Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania: moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence?
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dar-es-Salaam
Mkuki na Nyota
2011
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 375 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789987082506 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Ewald, Jonas |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania |b moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? |c Jonas Ewald |
| 264 | 1 | |a Dar-es-Salaam |b Mkuki na Nyota |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 375 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 502 | |a Zugl.: Gothenburg, Univ., Diss., 2011 | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Demokratisierung |2 fes | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 fes | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Innenpolitische Geschichte |2 fes | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Politische Länderkunde |2 fes | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Staatssouveränität |2 fes | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150663979991040 |
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| adam_text | List of content
ABSTRACT
.....................................................................................................................................7
LIST OF TABLES
..........................................................................................................................13
LIST OF FIGURES
........................................................................................................................14
LIST OF BOXES
...........................................................................................................................14
LIST OF MAPS
.............................................................................................................................14
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
...................................................................................15
LIST OF ACRONYMS
..................................................................................................................21
1
INTRODUCTION
.............................................................................................................25
1.1
THE AMBIGUOUS TRANSITIONS DEMOCRACY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
....................26
1.2
THE CONTEXTTO DEMOCRATIZATION IN AFRICA
............................................................................29
1.3
RESEARCH DESIGN: PROBLEM, QUESTIONS AND APPROACHES
...............................................32
1.4
DELIMITATIONS
...................................................................................................................................................35
1.5
RELEVANCE
............................................................................................................................................................36
1.5.1
And what is the relevance of Tanzania?
.....................................................................................................37
1.6
STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS
..........................................................................................................................39
2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: DEMOCRACY,
DEMOCRATISATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
_____________________________________________________41
2.1
THE THEORETICAL DEBATE ON
DEMOCRATISATION
IN AFRICA
................................................42
2.2
DEFINITIONS OF DEMOCRACY, CIVIL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SOCIETY
...................46
2.2.1
Democracy and
démocratisation
.................................................................................................................47
2.2.2
Formal/Procedural versus substantive and maximalist
definitions of democracy
.................................................................................................................................48
2.2.3
Democracy and
Démocratisation
is a process
........................................................................................52
2.3
THE INSTITUTIONS OF DEMOCRACY AND ACCOUNTABILITY—SELECTION
OF INSTITUTIONS AND INDICATORS
........................................................................................................54
2.3. /
Sphere l:The state, horizontal accountability and governance
......................................................56
2.3.2
Sphere
2,
the political society: Political parties and the role of the opposition.
..........................62
2.3.3
Sphere
3,
the civil society: media, human rights and vertical accountability
..........................-64
2.3.4
Sphere
4,
the economic society: The relationship between
démocratisation,
economic
liberalisation and poverty reduction
________________................................................................69
2.4
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK—AND ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS
........................................71
2.5
SUM UP
______................_...............................„...................................................................................................75
3
METHODOLOGY
.............................................................................................................77
3.1
METHODOLOGICAL POINTS OF DEPARTURE
.......................................................................................77
3.2
THE DESIGN, METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES
....................................................................................82
3.3
METHODS FOR ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING THE MATERIALS
...........................................87
3.4
REFLECTIONS ON THE QUALITY AND VALIDITY OF THE EMPIRICAL MATERIAL
................91
4
STATISM AND DEVELOPMENT FROM ABOVE—
TANZÁNIÁN
DEVELOPMENT
1961 -2010
A BRIEF CONTEXT
...........................................................95
4.1
COLONIAL HERITAGE: A FRAGMENTED ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
...............96
4.2
THE
TANZÁNIÁN
POST-COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL—STATISM AND
CONSTRAINED PARTICIPATION FROM BELOW
....................................................................................98
4.2.1
Phase
1:Towards
Modernisation:
1961-1967...........................................................................................99
4.2.2
Phase 2:Theera of the Arusha Declaration
1967-73:
De-linking, participation
and rural development
—
Development from above
........................................................................101
4.2.3
Phase
3:
The development of the statist and authoritarian model
1973-1979......................./ 03
4.2.4
Phase
4:
The breakdown of the statist model
1979-1983/84..........................................................103
4.2.5
Phase
5:
The era of Structural Adjustment
J
983/84-1992:
Liberai
market
reforms without growth
.................................................................................................................................107
4.2.6
Phase
6:
Multiparty system without economic growth
1992-2000............................................./ / 0
4.2.7
Phase
6:
Multiparty system and economic growth
2001-2010—
The political
and economic development
......................................................................................................................112
4.3
DEVELOPMENT IN ZANZIBAR—AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT IN THE WHOLE OF TANZANIA
.................................................................................114
4.4
STRUCTURAL AND HISTORIC THEMES THAT FORM THE CONTEXT IN WHICH
DEMOCRATISATION
IS SUPPOSED TO TAKE PLACE
.......................................................................119
5
SPHERE
1.
STATE/STATE CAPACITY THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND
CHALLENGES FOR
DEMOCRATISATION
WITHIN THE
STAT
__________________123
5.1
THE EXECUTIVE, THE POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ADMINISTRATIVE
STRUCTURES IN TANZANIA
.......................................................................................................................127
5.1.1
The presidency, the prime minister and the cabinet.
.........................................................................127
5.1.2
Policy framework of the government-—in relation to democratic governance
.....................129
5.1.3
Administration, reforms of the pubk service and local government
.........................................133
5.1.4
Central government administration at regional and district level.
..............................................136
5.1.5
Local Government Authorities—and the Local Government Reform
......................................./ 39
5.1.6
Relationship between local government and council.
......................................................................1 42
5.2
THE REPRESENTATIVE: PARLIAMENT, ITS SETUP AND CAPACITY
...........................................145
5.3
CHALLENGES FOR THE WORK OF THE PARLIAMENT—FINDINGS....
.............,........................147
5.3.1
Internal work in the parliament
......._..................................................-....................................................148
5.3.2 Horizontal
accountability, the balance between the parliament
and the executive
..............................................................................................................................................152
5.4
THE LEGAL SETTING: THE CONSTITUTION, THE JUDICIARY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
.......155
5.4.1
On the constitution
—
the framework for the
démocratisation
process
....................................155
5.4.2
The judiciary and legal sector
......................................................................................................................756
5.4.3
The human rights situation
.........................................................................................................................159
5.5
CORRUPTION
&
NEPOTISM/CLIENTELE NETWORKS
.....................................................................161
5.6
DECISION-MAKING IN AN AID DEPENDENT COUNTRY—CHALLENGES
FOR
DEMOCRATISATION
.............................................................................................................................166
5.7
CONCLUSION
....................................................................................................................................................171
SPHERE
3
AND
4:
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OUTSIDE THE STATE. MEDIA,
NGOS,
DEMOCRATIC CULTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
........................175
6.1
THE MEDIA—STRADDLING THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND CIVIL SOCIETY
................177
6.
1.
1
Structure of media
—
part of the economic and political society
.................................................180
6.1.2
Is the media independent today?
.............................................................................................................../83
6.1.3
Political Parties Views on the Media
..........................................................................................................189
6.1.4
New media/technology and democracy
.............................................................................................../ 90
6.1.5
Press freedom in Tanzania
-
recent development and comparison with EA
..........................192
6.2
CSOS AND PARTICIPATION
.........................................................................................................................195
6.2.1 NGOs
in Tanzania
-
rapid expansion, but who do they represent?
.............................................
í
95
6.2.2
Mass based organisations: trade unions and co-operatives
—
more representative?
......200
6.2.3
Are the CSOs strengthened and can hold the government accountable?
...............................207
6.3
DEMOCRATIC CULTURE
...............................................................................................................................207
6.4
SUBSTANTIVE OUTCOME: ECONOMIC GROWTH, BUT LIMITED DEVELOPMENT-
INCREASED NUMBER OF POOR
..............................................................................................................210
6.5
THE INTERFACE BETWEEN ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE
REFORMS IN TANZANIA
-
IS A DEMOCRATIC PRO-POOR GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
REGIME ESTABLISHED?
.................................................................................................................................214
6.6
CONCLUSION
...................................................................................................................................................216
SPHERE
3:
POLITICAL PARTIES—CHALLENGES FOR THE OPPOSITION
_______.219
7.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RULING PARTY AND THE OPPOSITION
...........................____221
7.2
VIEWS ON STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES FOR THE CONSOLIDATION
OF THE MULTIPARTY SYSTEM
.................................................................................................................225
72.7
Ruling party dominance and overlap state-ruling party
__________________._____225
722
Laws, regulations and the Constitution
__._______,________„________._____.......__230
72.3
Access to information
_________________________________________......._____232
7.2.4
The system of elections: the National Election Commission (NEC)—impartial?
...................232
7.2.5
Registration of voters and the permanent voters register
................................................................234
7.2.6
Harassment and unfair treatment—perceptions
..............................................................................236
7.2.7
Coverage by media
..........................................................................................................................................243
73
CHALLENGES FOR CONSOLIDATION FROM WITHIN THE OPPOSITION
..............................245
7.3.1
Finances, uneven playing
fìeld
and personal contributions
............................................................245
7.3.2
Organisational and institutional issues
...................................................................................................249
7.3.3
Conflicts within and between the parties
...............................................................................................250
7.3.4
Difficulties to collaborate
—
or smart strategy?
....................................................................................251
7.4
EXTERNAL SUPPORTTO
DEMOCRATISATION
AND PARTIES
.....................................................252
7.5
CONCLUSION: COULD THERE BE A MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY
WITHOUT POLITICAL PARTIES?
................................................................................................................253
8
POLITICAL REFORMS AND THE
2000
AND
2005
ELECTIONS—THE
CONSOLIDATION OF ELECTIONALISM, BUT NOT OF DEMOCRACY?
....................257
8.1
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTIONS
2000-2005...................................................................................259
& /. /
The election results
..........................................................................................................................................259
8.1.2
Registration and turnout of the elections 1
995-2005.......................................................................264
8.1.3
Electoral system
—
strong government, underrepresented opposition
......................................267
8.2
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ELECTIONS
.........................................269
83
FORMAL AND INFORMAL CONSTRAINTS FOR A FREE AND FAIR ELECTION
....................278
8.4
CAN THE ELECTION RESULT MIRROR INTERNAL WEAKNESS OF THE OPPOSITION
RATHER THAN AN OPPRESSIVE RULING PARTY?
.............................................................................281
8.5
CONCLUSION
...................................................................................................................................................282
9
CONCLUDING DISCUSSION
_______________________________________________283
9.1
SPHERE
1 :
STATE/STATE CAPACITY
........................................................................................................284
9.1.1
The balance between the executive, the representative and thejudiciary.
.„.......................... 284
9.1.2
Good and democratic governance—the executive strengthened relatively
more than the representative
............._.............................................................................._____........288
9.2
THE CIVIL SOCIETY
....................................................................................................................................290
9.2.1
Independent media
................................._______.............—-...........................-.....-.........................290
92.2
Are the CSOs strengthened and can bold the government accountable?
.....................____291
9.2.3
Democratic culture.
................................._....-...........................................................................
~
...................293
9.3
THE POLITICAL SOCIETY
..........................................................................................................................294
9.3.1
Institutionalisation of a viable multiparty system
...........................................................................294
9.32
Free and fair elections
............................._.......................................................................................................297
π
9.4
THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY
...........................................................................................................................300
9.4.
1 The neglected interface between economic and democratic reforms
—
frustration,
legitimacy and people s capabilities hollowed out
............................................................................300
9.5
IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY
.....301
9.6
ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
...................................................................................303
9.7
CONCLUSION—THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
AND LIMITATIONS
...........................................................................................................................................304
9.7.1
Theoretical contributions
...............................................................................................................................306
9.7.2
Methodological ¡imitations, reflections and questions for further research
............................309
9.7.3
Further research
.................................................................................................................................................311
9.8
POSTSCRIPT
.......................................................................................................................................................312
LIST OF REFERENCES (SELECTED)-
......................................................................................316
SELECTED LIST OF INTERVIEWS
2000-2007/2010..............................................................333
APPENDIX
1
A PROFILE OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES IN TANZANIA
.................................339
1.1
CHAMA CHA
MAPINDUZI (CCM)
............................................................................................................339
111 Ideology...
__.......................................................................................................................................................340
1.1.2
Organisation and decision-making
..........................................................................................................343
1.1.3
Staff
..............................................................................................................................................................„„346
1.1.4
Members and social base
.............................................................................................................................346
1.1.5
Party finances
..-............................................................................................................................................... 346
Í.Í.6
Leadership
............................................................................................................................................................347
1.1.7
Interna!
power struggles
.................................................................................................................................347
1.2
THE OPPOSITION
.............................................................................................................................................351
1.2.1
Civic United Front
(CUF)
(Chama Cha Wananchi)
....................................................................___352
1.2.2
Chama cha
Mandela
na
Demokrasia (Party for Democracy and Development)
(CHADEMA)
........................_„...........................................................................................................................359
1.2.3
NCCR-Mageuzi..-..-
............_............„..........................................................___.......................................„362
1.2.4
Tanzania Labour Party (TIP)
..........„........................„..........................................................._...........___365
1.2.5
United Democratic Party
(UDP)
.................____________________________________368
1.2.6
Union for
Multiparty
Democracy (UMD)
____._______......................................._________366
12.7
Democratic
Pany
(DP)
______..........................................„..._______........■_______________
37O
12.8
Popular National Party
(PONA)
_____.___„„„__________ ________________371
12.9
The
10
smallest
porties
________________............._____............_____________371
SAMMANFATTNING
PA
SVENSKA
-----------.............._____________________________374
12
Tanzania has been independent in
2011
for
50
years. While most neighbouring states have
gone through violent conflicts, Tanzania has managed to implement extensive reforms with¬
out armed political conflicts. Hence, Tanzania is an interesting case for Peace and Develop¬
ment research.
This dissertation analyses the political development in Tanzania since the introduction of
the multiparty system in
1992,
with a focus on the challenges for the
démocratisation
process
in connection with the
2000
and
2005
elections. The question of to what extent Tanzania
has moved towards a consolidation of democracy, is analysed through an analysis of nine
different institutions of importance for
démocratisation,
grouped in four spheres, the state,
the political, civil and economic society. Focus is on the development of the political society,
and the role of the opposition in particular. The analysis is based on secondary and primary
material collected in the period September
2000
to April
2010.
The main conclusion is that even if the institutions of liberal democracy have gradually
developed, in practice single-party rule has continued, manifested in the
2005
election when
the CCM won
92%
of the seats in the parliament. Despite an impressive economic growth,
poverty remains deep and has not been substantially reduced. On a theoretical level this
brings the old debate between liberal and substantive democracy back to the fore. Neither
the economic nor the political reforms have apparently brought about a transformation of
the political and economic system resulting in the poor majority gaining substantially more
political influence and improved economic conditions. Hence, it is argued that the interface
between the economic, political and administrative reforms has not been sufficiently con¬
sidered in the liberal democratic tradition. Liberal democracy is necessary for a democratic
development, but not sufficient for democracy to be consolidated. For that a substantive
democratic development is necessary.
9
789987lł082506
Jonas
Ewald
is lecturer and researcher in Peace and Develop¬
ment Studies. His main research areas are
démocratisation
and
its linkages to development, conflicts and post-confiict man¬
agement with a focus on East Africa/Great Lakes Region
—
and
Tanzania and Rwanda in particular. A second research area is
international political economy and its implication for conflicts,
conflict-management and development
ISBN
978-9987-08-250-6
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ewald, Jonas |
| author_facet | Ewald, Jonas |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ewald, Jonas |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041225231 |
| classification_rvk | MI 57086 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)869849437 (DE-599)BVBBV041225231 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Tansania fes Tansania (DE-588)4078149-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tansania |
| id | DE-604.BV041225231 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:42:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789987082506 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026199725 |
| oclc_num | 869849437 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-Bo133 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-Bo133 |
| physical | 375 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Mkuki na Nyota |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ewald, Jonas Verfasser aut Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? Jonas Ewald Dar-es-Salaam Mkuki na Nyota 2011 375 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zugl.: Gothenburg, Univ., Diss., 2011 Demokratisierung fes Geschichte fes Innenpolitische Geschichte fes Politische Länderkunde fes Staatssouveränität fes Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd rswk-swf Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd rswk-swf Tansania fes Tansania (DE-588)4078149-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Tansania (DE-588)4078149-5 g Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 s Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026199725&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026199725&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ewald, Jonas Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? Demokratisierung fes Geschichte fes Innenpolitische Geschichte fes Politische Länderkunde fes Staatssouveränität fes Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4124941-0 (DE-588)4175047-0 (DE-588)4078149-5 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? |
| title_auth | Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? |
| title_exact_search | Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? |
| title_full | Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? Jonas Ewald |
| title_fullStr | Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? Jonas Ewald |
| title_full_unstemmed | Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? Jonas Ewald |
| title_short | Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania |
| title_sort | challenges for the democratisation process in tanzania moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence |
| title_sub | moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? |
| topic | Demokratisierung fes Geschichte fes Innenpolitische Geschichte fes Politische Länderkunde fes Staatssouveränität fes Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Demokratisierung Geschichte Innenpolitische Geschichte Politische Länderkunde Staatssouveränität Politischer Wandel Tansania Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026199725&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026199725&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ewaldjonas challengesforthedemocratisationprocessintanzaniamovingtowardsconsolidation50yearsafterindependence |