Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy:
Південь Лісостепового Подніпров'я за доби пізньої бронзи
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Ukrainian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Doneck
Vydavnyctvo "Donbass"
2013
|
Schriftenreihe: | Archeologičeskij alʹmanach
29 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | PST: The Southern Forest-Steppe Dnieper Region during the Late Bronze Age. - In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 230 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
ISBN: | 9786176381181 |
Internformat
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246 | 1 | 3 | |a The Southern Forest-Steppe Dnieper Region during the Late Bronze Age |
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300 | |a 230 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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490 | 1 | |6 880-04 |a Archeologičeskij alʹmanach |v 29 | |
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650 | 0 | 7 | |a Bronzezeit |0 (DE-588)4008357-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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---|---|
adam_text | ЗМІСТ
ВСТУП
.................................................................................................................................................................7
РОЗДІЛ
1.
Загальна характеристика джерел та історіографія
...............................................................13
1.1.
Історія і основні етапи вивчення пам яток
............................................................................................13
1.2.
Систематика джерел та еволюція поглядів на культурно-історичні процеси
....................................19
РОЗДІЛ
2.
Поселення
......................................................................................................................................29
2.1.
Природно-географічна характеристика регіону
....................................................................................29
2.2.
Поселення та їх топографія
....................................................................................................................31
2.2.1.
Поселення з високою топографією
..................................................................................................32
2.2.2.
Поселення з низькою топографією
..................................................................................................32
2.3.
Розміри та планіграфія поселень
............................................................................................................33
2.4.
Конструкція жител
...................................................................................................................................34
2.5.
Стратиграфія та комплекси знахідок
.....................................................................................................37
2.5.1.
Стратиграфія
......................................................................................................................................37
2.5.2.
Багатоваликово-ранньозрубний час
.................................................................................................38
2.5.3.
Зрубно-сабатинівський час
...............................................................................................................40
2.5.4.
Білогрудівсько-білозерський час
......................................................................................................43
РОЗДІЛ
3.
Поховання
......................................................................................................................................81
3.1.
Топографія могильників та обряд поховання
........................................................................................81
3.1.1.
Типи могильників та види поховальних споруд
.............................................................................81
3.1.2.
Топографія та планіграфія
................................................................................................................83
3.1.3.
Облаштування могил
.........................................................................................................................84
3.1.4.
Положення небіжчика
.......................................................................................................................86
3.1.5.
Парні поховання та підзахоронення
.................................................................................................88
3.1.6.
Інші елементи поховального обряду
................................................................................................88
3.1.7.
Кремації
..............................................................................................................................................89
3.1.8.
Розчленування та вторинні поховання
.............................................................................................89
3.1.9.
Кенотафи
.............................................................................................................................................90
3.1.10.
Святилища та жертовники
..............................................................................................................90
3.1.11.
Поховання на поселеннях
...............................................................................................................92
3.2.
Стратиграфія
.............................................................................................................................................92
3.3.
Комплекси знахідок
.................................................................................................................................95
3.3.1.
Багатоваликово-ранньозрубний час
.................................................................................................95
3.3.2.
Зрубно-сабатинівський час
...............................................................................................................96
3.3.3.
Білогрудівсько-білозерський час
......................................................................................................96
3.3.4.
Статус та ранг похованих
..................................................................................................................98
3.4.
Палеоантропологічні дані
.......................................................................................................................99
РОЗДІЛ
4.
Скарби та випадкові знахідки металевих виробів і ливарних форм
...............................133
4.1.
Огляд за категоріями та типами
............................................................................................................133
4.2.
Походження скарбів та їхня можлива культурна належність
............................................................143
РОЗДІЛ
5.
Історичні та хронологічні етапи розвитку регіону за доби пізньої бронзи
.....................165
5.1.
Періодизація та хронологія
...................................................................................................................165
5.2.
Характер взаємозв язків із населенням навколишніх регіонів
..........................................................177
ВИСНОВКИ
....................................................................................................................................................189
РЕЗЮМЕ
.........................................................................................................................................................193
SUMMARY
......................................................................................................................................................201
СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ
....................................................................................................205
Література
......................................................................................................................................................205
Архівні матеріали
..........................................................................................................................................226
Список скорочень
..........................................................................................................................................229
SUMMARY
In the southern part of the Dnieper forest-steppe zone (the present Cherkassy, Poltava, Kirovograd and the north of
Dnepropetrovsk oblasts of Ukraine which adjoin the Dnieper River) there was a contact zone of different archaeological
cultures during the Late Bronze Age. The study of the character and dynamics of these contacts was always one of the main
tasks here.
In the monograph, practically all known information on the sites of the Late Bronze Age of this region is collected. Their
review is made within the limits of three cultural-chronological blocks: MRC (the Multi-Roller Ceramics/Babino) and Early
Srubnaya Cultures
(
18th-!
6*
centuries
ВС);
the developed Srabnaya and Sabatinovka Cultures
(Η 1-
13*
centuries
ВС),
the
Belogrudovka and Belozerka Cultures
(12
MO* centuries
ВС).
The dynamics of developing archaeological cultures and the orientation of their contacts were especially dependant on
climatic changes and as a result on the displacement borders between the natural zones which impacted on the traditional
economy. The lower chronological limit of the concerned period basically coincides with the climatic optimum in the
beginning of the Late Subboreal (SB-3A), and upper one with a drought during the transition to the Early Atlantic (SB-3B
-SA-1A).
The majority of settlements in the region were not fortified. Temporary sites with low topography are typically located on
capes above of flood plain terraces, in valleys on sandy monadnocks and on elevations along channels and former riverbed.
During the Late Bronze Age the tendency to increase the area of settlements (from
0.1-1
to
4
ha) and changes in layout of
the buildings (from isolated with chaotic situated structures to a street lay-out along reservoirs in one or several lines) is
appreciable. Traditions of housing construction were changed from single-chamber without pillars to multi-chambers with
pillars, wattle and daub walls, and with two- or four-sloping roofs.
For some settlements at the ending of the Late Bronze Age (Velikaya Andrasovka
-
Inbek) ash-heaps (zol niks) are
characteristic, which according to the conclusions of some researchers were ritually buried surface dwellings. There are
cult objects such as sacrificial altars in covers and pits with finds of the votive offerings of plastic sculptures and bones of
animals. The possibility of the existence of the ritual or household cannibalism is not excluded.
The economy of the tribes of the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (MRC
-
Early Srubnaya Culture time) was oriented
mainly toward mobile cattle-breeding of the distant-pastures type. Later, in the Srubnaya
-
Sabatinovka Culture time,
gradual transition to the settled grazing economy took place. Based on archaeo-zoological data, in the beginning of the
Late Bronze Age the population was engaged mainly in cattle, small cattle and horses and later pigs which considerably
increase in quantity to the Belogrudovka-Belozerka time. Finds of the cheek-pieces specify use of a horse as draft animal,
and subsequently for riding.
The low topography of settlements of the developed and final stage testifies to the use of floodplain lands for plant
husbandry. Mainly unpretentious kinds of cereals were cultivated
-
millet, a rye, oats, and also barley and wheat soft.
Hunting and fishing had an auxiliary character. Numerous finds of ceramic and bone spindle whorls specify the existence of
weaving, and tools for the processing of skins (bone skates , tupicks, pulpers, bone and metal awls) are evidence for the
tanning industry.
Various types of settlements correspond to various funeral sites: stationary sites at floodplain to barrows and the
ground cemeteries with low topography, and temporary sites on watersheds to barrows with high topography. The essential
difference in a funeral ceremony and stock structure is seen, elite graves are present only in barrows on the watersheds. This
feature could reflect a situation when a part of the population settled at the flood plain was engaged in the plant husbandry
and cattle-breeding not far from their settlements, and another was engaged in the distant cattle-breeding on the steppe
watersheds.
The funeral sites are represented by basic and inlet graves in barrows and by flat ground cemeteries. The intramural
graves were discovered on some settlements. The percentage of the barrow graves at the MRC
-
Early Srubnaya Culture
time composes
98.0%,
at the Srubnaya-Sabatinovka Culture time
- 92.5%.
In the Belogrudovka-Belozerka Culture time
the flat ground cemeteries prevail considerably, partly corresponding with the all-European tendencies. The transitive form
appears with so-called near-barrow and barrow-flat ground cemeteries (Kompaniicy, Verguny) in territory adjoined to
already existing barrows.
There is a considerable percentage of basic graves in barrows
(23.7%)
in the MRC-Early Srabnaya Culture time and
also the inlet ones with the subsequent local earthfills
(17.5%).
Beginning from the Srubnaya-Sabatinovka Culture time the
quantity of basic graves decreases to
11.0%
and separate barrows are erected only over elite graves and earthfills are fixed
only for
10.5%
of the inlet burials.
So-called long barrows were sanctuaries (Preobrazhenka,
1-2
(II); Novopodkryazh
1
(TV); Gubnikha
3-4
(II),
Cherkassy,
6-7)
and the barrows surrounded by concentric ditches (Palmira,
2;
Chervona
Sloboda,
3;
Golovkovka,
6)
were
sanctuaries too. Bonfire site and pits were in use as an offering on cemeteries. With the custom of sacrifice on places of the
burial places, finds of hoards of bronze items in the barrows (Aleksandrovka, Kabakovo) are probably connected.
пли
The Southern Forest-Steppe Dnieper region during the Late Bronze Age
The bronze items and casting molds, as a rule, have no exact context of occurrence. For the MRC-Early Srubnaya
Culture time the socketed axes, flat chisels and celts with forged sockets, small weakly curved sickles with a hook, knifes
without curb, and also spear-heads with forged sockets are typical. Hoards are very rare (Aleksandrovka).
At the Srubnaya-Sabatinovka time the quantity of complexes and assortment of items considerably increases. There are
celts of different types, flanged axes-adzes, socketed chisels, knifes and daggers with flat or ring-shaped guards, razors of
the
Derbeden
type, sickles, spear-heads and javelins. There are a significant number of hoards (Lobojkovka, Kabakovo,
Borodaevka, Mayachka, Mishurin
Rog, Obuhovka,
Sosnovka, Kalantaev). Two hoards of the talk casting molds (Chutovo,
Dneprovokamenka) belong to the same period.
At the Belogrudovka-Belozerka time the following items are presented: two-eared celts (Kardashmka, Nova-
Alexandrovka, Zavadovka types); one-eared celts (Debrecen, Gemzse, Peterd according to V.A. Dergachev), socketed
chisels, button sickles (Koszider type according to V.A. Dergachev and V.S. Botchkarev), knives of the Novo-Alexandrovka
and Kardashinka types, swords (Nenzingen/Reutlingen), spear-heads (Zavadovka type). There are ornaments such as
ring-headed pins, ring-shaped armlets, spiral pendants of the Belogrudovka type. The quantity of hoards are decreased
(Melnikovka, Starosel e, Stetsovka, Suhiny).
As a whole, in the south of the Dnieper forest-steppe zone bronze items are found which revealed communications with
the Balkans, Transylvania, the Volga and Ural regions, Western Siberia and Caucasus. Ways of communications lay along
waterways, and the Dnieper River was the main of these. A steppe corridor was to the south and it was the transitional
Eurasian road.
The general picture of historical and cultural development in the region under review follows.
The MRC
-
Early Srubnaya Culture
tíme.
Early sites (MRC-I/Dnieper-Don
Babino
Culture) are localized in the
Samara-Orel interfluve and the Psel river area. At the late stage (MRC-II/Dnieper-Prut
Babino
Culture) sites had extended
across all territory of the forest-steppe and steppe of the Dnieper area including its right bank. Distribution of the Early
group of MRC (MRC-1) across territory of the south of the forest-steppe Dnieper zone had occurred as a result of an
invasion caused by movement of tribes of the Fighting Chariots Cultures (the Don-Volga Abashevo Culture, Sintashta,
Potapovka type).
The ceramic complex is more or less homogeneous and it is characterised by multi-rolled pots with incised linear
compositions in ornamentations. At the late stage of MRC the outer influences are observed in the technology and
ornamentation of the ceramic vessels (so-called Proto-Malopolovetsk type ): from the Trzcienec, Pokrovsk, Abashevo
Cultures. Simultaneously, the finds of imported glass and faience beads are fixed.
The metal wares basically testify to the eastern direction of communications that could be explained by a region
arrangement almost completely in the sphere of influence of the Eurasian and Caucasian metallurgical provinces. During
the subsequent period (MRC-II) there is a decline of communications with the Caucasian province caused by occurrence
of new centers of the metal-working: the Volga-Ural (Pokrovsk-Mosolovka Srubnaya Culture), the Lower Kama (Early
Prikazan)
and Urals (Seima-Turbino). Since the same time relations with European (Carpathian) metallurgical province
(the Fiizesabony-Ottommi) are established. The period MRC-II could be synchronized with the Central European horizon
of hoards
Hajdúsámson-Apa-Borodino
(BzAj-BzB, according with P.
Reinecke).
The Srubnaya-Sabatinovka Culture
tíme.
The major part of the left-bank forest-steppe and sic-steppe zone (Samara-
Orel interfluve and the Psel River) was occupied by the population of the Berezhnovka-Mayovka Srubnaya Culture
(BMSC). Its formation was connected with the Dnieper-Donets culture-genesis centre. At the late stage (BMSC-II) sites
extend on all of the left bank, and also on the southern part of the right bank of the Dnieper. The Northern part of the right
bank was occupied by bearers of the Trzcienec-Komarov cultural community, the forming of which had been the result of
consolidation of the allied epi-corded cultures from the Oder to Dnieper under appreciable Carpathian-Danube influence.
To the South, in the steppe zone, there were sites of the Sabatinovka Culture. The latter as well as the Srubnaya Culture has
developed on the basis of MRC, but as Ya.P. Gershkovich considers, under strong Balkan-Danube influence and on the basis
of others than in the northeast variants of MRC and the Kamenka-Livencovka group.
Thus, during the developed period of the Late Bronze Age the southern forest-steppe Dnieper region had appeared on a
joint of three large cultural communities of the Eastern Europe: the Srubnaya, Trzcienec-Komarov and Sabatinovka-Noua-
Koslogeni which corresponded to three large ethnocultural formations of Eurasia: the Eurasian steppe, Central European
and Balkan-Danube. Because of these circumstances the ceramic complex of the Srubnaya-Sabatinovka sites differs of
polycultural structure: the latest MRC ( Malopolovets type), Srubnaya, Trzcienec-Komarov, Noua-Sabatinovka. Products
of the Don-Volga-Ural metal-working centre, the Pokrovka-Mosolovka Srubnaya Culture, continue to arrive into the
region in the beginning of the developed period of the Late Bronze Age (BMSC-I). Products of the European (Carpathian)
metallurgical province arrived to the right bank of the Dnieper: from the Transylvania-Upper
Tisza
(the
Felsőszőcs-Stanovo
Culture) and Low Danube (the Dichevo focus of the Coslogeni Culture).
Beginning from
ВМЅС-П
period in the concerned region a new native Loboikovo metal-working focus came into
operation and included the Middle Dnieper and Donets areas. The cuprous sandstones of the Donets Basin were used
as a raw material for this focus. This centre being situated on conjunction of the European and Eurasian metal-working
SUMMARY
203
traditions has revealed its boundary character. It had incorporated the basic advanced technological achievements of the
metal-working industry
ofthat
time: use of tin bronze and the casting of the thin-walled socketed tools in dismountable
talc molds. Besides, in the concerned region finds of metal items of other centers of the Post-Seima horizon of the Eurasian
metal-working traditions are fixed: the Ingul-Krasnyi Mayak of the Sabatinovka Culture (Northern
Pontic
area),
Derbeden
of the Suskan Culture (Volga
-
Kama) and of the Andronovo
-
Alakul , Fedorovka
and Cherkaskul Cultures (the Southern
Trans-Ural, Northern and Central Kazakhstan, Altai). Just at this time cultural contacts in the Western Siberia
-
Middle
Volga
-
Dnieper line become more active, which were possibly connected with the functioning of the Trans-Eurasian tin
road. Along this road a raw tin (cassiterite) was obtained from ore deposits which were developed by the Andronovo Culture
population to the Srubnaya Culture tribes and further to the West. Occurrence in the region of imported ceramic ware, in
particular, the Fedorovka-Cherkaskul cups on a stem, became a consequence of these contacts. Under the influence of the
Andronovo cultural community, graves with the right-side skeleton in a crouched position and cremations occurred.
Sites of the beginning of the Srubnaya-Sabatinovka Culture time (BMSC-I) are synchronous to the Central European
hoards horizon
Kosziderpadlás
(BzBj-BzC, according with P.Reinecke) and the developed stage of the Late Bronze Age
(BMSC-II)
-
Opalyi-Uriu-Domăneşti
(ΒζΟ,
-BzD
according with P. Reinecke).
The Belogrudovka-Belozerka time. It is characterized by the formation of a new ethnocultural situation caused by the
disintegration of the cultural communities of the previous period. The principal causes of changes are considered an activa¬
tion of 4he forest Pre-Finno-Ugric tribes and the process of the hallstattization (we mean the developing of close connec¬
tions with cultures of the Early
Hallstatt
period of the Central and Southeast Europe). On the left bank of the Dnieper the
Malye Budki-Bondarikha Culture sites arose, and on the right bank the Belogrudovka-Chernoles Culture was formed with
a notable western component in its structure.
At the same time functioning of the Donetsk mountain-metallurgical centre was stopped. The bronze products represent
two basic centers: the Transylvania-Upper
Tisza
(the Early
Hallstatt
zone
-
Gåva
Culture) and the Zavadovka-Kardashinka
located in the Low Dnieper area (the Belozerka Culture zone). The period Early-Belozerka could be synchronized with the
Central European horizon of hoards
Kurd-Kisapáti-Cincu-Suseni (HaA,
according with P. Reinecke) and Late-Belozerka
-
Moigrad-Hajdúböszörmény (HaA2-HaBj
according with P. Reinecke).
During the Late Bronze Age the level of social development of populations in the southern Dnieper forest-steppe zone
corresponded to the middle degree of barbarism according to the L.G. Morgan s periodization. During the mentioned period
the social structure of a society has become considerably complicated because of the arising of the chief and priestly heads,
and also the military aristocracy. It led to property differentiation among families and to the formation of elite subculture
that could especially be traced in an example of funeral sites. Thus, the society was not egalitarian, and dynamically devel¬
oped to the class formation.
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Kuštan, Dmytro Pavlovyč |
author_facet | Kuštan, Dmytro Pavlovyč |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Kuštan, Dmytro Pavlovyč |
author_variant | d p k dp dpk |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV041206340 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)856868571 (DE-599)BVBBV041206340 |
format | Book |
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geographic | Dnjepr-Gebiet Süd (DE-588)7645073-9 gnd |
geographic_facet | Dnjepr-Gebiet Süd |
id | DE-604.BV041206340 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:42:04Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9786176381181 |
language | Ukrainian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026181127 |
oclc_num | 856868571 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 230 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
publishDate | 2013 |
publishDateSearch | 2013 |
publishDateSort | 2013 |
publisher | Vydavnyctvo "Donbass" |
record_format | marc |
series | Archeologičeskij alʹmanach |
series2 | Archeologičeskij alʹmanach |
spelling | 880-01 Kuštan, Dmytro Pavlovyč Verfasser aut 880-02 Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy D. P. Kuštan The Southern Forest-Steppe Dnieper Region during the Late Bronze Age 880-03 Doneck Vydavnyctvo "Donbass" 2013 230 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 880-04 Archeologičeskij alʹmanach 29 PST: The Southern Forest-Steppe Dnieper Region during the Late Bronze Age. - In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Waldsteppe (DE-588)4189000-0 gnd rswk-swf Dnjepr-Gebiet Süd (DE-588)7645073-9 gnd rswk-swf Dnjepr-Gebiet Süd (DE-588)7645073-9 g Waldsteppe (DE-588)4189000-0 s Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s DE-604 Archeologičeskij alʹmanach 29 (DE-604)BV037484037 29 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026181127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026181127&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Куштан, Дмитро Павлович ut 245-02/(N Південь Лісостепового Подніпров'я за доби пізньої бронзи Д. П. Куштан 264-03/(N Донецк Видавництво "Донбасс" 490-04/(N Археологический альманах 29 |
spellingShingle | Kuštan, Dmytro Pavlovyč Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy Archeologičeskij alʹmanach Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Waldsteppe (DE-588)4189000-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4189000-0 (DE-588)7645073-9 |
title | Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy |
title_alt | The Southern Forest-Steppe Dnieper Region during the Late Bronze Age |
title_auth | Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy |
title_exact_search | Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy |
title_full | Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy D. P. Kuštan |
title_fullStr | Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy D. P. Kuštan |
title_full_unstemmed | Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy D. P. Kuštan |
title_short | Pivdenʹ Lisostepovoho Podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoï bronzy |
title_sort | pivdenʹ lisostepovoho podniprovʺja za doby piznʹoi bronzy |
topic | Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Waldsteppe (DE-588)4189000-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Bronzezeit Waldsteppe Dnjepr-Gebiet Süd |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026181127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026181127&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV037484037 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kustandmytropavlovyc pivdenʹlisostepovohopodniprovʺjazadobypiznʹoibronzy AT kustandmytropavlovyc thesouthernforeststeppednieperregionduringthelatebronzeage |