Verfügbarkeit: Transition to renewable energy systems

Transition to renewable energy systems:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Weinheim Wiley-VCH-Verl. 2013
Schlagworte:	Energiespeicherung Energieversorgung Energieumwandlung Energiemanagement Intelligentes Stromnetz Energieerzeugung Energietechnik Elektrochemie Energiewende Energieeffizienz Energie Erneuerbare Energien Energiemeteorologie Nachhaltigkeit Aufsatzsammlung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Literaturangaben
Beschreibung:	XXXVI, 969 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm
ISBN:	3527332391 9783527332397 9783527673872

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adam_text	IMAGE 1 CONTENTS FOREWORD V PREFACE XXIX LIST O F CONTRIBUTORS XXXI PART I RENEWABLE STRATEGIES 1 1 SOUTH KOREA'S GREEN ENERGY STRATEGIES 3 DEOKYU HWANG, SUHYEON HAN, AND CHANGMO SUNG 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 GOVERNMENT-DRIVEN STRATEGIES A N D POLICIES 5 1.3 FOCUSED R&D STRATEGIES 7 1.4 PROMOTION O F RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRIES 9 1.5 PRESENT A N D FUTURE O F GREEN ENERGY I N SOUTH KOREA 10 REFERENCES 10 2 JAPAN'S ENERGY POLICY AFTER T H E 3.11 NATURAL AND NUCLEAR DISASTERS FROM T H E VIEWPOINT O F T H E R&D O F RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ITS CURRENT STATE 13 HIROHISA UCHIDA 2.1 INTRODUCTION 23 2.2 ENERGY TRANSITION IN JAPAN 14 2.2.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH A N D ENERGY TRANSITION 15 2.2.2 TRANSITION O F POWER CONFIGURATION 15 2.2.3 NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGY 17 2.3 DIVERSIFICATION O F ENERGY RESOURCE 17 2.3.1 THERMAL POWER 18 2.3.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY BY GREEN ENERGY REVOLUTION 18 2.3.2.1 AGENDA WITH THREE N P OPTIONS 18 2.3.2.2 GREEN ENERGY REVOLUTION 19 2.3.2.3 FEED-IN TARIFF FOR RE 21 HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1033099791 IMAGE 2 V I I I CONTENTS 2.3.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY A N D HYDROGEN ENERGY 22 2.3.4 SOLAR-HYDROGEN STATIONS A N D FUEL CELL VEHICLES 22 2.3.5 RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES 23 2.4 HYDROGEN A N D FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 24 2.4.1 STATIONARY USE 24 2.4.2 MOBILE USE 2 5 2.4.3 PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE 25 2.5 CONCLUSION 26 REFERENCES 26 3 THE IMPACT O F RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON ENERGY AND C 0 2 EMISSIONS IN CHINA 29 XILIANG ZHANG, TIANYU QI AND VALERIE KARPLUS 3.1 INTRODUCTION 29 3.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY I N CHINA A N D POLICY CONTEXT 3 0 3.2.1 ENERGY A N D CLIMATE POLICY GOALS I N CHINA 30 3.2.2 RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY TARGETS 31 3.3 DATA A N D CGEM MODEL DESCRIPTION 31 3.3.1 MODEL DATA 33 3.3.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 33 3.4 SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 35 3.4.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS 35 3.4.2 CURRENT POLICY ASSUMPTIONS 37 3.4.3 COST A N D AVAILABILITY ASSUMPTIONS FOR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 38 3.5 RESULTS 39 3.5.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY GROWTH U N D E R POLICY 39 3.5.2 IMPACT O F RENEWABLE ENERGY SUBSIDIES O N C 0 2 E M I S S I O N S REDUCTIONS 4 0 3.5.3 IMPACT O F A COST REDUCTION FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AFTER 2020 4 2 3.6 CONCLUSION 44 REFERENCES 45 4 THE SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT'S ELECTRICITY GENERATION POLICY STATEMENT 4 7 COLIN IMRIE 4.1 INTRODUCTION 47 4.2 OVERVIEW 4 7 4.3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 48 REFERENCES 65 5 TRANSITION T O RENEWABLES A S A CHALLENGE FOR T H E INDUSTRY T H E GERMAN ENERGIEWENDE FROM AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE 6 7 CARSTEN ROLLE, DENNIS RENDSCHMIDT 5.1 INTRODUCTION 6 7 5.2 TARGETS A N D CURRENT STATUS O F THE ENERGIEWENDE 6 7 5.3 INDUSTRY VIEW: OPPORTUNITIES A N D CHALLENGES 69 IMAGE 3 CONTENTS \| I X 5.4 T H E WAY AHEAD 73 5.5 CONCLUSION 74 REFERENCES 74 6 THE DECREASING MARKET VALUE O F VARIABLE RENEWABLES: INTEGRATION OPTIONS AND DEADLOCKS 75 LION HIRTH AND FALKO UECKERDT 6.1 T H E DECREASING MARKET VALUE O F VARIABLE RENEWABLES 75 6.2 MECHANISMS A N D QUANTIFICATION 77 6.2.1 PROFILE COSTS 78 6.2.2 BALANCING COSTS 83 6.2.3 GRID-RELATED COSTS 83 6.2.4 FINDINGS 83 6.3 INTEGRATION OPTIONS 84 6.3.1 A TAXONOMY 84 6.3.2 PROFILE COSTS 85 6.3.3 BALANCING COSTS 88 6.3.4 GRID-RELATED COSTS 89 6.4 CONCLUSION 90 REFERENCES 90 7 TRANSITION TO A FULLY SUSTAINABLE GLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEM 93 YVONNE Y. DENG, KORNELIS BLOK, KEES VAN DER LEUN, AND CARSTEN PETERSDOIFF 7.1 INTRODUCTION 93 7.2 METHODOLOGY 94 7.2.1 DEFINITIONS 95 7.3 RESULTS - D E M A N D SIDE 97 7.3.1 INDUSTRY 97 7.3.1.1 INDUSTRY - FUTURE ACTIVITY 9 7 7.3.1.2 INDUSTRY - FUTURE INTENSITY 98 7.3.1.3 INDUSTRY - FUTURE ENERGY D E M A N D 99 7.3.2 BUILDINGS 99 7.3.2.1 BUILDINGS - FUTURE ACTIVITY 99 7.3.2.2 BUILDINGS - FUTURE INTENSITY 101 7.3.2.3 BUILDINGS - FUTURE ENERGY D E M A N D 102 7.3.3 TRANSPORT 103 7.3.3.1 TRANSPORT - FUTURE ACTIVITY 103 7.3.3.2 TRANSPORT - FUTURE INTENSITY 105 7.3.3.3 TRANSPORT - FUTURE ENERGY D E M A N D 107 7.3.4 D E M A N D SECTOR SUMMARY 107 7.4 RESULTS - SUPPLY SIDE 108 7.4.1 SUPPLY POTENTIAL 108 7.4.1.1 WIND 109 7.4.1.2 WATER 109 7.4.1.3 SUN 110 IMAGE 4 X \| CONTENTS 7.4.1.4 EARTH 110 7.4.1.5 BIOENERGY 110 1.4.2 RESULTS O F BALANCING D E M A N D A N D SUPPLY 111 7.5 DISCUSSION 112 7.5.1 POWER GRIDS 112 7.5.2 T H E NEED FOR POLICY 113 7.5.3 SENSITIVITY O F RESULTS 113 7.6 CONCLUSION 114 REFERENCES 115 APPENDIX 118 8 THE TRANSITION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS - O N T H E WAY T O A COMPREHENSIVE TRANSITION CONCEPT 119 UWE SCHNEIDEWIND, KAROLINE AUGENSTEIN, AND HANNA SCHECK 8.1 WHY IS THERE A NEED FOR CHANGE? - T H E WORLD I N THE AGE O F THE ANTHROPOCENE 119 8.2 A TRANSITION TO WHAT? 121 8.3' INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT O F "TRANSFORMATIVE LITERACY" 122 8.4 FOUR DIMENSIONS O F SOCIETAL TRANSITION 123 8.4.1 O N THE STRUCTURAL INTERLINKAGES O F THE FOUR DIMENSIONS OF TRANSITIONS 124 8.4.2 INFRASTRUCTURES A N D TECHNOLOGIES - THE TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 125 8.4.3 FINANCIAL CAPITAL - THE ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE 127 8.4.4 INSTITUTIONS/POLICIES - THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE 129 8.4.5 CULTURAL CHANGE/CONSUMER BEHAVIOR - THE CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE 131 8.5 TECHNO-ECONOMISTS, INSTITUTIONALISTS, A N D CULTURALISTS - T H R E E CONFLICTING TRANSFORMATION PARADIGMS 132 REFERENCES 135 9 RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR T H E DEVELOPING WORLD 137 DIETER HOLM 9.1 INTRODUCTION 137 9.1.1 AIM 137 9.2 DESCRIPTIONS A N D DEFINITIONS O F THE DEVELOPING WORLD 138 9.2.1 T H E DEVELOPING WORLD 138 9.2.2 T H E DEVELOPING WORLD I N TRANSITION 138 9.2.3 EMERGING ECONOMIES - BRICS 140 9.3 CAN RENEWABLE ENERGIES DELIVER? 141 9.4 OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD 142 9.4.1 POVERTY ALLEVIATION THROUGH RE JOBS 142 9.4.2 A NEW ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE MODEL 143 9.4.3 GREAT RE POTENTIAL O F DEVELOPING WORLD 144 9.4.4 UNDERDEVELOPED CONVENTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE 144 9.5 DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 145 9.5.1 NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGIES WITHIN GLOBAL GUARD RAILS 145 IMAGE 5 CONTENTS X I 9.5.2 T H E INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT: GLOBAL GUARD RAILS 145 9.5.2.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC GUARD RAILS 145 9.5.2.2 ECOLOGICAL GUARD RAILS 146 9.6 POLICIES ACCELERATING RENEWABLE ENERGIES I N DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 148 9.6.1 REGULATIONS GOVERNING MARKET/ELECTRICITY GRID ACCESS A N D QUOTAS MANDATING CAPACITY/GENERATION 148 9.6.1.1 FEED-IN TARIFFS 149 9.6.1.2 QUOTAS - MANDATING CAPACITY/GENERATION 149 9.6.1.3 APPLICABILITY I N THE DEVELOPING WORLD 149 9.6.2 FINANCIAL INCENTIVES 151 9.6.2.1 TAX RELIEF 152 9.6.2.2 REBATES AND PAYMENTS 152 9.6.2.3 LOW-INTEREST LOANS A N D GUARANTIES 152 9.6.2.4 ADDRESSING SUBSIDIES A N D PRICES O F CONVENTIONAL ENERGY 152 9.6.3 INDUSTRY STANDARDS, PLANNING PERMITS, A N D BUILDING CODES 153 9.6.4 EDUCATION, INFORMATION, A N D AWARENESS 153 9.6.5 OWNERSHIP, COOPERATIVES, A N D STAKEHOLDERS 153 9.6.6 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, A N D DEMONSTRATION 154 9.7 PRIORITIES - WHERE TO START 154 9.7.1 BACKGROUND 154 9.7.2 LEARNING FROM PAST MISTAKES 154 9.8 CONCLUSIONS A N D RECOMMENDATIONS 156 REFERENCES 157 10 AN INNOVATIVE CONCEPT FOR LARGE-SCALE CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS 159 ULRICH HUECK 10.1 CONSIDERATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE DEPLOYMENT 159 10.1.1 TECHNOLOGIES TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY FROM SOLAR RADIATION 160 10.1.2 BASIC CONFIGURATIONS O F EXISTING CSP PLANTS 160 10.1.3 REVIEW FOR LARGE-SCALE DEPLOYMENT 161 10.1.3.1 ROBUSTNESS O F TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY 161 10.1.3.2 CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY DAY A N D NIGHT 161 10.1.3.3 TYPE O F CONCENTRATION O F SOLAR RADIATION 162 10.1.3.4 SHAPE O F MIRRORS FOR CONCENTRATION O F SOLAR RADIATION 163 10.1.3.5 AREA FOR SOLAR FIELD 164 10.1.3.6 TECHNOLOGY TO CAPTURE HEAT FROM SOLAR RADIATION 165 10.1.3.7 WORKING FLUIDS A N D HEAT STORAGE MEDIA 165 10.1.3.8 DIRECT STEAM GENERATION 168 10.1.3.9 INLET TEMPERATURE FOR POWER GENERATION 168 10.1.3.10 TYPE O F COOLING SYSTEM 169 10.1.3.11 SIZE O F SOLAR POWER PLANTS 169 10.1.3.12 ROBUSTNESS O F OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 169 10.1.4 SUMMARY FOR COMPARISON O F TECHNOLOGIES 170 10.2 ADVANCED SOLAR BOILER CONCEPT FOR CSP PLANTS 171 IMAGE 6 X I I CONTENTS 10.2.1 SUMMARY O F CONCEPT 171 10.2.2 DESCRIPTION O F CONCEPT 172 10.2.2.1 DIRECT SOLAR STEAM GENERATION 172 10.2.2.2 RANKINE CYCLE FOR STEAM TURBINE 172 10.2.2.3 SOLAR BOILER FOR STEAM GENERATION 174 10.2.2.4 SOLAR STEAM GENERATION INSIDE DUCTS 175 10.2.2.5 ARRANGEMENT O F HEAT-TRANSFER SECTIONS 177 10.2.2.6 UTILIZATION O F WASTE HEAT 177 10.2.2.7 THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEM FOR NIGHT-TIME OPERATION 178 10.3 PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION O F CONCEPT 179 10.3.1 TECHNICAL PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION 179 10.3.2 FINANCIAL PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION 181 10.3.3 STRATEGIC PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION 181 10.4 CONCLUSION 182 REFERENCES 182 11 STATUS O F FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT: HYUNDAI'S FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT A S A BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE 183 TAE WON LIM 11.1 INTRODUCTION 183 11.2 DEVELOPMENT O F THE FCEV 183 11.2.1 FUEL CELL STACK DURABILITY A N D DRIVING RANGING O F FCEVS 184 11.2.2 PACKING O F FCEVS 184 11.2.3 COST O F FCEVS 185 11.3 HISTORY O F H M C FCEV DEVELOPMENT 185 11.4 PERFORMANCE TESTING O F FCEVS 188 11.4.1 CRASHWORTHINESS A N D FIRE TESTS 188 11.4.2 SUB-ZERO CONDITIONS TESTS 189 11.4.3 DURABILITY TEST 190 11.4.4 HYDROGEN REFUELING 190 11.5 COST REDUCTION O F FCEV 191 11.6 DEMONSTRATION A N D DEPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES O F FCEVS I N EUROPE 192 11.7 ROADMAP O F FCEV COMMERCIALIZATION A N D CONCLUSIONS 194 12 HYDROGEN A S A N ENABLERFOR RENEWABLE ENERGIES 195 DETLEF STOLTEN, BERND EMONTS, THOMAS CRUBE, AND MICHAEL WEBER 12.1 INTRODUCTION 195 12.2 STATUS O F C 0 2 E M I S S I O N S 196 12.3 POWER DENSITY AS A KEY CHARACTERISTIC O F RENEWABLE ENERGIES A N D THEIR STORAGE MEDIA 197 12.4 FLUCTUATION O F RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION 199 12.5 STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR THE ENERGY CONCEPT 200 12.6 STATUS O F ELECTRICITY GENERATION A N D POTENTIAL FOR EXPANSION O F W I N D TURBINES I N GERMANY 200 IMAGE 7 CONTENTS \| X I I I 12.7 ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE RENEWABLE SCENARIO WITH A CONSTANT N U M B E R OF W I N D TURBINES 202 12.8 PROCEDURE 205 12.9 RESULTS O F THE SCENARIO 206 12.10 FUEL CELL VEHICLES 207 12.11 HYDROGEN PIPELINES A N D STORAGE 208 12.12 COST ESTIMATE 210 12.13 DISCUSSION O F RESULTS 212 12.14 CONCLUSION 213 REFERENCES 214 13 PRE-LNVESTIGATION O F HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES A T LARGE SCALES FOR ELECTRIC GRID LOAD BALANCING 217 FERNANDO CUTISRREZ-MARTFN 13.1 INTRODUCTION 217 13.2 ELECTROLYTIC HYDROGEN 218 13.2.1 ELECTROLYZER PERFORMANCE 219 13.2.2 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COST ESTIMATE BY WATER ELECTROLYSIS 221 13.2.3 SIMULATION O F ELECTROLYTIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 224 13.3 OPERATION O F THE ELECTROLYZERS FOR ELECTRIC GRID LOAD BALANCING 226 13.3.1 T H E SPANISH POWER SYSTEM 228 13.3.2 INTEGRATION O F HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES AT LARGE SCALES 230 13.3.2.1 HOURLY AVERAGE CURVES 230 13.3.2.2 ANNUAL CURVES 232 13.4 CONCLUSION 236 13.5 APPENDIX 238 REFERENCES 238 PART II POWER PRODUCTION 241 14 ONSHORE WIND ENERGY 243 PO WEN CHENG 14.1 INTRODUCTION 243 14.2 MARKET DEVELOPMENT TRENDS 244 14.3 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TRENDS 246 14.3.1 GENERAL REMARKS ABOUT FUTURE WIND TURBINES 246 14.3.2 POWER RATING 247 14.3.3 N U M B E R O F BLADES 247 14.3.4 ROTOR MATERIALS 248 14.3.5 ROTOR DIAMETER 249 14.3.6 UPWIND OR DOWNWIND 250 14.3.7 DRIVE TRAIN CONCEPT 250 14.3.8 TOWER CONCEPTS 253 14.3.9 W I N D TURBINE A N D W I N D FARM CONTROL 254 IMAGE 8 X I V \| CONTENTS 14.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 256 14.5 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 257 14.6 ECONOMICS O F WIND ENERGY 258 14.7 T H E FUTURE SCENARIO O F ONSHORE WIND POWER 261 REFERENCES 262 15 OFFSHORE WIND POWER 265 DAVID INFIELD 15.1 INTRODUCTION A N D REVIEW O F OFFSHORE DEPLOYMENT 265 15.2 W I N D TURBINE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS 271 15.3 SITE ASSESSMENT 273 15.4 W I N D FARM DESIGN A N D CONNECTION TO SHORE 274 15.5 INSTALLATION A N D OPERATIONS A N D MAINTENANCE 276 15.6 FUTURE PROSPECTS A N D RESEARCH NEEDED TO DELIVER O N T H E S E 278 REFERENCES 281 16 TOWARDS PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY ON T H E TERAWATT SCALE: STATUS AND CHALLENGES 283 BERND RECH, SEBASTIAN S. SCHMIDT, AND RUTGER SCHLATMANN 16.1 INTRODUCTION 283 16.2 WORKING PRINCIPLES A N D SOLAR CELL FABRICATION 284 16.2.1 CRYSTALLINE SI WAFER-BASED SOLAR CELLS - TODAY'S WORKHORSE TECHNOLOGY 286 16.2.2 THIN-FILM PV: CHALLENGES A N D OPPORTUNITIES O F LARGE-AREA COATING TECHNOLOGIES 288 16.3 TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN O F PV SYSTEMS 290 16.3.1 RESIDENTIAL GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM: ROOF INSTALLATION 290 16.3.2 BUILDING-INTEGRATED PV 292 16.3.3 FLEXIBLE SOLAR CELLS 294 16.4 CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY O F TODAY 295 16.4.1 EFFICIENCIES A N D COSTS 296 16.4.2 CRYSTALLINE SILICON WAFER-BASED HIGH-PERFORMANCE SOLAR MODULES 297 16.4.3 THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGIES 298 16.5 R&D CHALLENGES FOR PV TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS THE TERAWATT SCALE 300 16.5.1 TOWARDS HIGHER EFFICIENCIES A N D LOWER SOLAR MODULE COSTS 301 16.5.2 CRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGIES 301 16.5.3 THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGIES 302 16.5.4 CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAICS (CPV) 302 16.5.5 EMERGING SYSTEMS: POSSIBLE GAME CHANGERS A N D / O R VALUABLE ADD-ONS 303 16.5.6 MASSIVE INTEGRATION O F PV ELECTRICITY IN THE FUTURE ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEM 303 16.5.7 BEYOND TECHNOLOGIES A N D COSTS 304 16.6 CONCLUSION 304 REFERENCES 305 IMAGE 9 CONTENTS I X V 17 SOLAR THERMAL POWER PRODUCTION 307 ROBERT PITZ-PAAL, REINER BUCK, PETER HELLER, TOBIAS HIRSCH, AND WOLF-DIETER STEINMANN 17.1 GENERAL CONCEPT O F THE TECHNOLOGY 307 17.1.1 INTRODUCTION 307 17.1.2 TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS A N D OPTIONS 308 17.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE 311 17.2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 312 17.2.1 PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR SYSTEMS 312 17.2.1.1 PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR DEVELOPMENT 312 17.2.2 LINEAR FRESNEL COLLECTOR SYSTEMS 317 17.2.3 SOLAR TOWER SYSTEMS 320 17.2.4 THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEMS 324 17.2.4.1 BASIC STORAGE CONCEPTS 325 17.2.4.2 COMMERCIAL STORAGE SYSTEMS 327 17.2.4.3 CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES327 17.3 COST DEVELOPMENT A N D PERSPECTIVES [17] 328 17.3.1 COST STRUCTURE A N D ACTUAL COST FIGURES 328 17.3.2 COST REDUCTION POTENTIAL 331 17.3.2.1 SCALING U P 331 17.3.2.2 VOLUME PRODUCTION 331 17.3.2.3 TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS 331 17.4 CONCLUSION 332 REFERENCES 332 18 GEOTHERMAL POWER 339 CHRISTOPHER J. BROMLEY AND MICHAEL A. MONGILLO 18.1 INTRODUCTION 339 18.2 GEOTHERMAL POWER TECHNOLOGY 341 18.3 GLOBAL GEOTHERMAL DEPLOYMENT: THE IEA ROADMAP A N D THE IEA-GIA 342 18.4 RELATIVE ADVANTAGES O F GEOTHERMAL 343 18.5 GEOTHERMAL RESERVES A N D DEPLOYMENT POTENTIAL 344 18.6 ECONOMICS O F GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 346 18.7 SUSTAINABILITY A N D ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 346 REFERENCES 350 19 CATALYZING GROWTH: AN OVERVIEW O F T H E UNITED KINGDOM'S BURGEONING MARINE ENERGY INDUSTRY 351 DAVID KROHN 19.1 DEVELOPMENT O F THE INDUSTRY 351 19.2 T H E BENEFITS O F MARINE ENERGY 352 19.3 EXPECTED LEVELS O F DEPLOYMENT 354 19.4 DETERMINING THE LEVELIZED COST O F ENERGY TRAJECTORY 357 19.4.1 T H E COST O F ENERGY TRAJECTORY 3 5 7 IMAGE 10 X V I I CONTENTS 19.5 TECHNOLOGY READINESS 360 19.5.1 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 1 361 19.5.2 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 2 362 19.5.3 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 3 363 19.5.4 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 4 364 19.5.5 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 5 365 19.5.6 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 6 366 19.5.7 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 7 3 6 7 19.5.8 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 8 368 19.5.9 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 9 369 19.5.10 TIDAL DEVICE CASE STUDY 10 370 19.5.11 WAVE DEVICE CASE STUDY 1 371 19.5.12 WAVE DEVICE CASE STUDY 2 372 19.5.13 WAVE DEVICE CASE STUDY 3 373 19.5.14 WAVE DEVICE CASE STUDY 4 374 19.5.15 WAVE DEVICE CASE STUDY 5 375 19.5.16 WAVE DEVICE CASE STUDY 6 376 19.5.17 WAVE DEVICE CASE STUDY 7 377 19.5.18 WAVE DEVICE CASE STUDY 8 378 19.6 CONCLUSION 378 REFERENCES 379 20 HYDROPOWER 381 ANUND KILLINGTVEIT 20.1 INTRODUCTION - BASIC PRINCIPLES 381 20.1.1 T H E HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE - W H Y HYDROPOWER IS RENEWABLE 382 20.1.2 COMPUTING HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL 383 20.1.3 HYDROLOGY - VARIABILITY I N FLOW 383 20.2 HYDROPOWER RESOURCES/POTENTIAL COMPARED WITH EXISTING SYSTEM 385 20.2.1 DEFINITION O F POTENTIAL 385 20.2.2 GLOBAL A N D REGIONAL OVERVIEW 385 20.2.3 BARRIERS - LIMITING FACTORS 3 8 7 20.2.4 CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS 3 8 7 20.3 TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN 388 20.3.1 RUN-OF-RIVER HYDROPOWER 388 20.3.2 STORAGE HYDROPOWER 388 20.3.3 P U M P E D STORAGE HYDROPOWER 389 20.4 CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY 389 20.4.1 EXTENDING T H E OPERATIONAL REGIME FOR TURBINES 390 20.4.2 UTILIZING LOW OR VERY LOW HEAD 391 20.4.3 FISH-FRIENDLY POWER PLANTS 391 20.4.4 TUNNELING A N D UNDERGROUND POWER PLANTS 391 20.5 FUTURE OUTLOOK 394 20.5.1 COST PERFORMANCE 394 20.5.2 FUTURE ENERGY COST FROM HYDROPOWER 396 IMAGE 11 CONTENTS I X V I I 20.5.3 CARBON MITIGATION POTENTIAL 396 20.5.4 FUTURE DEPLOYMENT 397 20.6 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 398 20.6.1 INTEGRATION INTO BROADER ENERGY SYSTEMS 398 20.6.2 POWER SYSTEM SERVICES 398 20.7 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES 398 20.7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 399 20.7.2 LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT 399 20.7.3 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 399 20.7.4 ENERGY PAYBACK RATIO 400 20.8 CONCLUSION 400 REFERENCES 401 21 THE FUTURE ROLE O F FOSSIL POWER PLANTS DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 403 ERLAND CHRISTENSEN AND FRANZ BAUER 21.1 INTRODUCTION 403 21.2 POLITICAL TARGETS/REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 403 21.3 MARKET CONSTRAINTS - IMPACT O F RES 406 21.4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS A N D TECHNICAL CHALLENGES FOR THE CONVENTIONAL FLEET 407 21.4.1 FLEXIBILITY REQUIREMENTS WITH LOAD FOLLOWING A N D GRADIENTS 408 21.4.2 DELIVERY O F SYSTEM SERVICES 410 21.4.2.1 PRIMARY RESERVE/CONTROL 411 21.4.2.2 SECONDARY RESERVE/CONTROL 411 21.4.2.3 TERTIARY OR MANUAL RESERVE 411 21.4.2.4 "SHORT-CIRCUIT EFFECT," REACTIVE RESERVES, A N D VOLTAGE REGULATION, INERTIA O F T H E SYSTEM 412 21.4.2.5 SECURE POWER SUPPLY W H E N W I N D A N D SOLAR ARE NOT AVAILABLE 412 21.4.3 DISTRICT HEATING 413 21.4.4 CO-COMBUSTION O F BIOMASS 414 21.5 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES FOR GENERATION 416 21.6 ECONOMIC CHALLENGES 418 21.6.1 PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE DATA O N CAPEX A N D OPEX 418 21.7 FUTURE GENERATION PORTFOLIO - RES VERSUS RESIDUAL POWER 421 PART III G A S PRODUCTION 423 22 STATUS ON TECHNOLOGIES FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY WATER ELECTROLYSIS 425 JIIRGEN MERGEL, MARCELO CARMO, AND DAVID FRITZ 22.1 INTRODUCTION 425 22.2 PHYSICAL A N D CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS 426 22.3 WATER ELECTROLYSIS TECHNOLOGIES 430 IMAGE 12 X V I I I \| CONTENTS 22.3.1 ALKALINE ELECTROLYSIS 430 22.3.2 PEM ELECTROLYSIS 433 22.3.3 HIGH-TEMPERATURE WATER ELECTROLYSIS 436 22.4 NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH A N D DEVELOPMENT 438 22.4.1 ALKALINE WATER ELECTROLYSIS 440 22.4.1.1 ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR ALKALINE WATER ELECTROLYSIS 441 22.4.2 PEM ELECTROLYSIS 442 22.4.2.1 ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR THE HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTION (HER) 442 22.4.2.2 ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR THE OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTION (OER) 443 22.4.2.3 SEPARATOR PLATES A N D CURRENT COLLECTORS 443 22.5 PRODUCTION COSTS FOR HYDROGEN 446 22.6 CONCLUSION 446 REFERENCES 447 23 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY SOLAR THERMAL METHANE REFORMING 451 CHRISTOS AGRAFIOTIS, HENRIK VON STORCH, MARTIN ROEB, AND CHRISTIAN SATTLER 23.1 INTRODUCTION 451 23.2 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION VIA REFORMING O F METHANE FEEDSTOCKS 453 23.2.1 THERMOCHEMISTRY A N D THERMODYNAMICS O F REFORMING 453 23.2.2 CURRENT INDUSTRIAL STATUS 455 23.3 SOLAR-AIDED REFORMING 456 23.3.1 COUPLING O F SOLAR ENERGY TO THE REFORMING REACTION: SOLAR RECEIVER/REACTOR CONCEPTS 456 23.3.2 WORLDWIDE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES I N SOLAR THERMAL METHANE REFORMING 460 23.3.2.1 INDIRECDY HEATED REACTORS 461 23.3.2.2 DIRECTLY IRRADIATED REACTORS 468 23.4 CURRENT DEVELOPMENT STATUS A N D FUTURE PROSPECTS 476 REFERENCES 478 PART IV B I O M A S S 483 24 BIOMASS - ASPECTS O F GLOBAL RESOURCES AND POLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES 485 CUSTAV MELIN 24.1 O U R PERCEPTIONS: ARE THEY MISLEADING US? 485 24.2 BIOMASS - JUST A RESOURCE LIKE OTHER RESOURCES - PRICE GIVES LIMITATIONS 485 24.3 GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION A N D PRICES 487 24.3.1 PRODUCTION CAPACITY P E R HECTARE I N DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 488 24.4 GLOBAL ARABLE LAND POTENTIAL 490 24.4.1 GLOBAL FORESTS ARE CARBON SINKS ASSIMILATING ONE-THIRD O F TOTAL CARBON EMISSIONS 491 24.4.2 FOREST SUPPLY - THE MAJOR PART O F SWEDEN'S ENERGY SUPPLY 492 24.5 LOWER BIOMASS POTENTIAL I F NO BIOMASS D E M A N D 493 IMAGE 13 CONTENTS I X I X 24.6 BIOMASS POTENTIAL STUDIES 494 24.7 T H E POLITICAL TASK 494 24.8 POLITICAL MEASURES, LEGISLATION, STEERING INSTRUMENTS, A N D INCENTIVES 495 24.8.1 CARBON DIOXIDE TAX: THE MOST EFFICIENT STEERING INSTRUMENT 4 9 5 24.8.2 LESS POLITICAL DAMAGE 496 24.8.3 USE BIOMASS 496 REFERENCES 497 25 FLEXIBLE POWER GENERATION FROM BIOMASS - AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A RENEWABLE SOURCES-BASED ENERGY SYSTEM? 499 DANIELA THRAN, MARCUS EICHHORN, ALEXANDER KRAUTZ, SUBHASHREE DAS, AND NORA SZARKA 25.1 INTRODUCTION 499 25.2 CHALLENGES O F POWER GENERATION FROM RENEWABLES I N GERMANY 500 25.3 POWER GENERATION FROM BIOMASS 507 25.4 DEMAND-DRIVEN ELECTRICITY COMMISSION FROM SOLID BIOFUELS 510 25.5 DEMAND-DRIVEN ELECTRICITY COMMISSION FROM LIQUID BIOFUELS 511 25.6 DEMAND-DRIVEN ELECTRICITY COMMISSION FROM GASEOUS BIOFUELS 512 25.7 POTENTIAL FOR FLEXIBLE POWER GENERATION - CHALLENGES A N D OPPORTUNITIES 515 REFERENCES 518 26 OPTIONS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION - STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES 523 FRANZISKA MIILLER-LANGER, ARNE CRONGROFT, STEFAN MAJER, SINEAD O'KEEFFE, AND MARCO KLEMM 26.1 INTRODUCTION 523 26.2 CHARACTERISTICS O F BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGIES 524 26.2.1 BIODIESEL 528 26.2.2 HVO A N D HEFA 529 26.2.3 BIOETHANOL 529 26.2.4 SYNTHETIC BTL 530 26.2.5 BIOMETHANE 532 26.2.5.1 UPGRADED BIOCHEMICALLY PRODUCED BIOGAS 532 26.2.5.2 THERMOCHEMICALLY PRODUCED BIO-SNG (SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS) 532 26.2.6 OTHER INNOVATIVE BIOFUELS 532 26.2.6.1 BTL FUELS SUCH AS METHANOL A N D DIMETHYL ETHER 533 26.2.6.2 BIOHYDROGEN 533 26.2.6.3 SUGARS TO HYDROCARBONS 533 26.2.6.4 BIOBUTANOL 534 26.2.6.5 ALGAE-BASED BIOFUELS 534 26.3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS O N TECHNICAL ASPECTS 534 26.3.1 CAPACITIES O F BIOFUEL PRODUCTION PLANTS 534 26.3.2 OVERALL EFFICIENCIES O F BIOFUEL PRODUCTION PLANTS 535 26.4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS O N ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 537 IMAGE 14 X X CONTENTS 26.4.1 DIFFERENCES IN LCA STUDIES FOR BIOFUEL OPTIONS 537 26.4.2 DRIVERS FOR G H G EMISSIONS: BIOMASS PRODUCTION 538 26.4.3 DRIVERS FOR G H G EMISSIONS: BIOMASS CONVERSION 540 26.4.4 PERSPECTIVES FOR LCA ASSESSMENTS 541 26.5 SYSTEM ANALYSIS O N ECONOMIC ASPECTS 542 26.5.2 TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENTS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION PLANTS 542 26.5.3 BIOFUEL PRODUCTION COSTS 543 26.6 CONCLUSION A N D OUTLOOK 545 26.6.1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 545 26.6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 545 26.6.3 ECONOMIC ASPECTS 546 26.6.4 FUTURE R&D NEEDS 546 REFERENCES 547 PART V S T O R A G E 555 27 ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES - CHARACTERISTICS, COMPARISON, AND SYNERGIES 557 ANDREAS HAUER, JOSH QUINNELL, AND EBERHARD LAVEMANN 27.1 INTRODUCTION 557 27.2 ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES 558 27.2.1 ENERGY STORAGE PROPERTIES 558 27.2.2 ELECTRICITY STORAGE 559 * 27.2.3 STORAGE O F THERMAL ENERGY 561 27.2.4 ENERGY STORAGE BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION 564 27.2.5 TECHNICAL COMPARISON O F ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES 565 27.3 T H E ROLE O F ENERGY STORAGE 567 27.3.1 BALANCING SUPPLY A N D D E M A N D 568 27.3.2 DISTRIBUTED ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS A N D ENERGY CONVERSION 570 27.3.2.1 DISTRIBUTED ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 570 27.3.2.2 I N / O U T STORAGE VERSUS ONE-WAY STORAGE 571 27.3.2.3 EXAMPLE: POWER-TO-GAS VERSUS LONG-TERM H O T WATER STORAGE 571 27 A ECONOMIC EVALUATION O F ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 572 27.4.1 TOP-DOWN APPROACH FOR MAXIMUM ENERGY STORAGE COSTS 572 27.4.2 RESULTS 573 27.5 CONCLUSION 575 REFERENCES 576 28 ADVANCED BATTERIES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 579 SEUNG MO OH, SA HEUM KIM, YOUNGJOON SHIN, DONGMIN IM, ANDJUN HO SONG 28.1 INTRODUCTION 579 28.2 R&D STATUS O F SECONDARY BATTERIES 581 IMAGE 15 CONTENTS X X I 28.2.1 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 581 28.2.2 REDOX-FLOW BATTERIES 582 28.2.3 SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES 583 28.2.4 LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES 584 28.2.5 LITHIUM-AIR BATTERIES 585 28.3 SECONDARY BATTERIES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 587 28.4 SECONDARY BATTERIES FOR ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 590 28.4.1 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FOR ESS 591 28.4.2 REDOX-FLOW BATTERIES FOR ESS 592 28.4.3 SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES FOR ESS 593 28.5 CONCLUSION 594 REFERENCES 595 29 PUMPED STORAGE HYDROPOWER 597 ATLE HARBY, JULIAN SAUTERLEUTE, MAGNUS KORPAS, ANUND KILLINGTVEIT, EIV'MD SOLVANG, AND TORBJ0M NIELSEN 29.1 INTRODUCTION 597 29.1.1 PRINCIPLE A N D PURPOSE O F P U M P E D STORAGE HYDROPOWER 597 29.1.2 DEPLOYMENT O F P U M P E D STORAGE HYDROPOWER 598 29.2 PUMPED STORAGE TECHNOLOGY 599 29.2.1 OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES 601 29.2.2 FUTURE P U M P E D STORAGE PLANTS 602 29.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS O F P U M P E D STORAGE HYDROPOWER 602 29.4 CHALLENGES FOR RESEARCH A N D DEVELOPMENT 604 29.5 CASE STUDY: LARGE-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE A N D BALANCING FROM NORWEGIAN HYDROPOWER 605 29.5.1 D E M A N D FOR ENERGY STORAGE A N D BALANCING POWER 606 29.5.2 TECHNICAL POTENTIAL 607 29.5.3 WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS I N RESERVOIRS 609 29.5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 611 29.6 SYSTEM ANALYSIS O F LINKING WIND A N D FLEXIBLE HYDROPOWER 612 29.6.1 METHOD 612 29.6.2 RESULTS 613 29.7 CONCLUSION 616 REFERENCES 617 30 CHEMICAL STORAGE O F RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY VIA HYDROGEN PRINCIPLES AND HYDROCARBON FUELS AS A N EXAMPLE 619 CEORG SCHAUB, HILKO EILERS, AND MARIA IGLESIAS GONZALEZ 30.1 INTEGRATION O F ELECTRICITY IN CHEMICAL FUEL PRODUCTION 619 30.2 EXAMPLE: HYDROCARBON FUELS 621 30.2.1 HYDROCARBON FUELS TODAY 6 21 30.2.2 HYDROGEN D E M A N D I N HYDROCARBON FUEL UPGRADING/PRODUCTION 622 30.2.3 HYDROGEN I N PETROLEUM REFINING 623 30.2.4 HYDROGEN I N SYNFUEL PRODUCTION 624 IMAGE 16 X X I I \| CONTENTS 30.2.5 EXAMPLE: SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS (SNG) FROM H 2 - C 0 2 624 30.2.6 EXAMPLE: LIQUID FUELS FROM BIOMASS 625 30.2.7 COST O F HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 626 30.3 CONCLUSION 627 30.4 NOMENCLATURE 627 REFERENCES 628 31 GEOLOGICAL STORAGE FOR T H E TRANSITION FROM NATURAL TO HYDROGEN GAS 629 JURGEN WACKERL, MARTIN STREIBEL, AXEL LIEBSCHER, AND DETLEF STOLTEN 31.1 CURRENT SITUATION 629 31.2 NATURAL GAS STORAGE 631 31.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBSURFACE STORAGE 633 31.4 GEOLOGICAL SITUATION I N CENTRAL EUROPE A N D ESPECIALLY GERMANY 636 31.5 TYPES O F GEOLOGICAL GAS STORAGE SITES 639 31.5.1 PORE-SPACE STORAGE SITES 639 31.5.2 OIL A N D GAS FIELDS 640 31.5.3 AQUIFERS 642 31.5.4 ABANDONED MINING SITES 644 31.5.5 SALT CAVERNS 646 31.6 COMPARISONS WITH OTHER LOCATIONS A N D FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS WITH FOCUS O N HYDROGEN GAS 652 31.7 CONCLUSION 653 REFERENCES 654 32 NEAR-SURFACE BULK STORAGE O F HYDROGEN 659 VANESSA TIETZE AND SEBASTIAN LUHR 32.1 INTRODUCTION 659 32.2 STORAGE PARAMETERS 661 32.3 COMPRESSED GASEOUS HYDROGEN STORAGE 662 32.3.1 THERMODYNAMIC FUNDAMENTALS 662 32.3.2 HYDROGEN COMPRESSORS 662 32.3.3 HYDROGEN PRESSURE VESSELS 663 32.4 CRYOGENIC LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE 669 32.4.1 THERMODYNAMIC FUNDAMENTALS 669 32.4.2 LIQUEFACTION PLANTS 670 32.4.3 LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE TANKS 671 32.5 METAL HYDRIDES 675 32.5.1 CHARACTERISTICS O F MATERIALS 675 32.6 COST ESTIMATES A N D ECONOMIC TARGETS 677 32.7 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT 679 32.8 CONCLUSION 684 REFERENCES 685 IMAGE 17 CONTENTS \| X X I I I 33 ENERGY STORAGE BASED ON ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION O F AMMONIA 692 JURGEN FUHRMANN, MARLENE HIILSEBROCK, AND ULRIKE KREWER 33.1 INTRODUCTION 691 33.2 A M M O N I A PROPERTIES A N D HISTORICAL USES AS A N ENERGY CARRIER 692 33.3 PATHWAYS FOR AMMONIA CONVERSION: SYNTHESIS 693 33.3.1 HABER-BOSCH PROCESS 694 33.3.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS 697 33.4 PATHWAYS FOR AMMONIA CONVERSION: ENERGY RECOVERY 698 33.4.1 COMBUSTION 698 33.4.2 DIRECT AMMONIA FUEL CELLS 699 33.4.3 ENERGY RECOVERY VIA HYDROGEN 699 33.5 COMPARISON O F PATHWAYS 700 33.6 CONCLUSIONS 702 REFERENCES 703 PART VI DISTRIBUTION 707 34 INTRODUCTION T O TRANSMISSION GRID COMPONENTS 709 ARMIN SCHNETTLER 34.1 INTRODUCTION 709 34.2 CLASSIFICATION O F TRANSMISSION SYSTEM COMPONENTS 710 34.2.1 TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES 710 34.2.1.1 OVERHEAD LINES 710 34.2.1.2 UNDERGROUND LINES 711 34.2.2 CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 712 34.2.2.1 SWITCHGEARS/SUBSTATIONS 712 34.2.2.2 POWER TRANSFORMERS 714 34.2.2.3 FACTS DEVICES 714 34.2.2.4 HVDC CONVERTERS 715 34.2.3 SYSTEM INTEGRATION O F TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES 717 34.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS O F TRANSMISSION SYSTEM COMPONENTS 720 REFERENCES 721 35 INTRODUCTION T O T H E TRANSMISSION NETWORKS 723 GORAN ANDERSSON, THILO KRAUSE, AND WIL KLING 35.1 INTRODUCTION 723 35.2 . T H E TRANSMISSION SYSTEM - DEVELOPMENT, ROLE, A N D TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS 724 35.2.1 T H E DEVELOPMENT STAGES O F THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 724 35.2.2 TASKS O F THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 727 35.2.3 TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS O F POWER TRANSMISSION 728 35.3 T H E TRANSMISSION GRID I N E U R O P E - C U R R E N T SITUATION AND CHALLENGES 729 35.3.1 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION O F THE UCTE/ENTSO-E GRID 729 35.3.2 TRANSMISSION CHALLENGES DRIVEN BY ELECTRICITY TRADE 730 IMAGE 18 X X I V \| CONTENTS 35.3.3 TRANSMISSION CHALLENGES DRIVEN BY THE PRODUCTION SIDE 731 35.3.4 TRANSMISSION CHALLENGES DRIVEN BY THE D E M A N D SIDE A N D DEVELOPMENTS I N THE DISTRIBUTION GRID 731 35.3.5 CONCLUSION 732 35.4 MARKET OPTIONS FOR THE FACILITATION O F FUTURE BULK POWER TRANSPORT 732 35.4.1 CROSS-BORDER TRADING A N D MARKET COUPLING 732 35.4.2 CROSS-BORDER BALANCING 733 35.4.3 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS FOR THE FACILITATION O F FUTURE BULK POWER TRANSPORT 733 35.5 CASE STUDY 735 REFERENCES 739 36 SMART GRID: FACILITATING COST-EFFECTIVE EVOLUTION T O A LOW-CARBON FUTURE 741 GORAN STRBAC, MARKO AUNEDI, DANNY PUDJIANTO, AND VLADIMIR STANOJEVIC 36.1 OVERVIEW O F THE PRESENT ELECTRICITY SYSTEM STRUCTURE A N D ITS DESIGN A N D OPERATION PHILOSOPHY 741 36.2 SYSTEM INTEGRATION CHALLENGES O F LOW-CARBON ELECTRICITY SYSTEMS 743 36.3 SMART GRID: CHANGING THE SYSTEM OPERATION PARADIGM 744 36.4 QUANTIFYING THE BENEFITS O F SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES IN A LOW-CARBON FUTURE 746 36.5 INTEGRATION O F DEMAND-SIDE RESPONSE I N SYSTEM OPERATION A N D PLANNING 749 36.5.1 CONTROL O F DOMESTIC APPLIANCES 750 36.5.2 INTEGRATION O F EVS 755 36.5.3 SMART HEAT P U M P OPERATION 761 36.5.4 ROLE A N D VALUE O F ENERGY STORAGE IN SMART GRID 762 36.6 IMPLEMENTATION O F SMART GRID: DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MARKETPLACE 768 REFERENCES 770 37 NATURAL GAS PIPELINE SYSTEMS 773 GERALD LINKE 37.1 PHYSICAL A N D CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS 773 37.2 TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN 776 37.3 CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY O F TODAY 780 37.4 OUTLOOK O N R&D CHALLENGES 784 37.5 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 791 REFERENCES 794 38 INTRODUCTION TO A FUTURE HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE 795 JOAN OGDEN 38.1 INTRODUCTION 795 38.2 TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, DELIVERY, A N D USE I N VEHICLES 796 38.2.1 HYDROGEN VEHICLES 796 IMAGE 19 CONTENTS X X V 38.2.2 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION METHODS 797 38.2.3 OPTIONS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN WITH NEAR-ZERO EMISSION 800 38.2.4 HYDROGEN DELIVERY OPTIONS 800 38.2.5 HYDROGEN REFUELING STATIONS 801 38.3 ECONOMIC A N D ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS O F HYDROGEN SUPPLY PATHWAYS 802 38.3.1 ECONOMICS O F HYDROGEN SUPPLY 802 38.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS O F HYDROGEN PATHWAYS 805 38.3.2.1 WELL-TO-WHEELS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTION, A N D ENERGY USE 805 38.3.2.2 RESOURCE USE A N D SUSTAINABILITY 805 38.3.2.3 INFRASTRUCTURE COMPATIBILITY 806 38.4 STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING A HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE 806 38.4.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HYDROGEN REFUELING INFRASTRUCTURE 806 38.4.2 HYDROGEN TRANSITION SCENARIO FOR THE UNITED STATES 807 38.5 CONCLUSION 809 REFERENCES 810 39 POWER T O GAS 813 SEBASTIAN SCHIEBAHN, THOMAS GRUBE, MARTIN ROBINIUS, LI ZHAO, ALEXANDER OTTO, BHUNESH KUMAR, MICHAEL WEBER, AND DETLEF STOLTEN 39.1 INTRODUCTION 813 39.2 ELECTROLYSIS 814 39.2.1 ALKALINE WATER ELECTROLYSIS 814 39.2.2 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYSIS 817 39.2.3 HIGH-TEMPERATURE WATER ELECTROLYSIS 818 39.2.4 INTEGRATION O F RENEWABLE ENERGIES WITH ELECTROLYZERS 819 39.3 METHANATION 820 39.3.1 CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION O F CO Z T O METHANE 820 39.3.2 METHANATION PLANTS 821 39.3.3 C 0 2 SOURCES 823 39.3.3.1 C 0 2 VIA CARBON CAPTURE A N D STORAGE823 39.3.3.2 C 0 2 O B T A I N E D FROM BIOMASS 824 39.3.3.3 C 0 2 F R O M OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 825 39.3.3.4 C 0 2 RECOVERY FROM AIR 826 39.4 GAS STORAGE 828 39.4.1 POROUS ROCK STORAGE 829 39.4.2 SALT CAVERN STORAGE 830 39.5 GAS PIPELINES 831 39.5.1 NATURAL GAS PIPELINE SYSTEM 831 39.5.2 HYDROGEN PIPELINE SYSTEM 833 39.6 END-USE TECHNOLOGIES 834 39.6.1 STATIONARY END USE 835 39.6.1.1 CENTRAL CONVERSION O F NATURAL GAS MIXED WITH HYDROGEN IN COMBUSTION TURBINES 835 IMAGE 20 X X V I \| CONTENTS 39.6.1.2 DECENTRALIZED CONVERSION O F NATURAL GAS MIXED WITH HYDROGEN I N GAS ENGINES 835 39.6.1.3 CONVERSION O F HYDROGEN MIXED WITH NATURAL GAS IN COMBUSTION HEATING SYSTEMS 835 39.6.2 PASSENGER CAR POWERTRAINS WITH FUEL CELLS A N D INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 836 39.6.2.1 DIRECT-HYDROGEN FUEL CELL SYSTEMS 836 39.6.2.2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 837 39.7 EVALUATION O F PROCESS CHAIN ALTERNATIVES 838 39.8 CONCLUSION 841 REFERENCES 843 PART VII APPLICATIONS 849 40 TRANSITION FROM PETRO-MOBILITY T O ELECTRO-MOBILITY 851 DAVID L GREENE, CHANGZHENG LIU, AND SANGSOO PARK 40.1 INTRODUCTION 851 40.2 RECENT PROGRESS I N ELECTRIC DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES 853 40.3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 854 40.4 T H E CHALLENGE O F ENERGY TRANSITION 856 40.5 A NEW ENVIRONMENTAL PARADIGM: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TRANSITIONS 858 40.6 STATUS O F TRANSITION PLANS 859 40.7 MODELING A N D ANALYSIS 862 40.8 CONCLUSION 870 REFERENCES 871 * 41 NEARLY ZERO, NET ZERO, AND PLUS ENERGY BUILDINGS THEORY, TERMINOLOGY, TOOLS, AND EXAMPLES 875 KARSTEN VOSS, EIKE MUSALL, IGOR SARTORI AND ROBERTO LOLLINI 41.1 INTRODUCTION 875 41.2 PHYSICAL A N D BALANCE BOUNDARIES 876 41.3 WEIGHTING SYSTEMS 878 41.4 BALANCE TYPES 879 41.5 TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTICS 881 41.6 TOOLS 882 41.7 EXAMPLES A N D EXPERIENCES 883 41.8 CONCLUSION 887 REFERENCES 888 42 CHINA ROAD MAP FOR BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION 891 PENG CHEN, YAN DA, AND JIANG YI 42.1 INTRODUCTION 891 42.2 T H E UPPER BOUND O F BUILDING ENERGY USE I N CHINA 892 42.2.1 LIMITATION O F THE TOTAL A M O U N T O F CARBON EMISSIONS 893 IMAGE 21 CONTENTS X X V I I 42.2.2 LIMITATION O F THE TOTAL A M O U N T O F AVAILABLE ENERGY IN CHINA 894 42.2.3 LIMITATION O F THE TOTAL A M O U N T O F BUILDING ENERGY USE I N CHINA 895 42.3 T H E WAY TO REALIZE T H E TARGETS O F BUILDING ENERGY CONTROL I N CHINA 897 42.3.1 FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING ENERGY USE 897 42.3.1.1 T H E TOTAL BUILDING FLOOR AREA 897 42.3.1.2 T H E ENERGY USE INTENSITY 899 42.3.2 T H E ENERGY USE O F NORTHERN URBAN HEATING 900 42.3.3 T H E ENERGY USE O F URBAN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (EXCLUDING HEATING IN THE NORTH) 902 42.3.4 T H E ENERGY USE O F COMMERCIAL A N D PUBLIC BUILDINGS (EXCLUDING HEATING IN THE NORTH) 904 42.3.5 T H E ENERGY USE O F RURAL RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 906 42.3.6 T H E TARGET O F BUILDINGS ENERGY CONTROL IN CHINA IN THE FUTURE 908 42.4 CONCLUSIONS 909 REFERENCES 910 43 ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN T H E INDUSTRIAL SECTOR: EUROPE AS AN EXAMPLE 913 TOBIAS BOSSMANN, RAINER ELSLAND, WOLFGANG EICHHAMMER, AND HARALD BRADKE 43.1 INTRODUCTION 913 43.2 ELECTRIC DRIVES 916 43.2.1 E-DRIVE SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION 919 43.2 STEAM A N D H O T WATER GENERATION 922 43.3 OTHER INDUSTRY SECTORS 926 43.4 OVERALL INDUSTRY SECTOR 931 REFERENCES 935 SUBJECT INDEX 937
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dewey-tens	620 - Engineering and allied operations
discipline	Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Energietechnik
format	Book
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id	DE-604.BV041152775
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-08-05T08:45:00Z
institution	BVB
isbn	3527332391 9783527332397 9783527673872
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026128206
oclc_num	855549508
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owner	DE-1043 DE-11 DE-83 DE-92 DE-703 DE-573 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-1051 DE-210 DE-862 DE-BY-FWS
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physical	XXXVI, 969 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm
publishDate	2013
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publisher	Wiley-VCH-Verl.
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spellingShingle	Transition to renewable energy systems Energiespeicherung (DE-588)4014722-8 gnd Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4014730-7 gnd Energiemanagement (DE-588)4124833-8 gnd Intelligentes Stromnetz (DE-588)7708028-2 gnd Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd Energietechnik (DE-588)4014725-3 gnd Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 gnd Energiewende (DE-588)1210494086 gnd Energieeffizienz (DE-588)7660153-5 gnd Energie (DE-588)4014692-3 gnd Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd Energiemeteorologie (DE-588)7626565-1 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4014722-8 (DE-588)4014736-8 (DE-588)4014730-7 (DE-588)4124833-8 (DE-588)7708028-2 (DE-588)4070813-5 (DE-588)4014725-3 (DE-588)4014241-3 (DE-588)1210494086 (DE-588)7660153-5 (DE-588)4014692-3 (DE-588)4068598-6 (DE-588)7626565-1 (DE-588)4326464-5 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Transition to renewable energy systems
title_auth	Transition to renewable energy systems
title_exact_search	Transition to renewable energy systems
title_full	Transition to renewable energy systems ed. by Detlef Stolten ...
title_fullStr	Transition to renewable energy systems ed. by Detlef Stolten ...
title_full_unstemmed	Transition to renewable energy systems ed. by Detlef Stolten ...
title_short	Transition to renewable energy systems
title_sort	transition to renewable energy systems
topic	Energiespeicherung (DE-588)4014722-8 gnd Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4014730-7 gnd Energiemanagement (DE-588)4124833-8 gnd Intelligentes Stromnetz (DE-588)7708028-2 gnd Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd Energietechnik (DE-588)4014725-3 gnd Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 gnd Energiewende (DE-588)1210494086 gnd Energieeffizienz (DE-588)7660153-5 gnd Energie (DE-588)4014692-3 gnd Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd Energiemeteorologie (DE-588)7626565-1 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd
topic_facet	Energiespeicherung Energieversorgung Energieumwandlung Energiemanagement Intelligentes Stromnetz Energieerzeugung Energietechnik Elektrochemie Energiewende Energieeffizienz Energie Erneuerbare Energien Energiemeteorologie Nachhaltigkeit Aufsatzsammlung
url	http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4289658&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026128206&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT stoltendetlef transitiontorenewableenergysystems

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THWS Schweinfurt Zentralbibliothek Lesesaal

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