Underwater cultural heritage and international law:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge studies in international and comparative law
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXII, 400 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780521842310 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Underwater cultural heritage and international law
Autor: Dromgoole, Sarah
Jahr: 2013
Contents
Preface page xv
Acknowledgements xviii
Table of cases xx
Table of domestic legislation xxiii
Table of treaties and other international instruments xxv
list of abbreviations xxxi
General introduction 1
1 A brief historical overview 2
1.1 Early developments 2
1.2 1985: A turning point 4
1.3 More recent developments 5
2 Relevant branches of law 8
2.1 Admiralty/private maritime law 8
2.2 The law of the sea 9
2.2.1 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 10
2.2.2 Maritime zones and related terminology 12
2.3 Cultural heritage law 16
3 A few observations on international law 17
3.1 Sovereignty and jurisdiction 18
3.2 Sources of international law 19
3.2.1 Treaties 19
3.2.2 Customary international law 22
3.2.3 The relationship between customary
international law and treaties 23
4 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 23
5 The approach and structure of this book 26
vii
VU1 CONTENTS
1 The evolution of international law on underwater cultural
heritage 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Initiatives preceding the UNESCO Convention 2001 29
2.1 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (LOSC) 29
2.1.1 Article 149 30
2.1.2 Article 303 32
2.1.3 An incomplete regime 35
2.2 Developments within the Council of Europe 36
2.2.1 The Roper Report and Recommendation
848 (1978) 37
2.2.2 Draft European Convention 1985 40
2.2.3 Valletta Convention 1992 44
3 The UNESCO initiative 48
3.1 Background and process 49
3.1.1 Groundwork by the International Law
Association 49
3.1.2 The UNESCO process 52
3.1.3 Development and status of the Annex 57
3.2 The UNESCO Convention 2001: overview 59
4 Concluding remarks 63
Defining underwater cultural heritage 65
1 Introduction 65
2 The approach of early domestic legislation 67
3 The approach of international initiatives preceding the
UNESCO Convention 2001 71
3.1 The Law of the Sea Convention 1982 71
3.2 The Council of Europe initiatives 77
3.2.1 Recommendation 848 (1978) 77
3.2.2 Draft European Convention 1985 80
3.2.3 Valletta Convention 1992 83
4 The approach of the UNESCO Convention 2001 86
4.1 Definitional criteria 87
4.2 Selection criteria 90
4.2.1 The temporal criterion 90
4.2.2 The character criterion 91
5 Concluding remarks 94
CONTENTS IX
Ownership and other interests in underwater cultural heritage 96
1 Introduction 96
2 Ownership 97
2.1 Acquisition of ownership rights 98
2.2 Establishment of ownership rights 102
2.3 Abandonment of ownership rights 106
2.4 The circumscription or expropriation of ownership
rights by heritage legislation 111
3 Treatment of ownership rights by international law 113
3.1 Ownership and the Law of the Sea Convention 1982 114
3.2 Ownership and the UNESCO Convention 2001 115
3.2.1 Background 115
3.2.2 Approach of the UNESCO Convention
and its implications 117
4 Other interests recognised by international law 119
4.1 Interests recognised by the Law of the Sea
Convention 1982 119
4.1.1 Interests of mankind 119
4.1.2 Preferential rights of states (or countries)
of origin 122
4.2 Interests recognised by the UNESCO Convention 2001 125
4.2.1 Interests of humanity 126
4.2.2 Interests of states with a verifiable link 127
4.2.3 Preferential rights of states of cultural,
historical or archaeological origin 132
5 Concluding remarks 133
4 Sunken warships and other state vessels and aircraft 134
1 Introduction 134
2 Sunken state craft: general international law and state
practice 136
2.1 Sunken state craft and the principle of sovereign
immunity 136
2.2 State practice in respect of sunken state craft 139
2.3 Treatment of sunken state craft by the US federal
admiralty courts 146
2.3.1 The Juno and La Galga (Sea Hunt) (2000) 147
2.3.2 The Mercedes (2011) 149
CONTENTS
2.4 Assessment of position under customary
international law 152
3 Sunken state craft and the UNESCO Convention 2001 154
3.1 Background 154
3.2 The Convention s regime for sunken state craft 155
3.2.1 Specific regime for each maritime zone 156
3.2.2 Preservation of existing international law 159
3.3 Potential for resolving concerns 160
4 Concluding remarks 165
5 Application of salvage law and the law of finds 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Introduction to salvage law and the law of finds 168
2.1 Basic principles of the law of salvage 168
2.2 Basic principles of the law of finds 171
2.3 International regulation of salvage law 172
3 Application of the law of salvage and the law of finds to
underwater cultural heritage 173
3.1 Approach of the Law of the Sea Convention 1982 176
3.2 Approach of the Salvage Convention 1989 177
3.3 Domestic law approaches 179
3.4 US federal admiralty law 184
3.4.1 Early treasure salvage cases 185
3.4.2 Introduction of the Abandoned Shipwreck Act 187
3.4.3 Modification of US federal salvage law to
accommodate archaeological value 189
3.4.4 Relationship between US federal law and
the Salvage Convention 1989 194
3.4.5 A void to be filled 197
4 Treatment of the laws of salvage and finds by the
UNESCO Convention 2001 200
4.1 Background 200
4.2 Approach of the UNESCO Convention and its
implications 202
4.3 Relationship between the UNESCO Convention and
the Salvage Convention 1989 204
4.4 Response of the international maritime
community 206
5 Concluding remarks 208
CONTENTS XI
6 Commercial exploitation of underwater cultural heritage 210
1 Introduction 210
2 Commercial exploitation: some models 212
2.1 Commercial exploitation excluding sale of artefacts 213
2.2 Commercial exploitation including sale of artefacts 213
2.2.1 ProSEA model 214
2.2.2 Partnering agreements 216
3 Commercial exploitation: the debate 218
3.1 The case against commercial exploitation 219
3.2 The case in favour of commercial exploitation 220
3.3 Room for compromise? 221
3.4 Government participation in commercial
exploitation 224
4 Commercial exploitation and the UNESCO Convention 2001 226
4.1 Background 226
4.2 The Convention s approach to commercial
exploitation 230
4.2.1 Basic principle: UCH shall not be
commercially exploited 231
4.2.2 Proviso (a): provision of professional
archaeological services 233
4.2.3 Proviso (b): deposition of UCH 234
4.3 Implications of the Convention s regime 236
5 Concluding remarks 239
7 Rights, jurisdiction and duties under general international law 241
1 Introduction 241
2 Use of general principles of international jurisdiction in
the context of underwater cultural heritage 242
2.1 Territorial principle 242
2.2 Nationality principle 244
3 Rights, jurisdiction and duties under the Law of the Sea
Convention 245
3.1 Duties under Article 303(1) 246
3.2 Maritime spaces subject to coastal state sovereignty 248
3.3 The contiguous zone 249
3.4 The continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone 256
3.5 Beyond tie limits of national jurisdiction 260
XU CONTENTS
Plugging the gap(s) 263
4.1 Unilateral extensions 264
4.2 Making full use of the Law of the Sea Convention
provisions 267
4.2.1 Protection of sovereign rights 267
4.2.2 Utilisation of jurisdictional rights 269
4.3 Making full use of the territorial and nationality
principles of international jurisdiction 273
Concluding remarks 275
8 UNESCO Convention 2001: jurisdictional mechanisms 276
1 Introduction 276
2 Relationship with the Law of the Sea Convention 277
3 Control mechanisms 281
3.1 General mechanisms 283
3.2 Maritime spaces subject to coastal state sovereignty 285
3.3 The contiguous zone 287
3.4 The continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone 288
3.5 The Area 294
3.6 Compliance with the Law of the Sea Convention:
a matter of interpretation 298
4 Potential effectiveness of the regime 303
5 Concluding remarks 305
UNESCO Convention 2001: implementation issues 307
1 Introduction 307
2 The role of competent national authorities 308
3 Authorisation of activities directed at underwater
cultural heritage 312
3.1 Authorisation scheme 313
3.2 Preservation in situ 314
3.3 Treatment of recovered artefacts 319
4 Access 320
4.1 Impact on recreational divers 321
4.2 Impact on avocational archaeologists 323
4.3 Impact on the general public 325
4.4 Maritime memorials 326
CONTENTS XU1
Sanctions and deterrents 329
5.1 Seizure 330
5.2 Related deterrents 334
Concluding remarks 337
10 UNESCO Convention 2001: further matters 338
1 Introduction 338
2 Inter-state agreements furthering the Convention s
objectives 338
3 Impact of the Convention on activities incidentally
affecting underwater cultural heritage 344
3.1 The continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone 348
3.2 The Area 350
4 Dispute settlement 354
5 Technical implementation 358
5.1 Meeting of States Parties 359
5.2 Scientific and Technical Advisory Body 361
5.3 UNESCO Secretariat 362
6 Amendment 363
7 Reservations 364
Final reflections 366
Bibliography 375
Index 388
|
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