Life-threatening infections: 1
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia, Pa.
Elsevier
(2013)
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Critical care clinics
29,3 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV S., S. 394 - 793 Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781455775842 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Life-threatening infections |n 1 |c ed.: Anand Kumar |
| 264 | 1 | |a Philadelphia, Pa. |b Elsevier |c (2013) | |
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| adam_text | Life-Threatening Infections: Part
7
Contents
Preface
Anand Kumar
Severe Meningococcal Infection: A Review of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and
Management
393
Paul A.
Campsall,
Kevin B. Laupland, and Daniel J. Niven
Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus,
¡s a
relatively
uncommon cause of invasive infection, but when it occurs It is frequently
severe and potentially life threatening. Meningococcus should be consid¬
ered and investigated promptly as a potentially
etiologie
pathogen in any
patient with meningitis, or sepsis accompanied by a petechial rash. Sus¬
pected patients should receive early appropriate antimicrobial therapy
concomitantly with confirmatory Invasive diagnostic tests. Vaccines have
reduced the incidence of infection with certain non-B meningococcal
serogroups, and new
serotype
В
vaccines are on the horizon. This article
reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of severe menin¬
gococcal infections.
Infection in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer
411
Eric J. Bow
Neutropenic fever sepsis syndromes are common among patients with
cancer who are receiving intensive cytotoxic systemic therapy. Recogni¬
tion of the syndromes and timely initial antibacterial therapy is critical for
survival and treatment success. Outcomes are linked to myeloid
reconsti¬
tution
and recovery from neutropenia, control of active comorbidities, and
appropriate treatment of the infections that underlie the sepsis syndrome.
Hematologists and oncologists must be clear about the prognosis and
treatment goals to work effectively with critical care physicians toward
the best outcomes for patients with cancer who develop neutropenic sep¬
sis syndromes.
Extracranial Head and Neck Infections
443
Denise
Jaworsky, Steven Reynolds, and Anthony W. Chow
This article outlines infections in the submandibular, lateral pharyngeal,
retropharyngeai, danger, and prevertebral spaces, in conjunction with in¬
fections of the sinuses and mediastinum. By understanding the anatomy
and pathophysiology, the reader will gain insight into the rationale for var¬
ious therapeutic options.
Fulminant Myocarditis
465
Fredric Ginsberg and Joseph E. Parrillo
Myocarditis is most often caused by a viral infection. Less common causes
include other infectious agents and autoimmune diseases. Fulminant
Contents
myocarditis is an unusual complication with a rapidly progressive course
resulting in severe heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Fulminant myocar¬
ditis should be treated with full supportive care, using aggressive
pharma¬
cologie
therapy and mechanical circulatory support, because significant
improvement in left ventricular function will often occur. Cardiac transplan¬
tation is required in a small minority of patients. Cardiac magnetic reso¬
nance imaging is becoming a frequently used modality to aid in the
diagnosis of myocarditis.
Infections of the Developing World
485
Srinivas Murthy, Jay Keystone, and Niranjan Kissoon
Access to critical care is rapidly growing in areas of the world where it was
previously nonexistent and where infectious diseases often comprise the
largest disease burden. Additionally, with crowding, mass migrations,
and air travel, infectious diseases previously geographically confined are
quickly spread across the planet, often in shorter time frames than disease
incubation periods. Hence, critical care practitioners must be familiar with
infectious diseases previously confined to the developing world. This arti¬
cle reviews selected tropical diseases that are seen in diverse locales and
often require critical care services.
Obstetric Infections
509
Stephen E. Lapmsky
Sepsis accounts for approximately
10%
of all maternal deaths. Pregnant
women are susceptible to certain infections because of alterations in their
cell-mediated immunity. Obstetric sepsis requires early broad-spectrum
antibiotic therapy and may necessitate surgical intervention. Group A strep-
tococcal infection may produce necrotizing fascirtis and toxic shock. Pyelo¬
nephritis remains a common cause of sepsis during pregnancy, and
associated acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs more commonly
than in the nonpregnant population. Severe pneumonitis caused by influenza
virus and vancella zoster infection may occur. Malaria may be more severe in
the pregnant woman, and carries significant risk to both mother and fetus.
Nosocomial Pneumonia: Lessons Learned
521
Girish B. Nair and Michael S. Niederman
Nosocomial pneumonia remains a significant cause of hospital-acquired in¬
fection, imposing substantial economic burden on the health care system
worldwide. Various preventive strategies have been increasingly used to
prevent the development of pneumonia. It is now recognized that patients
with health care-associated pneumonia are a heterogeneous population
and that not all are at risk for infection with nosocomial pneumonia patho¬
gens, with some being infected with the same organisms as in community-
acquired pneumonia. This review discusses the risk factors for nosocomial
pneumonia, controversies in its diagnosis, and approaches to the treatment
and prevention of nosocomial and health care-associated pneumonia.
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Risk Factors, Complications, and Management
547
Yoav Keynan and Ethan Rubinstein
Staphylococcus aureus and methioillin-resistant
S
aureus have emerged
as the most important
nosocomial
pathogens. Traditional therapy may
Contents
be sufficient in most but not all patients, in whom alternatives should be
sought. The infection is often complicated with several sites of metastatic
foci and is
nosocomial
frequently. New antibiotics to fight
MRSA
have
been introduced and are equivalent or better than vancomycin.
Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia
563
Wendy I. Sligl and Thomas J.
Marrie
Severe community-acquired pneumonia necessitating intensive care unit
admission is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and health-care
cost. This review article serves to summarize the epidemiology, diagnosis,
treatment, and prognosis of this common life-threatening condition. Cur¬
rent practice guidelines as well as the role of several scoring systems
(such as the
PSI,
СияВ-бб,
and (DSA/ATS criteria) used to predict CAP
severity, prognosis, and site of care are reviewed. In addition, common
complications and prevention strategies are discussed.
Management of Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Requiring Admission to the Intensive Care Unit
603
Darrell H.S. Tan and Sharon L. Walmsley
Rates of admission to the Intensive care unit (ICU) for persons infected with
human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
remain relatively unchanged in the
modern era despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) and improve¬
ments in ICU survival. Critical care may be required for patients with
HIV
because of severe opportunistic infections or malignancy, antiretroviral
drug
toxicity,
or critical illness seemingly unrelated to
HIV,
and each of
these scenarios may present different management challenges. In this
article, the epidemiology of HIV-related ICU admission is reviewed and
key management issues are discussed.
Viral Encephalitis in the ICU
621
Andreas H. Kramer
Viral encephalitis causes an altered level of consciousness, which may be
associated with fever, seizures, focal deficits, CSF pleocytosis, and abnor¬
mal neuroimaging. Potential pathogens include
HSV, VZV,
enterovirus,
and in some regions, arboviruses. Autoimmune (eg, anti-NMDA receptor)
and paraneoplastic encephalitis are responsible for some cases where
no pathogen is identified. Indications for ICU admission include coma, sta¬
tus epilepticus and respiratory failure. Timely initiation of anti-viral therapy
is crucial while relevant molecular and serological test results are being
performed. Supportive care should be directed at the prevention and treat¬
ment of cerebral edema and other physiological derangements which may
contribute to secondary neurological injury.
Toxic Shock Syndrome: Major Advances in Pathogenesis, But Not Treatment
651
Donald E. Low
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is primarily the result of a superantigen-
mediated cytokine storm and
M
protein-mediated neutrophil activation,
resulting in the release of mediators leading to respiratory failure, vascular
leakage, and shock. Mortality for streptococcal TSS still hovers at
50%.
There is evidence to support a role for intravenous immunoglobulin
Contents
(IVIG) in
the treatment of streptococcal TSS. An observational study sug¬
gests that an initial conservative surgical approach combined with the
use of immune modulators, such as IVIG, may reduce the morbidity asso¬
ciated with extensive surgical exploration in hemodynamically unstable
patients without increasing mortality.
Fulminant Viral Hepatitis
677
Saumya Jayakumar, Raiyan Chowdhury, Carrie Ye, and
Constantine
J. Karvellas
Acute liver failure
(ALF)
is a condition wherein the previously healthy liver
rapidly deteriorates, resulting in jaundice, encephalopathy, and coagulop-
athy. There are approximately
2000
cases per year of
ALF
in the United
States. Viral causes (fulminant viral hepatitis [FVH]) are the predominant
cause of
ALF
¡n
developing countries. Given the ease of spread of viral
hepatitis and the high morbidity and mortality associated with
ALF,
a sys¬
tematic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of FVH is required. In this
review, the authors describe the viral causes of
ALF
and review the inten¬
sive care unit management of patients with FVH.
Urinary Tract Infection
699
Lindsay E. Nicolle
The urinary tract is a common source for life-threatening Infections. Most
patients with sepsis or septic shock from a urinary source have compli¬
cated urinary tract infection. This article explains the epidemiology, risk
factors, and treatment. Effective management, appropriate collection of
microbiology specimens, prompt Initiation of antimicrobial therapy, source
control, and supportive therapy are described.
Biowarfare
and
Bioterrorism
717
Michael D. Christian
Bioterrorism is not only a reality of the times in which we live but biowea-
pons have been used for centuries. Critical care physicians play a major
role in the recognition of and response to a bioterrorism attack. Critical
care clinicians must be familiar with the diagnosis and management of
the most likely bioterrorism agents, and also be adeguately prepared to
manage a mass casualty situation. This article reviews the epidemiology,
diagnosis, and treatment of the most likely agents of biowarfare and
bioterrorism.
Infections in the Elderly
757
Hans
Jürgen
Heppner, Sieber Cornel, Walger Peter,
Bahrmann Philipp,
and
Singler
Katrin
Infections have plagued humans since the beginning of recorded history.
Huge segments of the human population were episodically wiped out by
epidemic infectious diseases in past centuries. Infection was and is often
the final cause of mortality in the debilitated elderly. Substantial ongoing
research has been performed to investigate mechanisms, causes, patho-
genesis, and therapy for infectious disease. Much of this work has involved
Contents
the elderly because that group is uniquely predisposed to morbidity and
mortality from infection. It is hoped that continued research will result in
a decrease in infection morbidity and mortality in elderly.
Index
775
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| spelling | Life-threatening infections 1 ed.: Anand Kumar Philadelphia, Pa. Elsevier (2013) XIV S., S. 394 - 793 Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Critical care clinics 29,3 Critical care clinics ... Clinics review articles Kumar, Anand Sonstige (DE-588)138008787 oth (DE-604)BV041216468 1 Critical care clinics 29,3 (DE-604)BV000019838 29,3 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026191183&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Life-threatening infections Critical care clinics |
| title | Life-threatening infections |
| title_auth | Life-threatening infections |
| title_exact_search | Life-threatening infections |
| title_full | Life-threatening infections 1 ed.: Anand Kumar |
| title_fullStr | Life-threatening infections 1 ed.: Anand Kumar |
| title_full_unstemmed | Life-threatening infections 1 ed.: Anand Kumar |
| title_short | Life-threatening infections |
| title_sort | life threatening infections |
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