Hydrofracking: what everyone needs to know
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Univ. Press
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 184 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9780199311262 9780199311255 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
GLOSSARY IX
PREFACE: WHY I WROTE THIS BOOK XV
INTRODUCTION: A TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY BONANZA 1
PART I HYDROFRACKING: WHAT, HOW, AND WHERE?
1 ENERGY IN CONTEXT: A FOSSIL FUEL PRIMER 9
WHAT ARE FOSSIL FUELS? 9
WHAT IS COAL? 10
WHAT ARE OIL AND GASOLINE? 13
WHAT IS NATURAL GAS? 15
WHY IS NATURAL GAS CALLED A BRIDGE FUEL ? 18
WHAT ARE UNCONVENTIONAL FUELS? 19
WHAT IS SHAIE GAS? 20
WHAT IS TIGHT GAS? 20
WHAT IS SOUR GAS? 21
WHAT IS SHALE OIL? 21
WHAT IS OIL SHALE? 21
WHAT ARE TAR SANDS? 22
WHAT IS COAL BED METHANE? 22
WHAT IS COAL GASIFICATION? 22
WHATLSSYNFUEL? 22
2 WHAT 24
SO WHAT IS HYDMFRACKING, AND WHY HAS IT BECOME SO CENTRAL
TO THE ENERGY LANDSCAPE? 24
WHAT IS HYDROFRACKING USED FOR? 26
WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF HYDROFRACKING? 26
WHO WAS THE DETERMINED TINKERER? 28
3 HOW 31
HOW DO WE HYDROFRACTURE A WELL? 31
HOW DO HORIZONTAL WELLS DIFFER FROM VERTICAL WELLS? 32
WHAT ARE HYDROFRACKING FLUIDS? 37
4 WHERE 40
WHAT ARE SHALE PLAYS, AND WHERE ARE THE MAJOR SHALE PLAYS IN THE
UNITED STATES? 40
WHERE IS HYDROFRACKING RESTRICTED? 46
IS HYDROFRACKING TAKING PLACE OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES? 47
PART II HYDROFRACKING: THE DEBATE
5 THE CASE FOR HYDROFRACKING 53
WHO BENEFITS? 53
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF SHALE OIL AND GAS ON THE US ECONOMY? 54
HOW MANY JOBS DOES HYDROFRACKING CREATE? 55
HOW HAS SUPPLY AFFECTED THE PRICE OF NATURAL GAS? 55
HOW HAS CHEAP GAS IMPACTED THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY? 56
HOW HAVE CHEMICAL COMPANIES BEEN AFFECTED BY NATURAL GAS PRICES? 57
WHAT IS THE HAIO EFFECT OF GAS PRICES ON OTHER INDUSTRIES? 58
WHAT ARE THE NONINDUSTRIAI BENEFITS OF HYDROFRACKING? 60
HOW HAS THE NATURAL GAS BONANZA AFFECTED FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE
UNITED STATES? 60
HOW DO NEW SHALE-GAS SUPPLIES AFFECT THE GLOBAL ENERGY MARKET? 61
HOW WILL THIS AFFECT TRANSPORTATION? 62
WHAT IMPACT HAS HYDROFRACKING HAD ON WATER SUPPLIES? 64
WHAT IS THE HALLIBURTON LOOPHOLE, AND HOW DO DRILLERS RESPOND TO THE
CHARGE THAT IT CONCEALS THE CHEMICALS USED IN HYDROFRACKING? 65
HOW HAS HYDROFRACKING AFFECTED GLOBAL WARMING? 66
6 THE CASE AGAINST HYDROFRACKING 70
WHAT QUESTIONS ABOUT HYDROFRACKING NEED TO BE ASKED AND ANSWERED,
ACCORDING TO OPPONENTS? 72
WHAT ARE THE BIGGEST CONCERNS IN TERMS OF WATER SUPPLIES? 72
DOES TRACKING DEPLETE AQUIFERS? 73
DOES HYDROFRACKING CONTAMINATE GROUNDWATER? 75
HOW WELL REGULATED IS GROUNDWATER? 77
WHAT IS METHANE MIGRATION? 80
ARE THE CHEMICALS IN HYDROFRACKING FLUIDS HARMFUL? 83
HOW IS FLOWBACK DISPOSED OF? 85
CAN FIOWBACK BE RADIOACTIVE? 87
WHAT ARE INJECTION WEILS? 88
DOES HYDROFRACKING CAUSE EARTHQUAKES? 89
WHAT ARE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS ? 90
WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF FUGITIVE EMISSIONS? 92
WHY ARE REPORTS ABOUT HEALTH IMPACTS MOSTLY ANECDOTAL? 93
IS ANYONE STUDYING HOW HYDROFRACKING IMPACTS ANIMAL
AND HUMAN HEALTH? 94
CAN THE GAP BETWEEN HYDROFRACKING S PROPONENTS AND
OPPONENTS BE BRIDGED? 95
PART III HYDROFRACKING: TODAY AND TOMORROW
7 THE FUTURE OF FRACKING 101
HO W MUCH GAS AND OIL IS THERE IN A MERICAN SHALE DEPOSITS ? 101
HOW POLITICAL HAS HYDROFRACKING BECOME? 103
HOW IS HYDROFRACKING BEING REGULATED? 106
WHAT STEPS ARE DRILLERS TAKING TO CONSERVE WATER? 107
WHAT ARE GREEN COMPLETIONS ? 108
HOW HAS THE BUSINESS OF HYDROFRACKING EVOLVED? 110
WHAT TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS ARE ON WE HORIZON? 113
WHATARE TRACERS, AND HOW ARE THEY CHANGING? 116
HOW ARE CITIZENS HARNESSING BIG DATA TO TRACK FRACKING? 116
WHATARE FEDERAL REGULATORS DOING TO IMPROVE ME ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFETY OF FRACKING? 118
WILL CARS OF THE FUTURE RUN ON NATURAL GAS? 120
CAN HYDROFRACKING HELP CHINA, FFIE WORLD S BIGGEST EMITTER OF GREENHOUSE
GASES, REDUCE ITS CANNON FOOTPRINT? 122
CONCLUSION: BEYOND HYDROFRACKING 124
WHAT ARE RENEWABLES, AND HOW MIGHT THEY AFFECT GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS? 124
HOW DOES THE LOW PRICE OF NATURAL GAS AFFECT RENEWABLES, AND HOW CAN
RENEWABLES SUCCEED? 127
FRACKING IS HERE TO STAY; HOW WILL WE RESPOND? 128
APPENDIX: LIST OF CHEMICALS USED IN HYDROFRACKING 131
NOTES 137
FURTHER READING 172
INDEX 175
HYDROFRACKING:
Royal road to energy independence or environmental nightmare?
There may be no more decisive environmental issue in America today than
hydrofracking, or tracking as it is commonly called, referring to the use of
highly pressurized water and chemicals to extract gas trapped in subterra¬
nean shale formations. Opponents decry its pollution of water, ground, and
air, and lament the lack of oversight in the industry. Proponents argue that
it has created jobs, spurred industry, lowered carbon emissions, and provided
an economic boon to many communities across the country, including some
of the poorest. The fight is highly polarized, with fracktivists pressuring
Washington to put restrictions in place and advocates touting energy inde¬
pendence and the environmental benefits of replacing coal with natural gas.
In Hydro/racking: What Everyone Needs to Know,
Alex Prud homme
explains
the basics of hydraulic fracturing, considers the economic and political ben¬
efits, and explores concerns about health dangers and damage to the envi¬
ronment. Stepping back from the impassioned debate,
Prud homme
offers an
incisive introduction to one of the country s most contentious issues.
|
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| title | Hydrofracking what everyone needs to know |
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