reign and lasted during the 4th to the first half of the
5th century. The structure discovered in
Žujinci
near
Preševo
has many similarities with
balneum in
Čačak,
with the north-south length of
24
m
and an east-west of
20
m
(480
square meters), with
10
rooms and two phases of construction. The building belongs the
first half of the 4th century.
Portable findings from the late Roman baths in
Čačak
are quite humble. These are the
findings of pottery and glass vessels, a small number of glass jewellery and metal objects
(tools, calk, bronze sheaths) and coins. Within the pottery vessels there are bowls, pots,
plates, flagon, lids and large number of beakers. Vessels were made on a wheel, mostly of
grey, refined or sandy clay, sometimes decorated with polishing technique, grooves or grey
finish. They belong to the standard late antique provincial pottery production, although
the forms used throughout the whole period of antiquity can be seen, but less frequently.
Vessels of glass (toilet bottles, bowls, beakers) are also typical late antique provincial
products, in most cases, and in less, they represent the forms inherited from the 2nd and 3rd
century of imperial era. The presence of women in the baths in
Čačak
is best evidenced
by the findings of glass beads and glass bracelets, which chronologically fit into the period
of balneum use.
The most significant are the coinage findings from balneum. In the floor level and in
object demolition layer the coins from
Constantine
I to Valentinian II (from AD
335/337
to AD
375/378)
were registered. Besides, the hoard of bronze coins was found, containing
29
pieces minted in the period from the year AD
85
until the year AD
245/246.
The oldest
coins belong to Domitian, and the youngest identified belong to Philip I the Arab from
the year
245/246,
minted in Viminacium. On the territory of the Roman provinces within
Serbia borders three hoards from this time
-
the year AD
247 -
have been recorded so far
123
ROMAN
BATHS
IN
ČAČAK
(Dobri Do, Sikirica, and Kamenica
near
Niš).
Coin hoards reflect the periods of insecurity
in the Roman provinces caused by barbarian invasions, latrones attacks, the fight against
the natives, and the struggle for imperial dominion in which the army participated. The
hoard from
Čačak
probably belonged to a private individual, the owner of the property.
Despite the lack of archaeological and
stratigraphie data,
it can be said that coin hoard
most probably was prior to balneum construction in the center of
Čačak.
The building was
probably erected in the 3rd, or more likely, early 4th century and lasted until the year AD
378.
Considering that the archaeological research found only baths, it is difficult to assume
whether it represented part of a rural estate (villa
rustica)
or a settlement (vicus). It is less
likely that it was a part of a military fortification or a fortified road station. However, this
issue, and the question of the existence of other structures related to this bath, will have
to remain open until new research at the free area in the central part of modern
Čačak,
where one certainly could expect significant results.
124
XII
Summary
ing the archaeological research two phases of construction and reconstruction
iilding were registered, however, since the documents of the excavation were lost,
impossible to check some of the results. In this paper, we have used field sketches,
photo documentation and paper published by R. Prokic in
1975.
эот
1 -
The easternmost room of the northern series was destroyed during the
construction of residential
-
commercial building, with internal dimensions
3.25
χ
4.25
т.
lickness of the walls varies: north and south walls are
0.64
to
0.65
m, east and west
m. The room entrance was from the west. The floor and walls had several layers of
static mortar. In the lower zone of the south wall of the room a lead pipe was found.
R-Oom
2 -
It is the east room of the southern series, with internal dimensions
4.80
m. The walls of the room are of unequal thickness: north wall is
60
cm, east
southern walls are
65
cm, while the western wall is
47
cm. The only preserved part
e
floor in the room is the part of substructure made of compact gravel. In the room
г
hexagonal floor brick tiles have been found. The room was entered on the west
í
the room
3,
where the warm air circulated beneath the floor through an opening
5
cm wide. Northern wall of the room was used for the construction of drainage canal
m
wide, which was
57
cm higher than the grade line of the floor of the first stage of
balneum. South wall of the canal was built directly on the room floor, without funding.
he canal was built of stone and it was plastered inside. On the plastered surfaces of the
canal researchers noticed traces of contamination.
Room
3 -
It builds on the room
2
on the west. Rectangular in shape, this room with
the dimensions
4.28
m
(east-west axis)
x
5.09
m
(north-south axis), has the
2.00
m
apse
in radius on the south end. The entrance to the room was on the west wall toward the
room
4,
and probably on the northern
1.38
m
wide wall. Between rooms
3
and
4
there
were three arched openings below the floor level (latitude
65,45
and
65
cm), designed for
the circulation of warm air from the room
4.
The vaults of the opening are built of bricks
with
43
cm thick walls between them.
The floor of the room was based on the hypocaust piers, and hypocaust base was
made of the layer of gravel topped with lime mortar. The piers were made of brick size
18
x
18
cm, with brick pedestals size
29
x
29
cm. The pedestals were not placed with the
piers that were along the walls of the room. The final part of the floor in this part of the
room was not registered. In the second phase the change was made by increasing the
spacing between the piers. In the apse, only ten of the assumed twenty-eight piers were
preserved. The researchers mention that bricks of different sizes
(16
x
18
cm,
18
x
18
cm,
22
x
31
cm,
24
x
31
cm,
27
x
27
cm and
34
x
34
cm) were used for the pier bases and
that this construction belongs to the second phase. The apse area in the second phase
was covered with rubble; at
0.65
m
height from the bottom of the piers new
30
cm thick
mortar floor was set.
Room
4 -
The central room of the southern series, rectangular in shape,
4.4
x
6.4
т.
Two phases could be recognized in the construction of the floor. In the first phase the floor
119
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Jeremić, Gordana Gojgić, Aleksandra |
| author_facet | Jeremić, Gordana Gojgić, Aleksandra |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Jeremić, Gordana |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041228030 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)873388197 (DE-599)BVBBV041228030 |
| era | Geschichte 1970-1972 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1970-1972 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Čačak (DE-588)4229136-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Čačak |
| id | DE-604.BV041228030 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:42:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788684067434 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026202461 |
| oclc_num | 873388197 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 126 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Narodni Muzej |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Prilozi za istoriju Čačka |
| series2 | Prilozi za istoriju Čačka |
| spelling | Jeremić, Gordana Verfasser aut Rimske terme u Čačku Gordana Jeremić ; Aleksandra Gojgić Roman baths in Čačak Čačak Narodni Muzej 2012 126 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Prilozi za istoriju Čačka 3 In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Roman baths in Čačak Geschichte 1970-1972 gnd rswk-swf Thermen (DE-588)4131684-8 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Čačak (DE-588)4229136-7 gnd rswk-swf Čačak (DE-588)4229136-7 g Thermen (DE-588)4131684-8 s Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Geschichte 1970-1972 z DE-604 Gojgić, Aleksandra Verfasser aut Prilozi za istoriju Čačka 3 (DE-604)BV035756172 3 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026202461&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026202461&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Jeremić, Gordana Gojgić, Aleksandra Rimske terme u Čačku Prilozi za istoriju Čačka Thermen (DE-588)4131684-8 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4131684-8 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4229136-7 |
| title | Rimske terme u Čačku |
| title_alt | Roman baths in Čačak |
| title_auth | Rimske terme u Čačku |
| title_exact_search | Rimske terme u Čačku |
| title_full | Rimske terme u Čačku Gordana Jeremić ; Aleksandra Gojgić |
| title_fullStr | Rimske terme u Čačku Gordana Jeremić ; Aleksandra Gojgić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rimske terme u Čačku Gordana Jeremić ; Aleksandra Gojgić |
| title_short | Rimske terme u Čačku |
| title_sort | rimske terme u cacku |
| topic | Thermen (DE-588)4131684-8 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Thermen Römerzeit Ausgrabung Čačak |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026202461&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026202461&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035756172 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jeremicgordana rimsketermeucacku AT gojgicaleksandra rimsketermeucacku AT jeremicgordana romanbathsincacak AT gojgicaleksandra romanbathsincacak |