Istoriile unui templu:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cluj-Napoca
Ed. Mega
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis
38 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The histories of a temple |
| Beschreibung: | 207 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9786065432970 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150502069370880 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
Abrevieri
.........................9
I.
Istoriile unui templu
....................11
II.
Descoperirea templului şi primele teorii
..........17
III. Cercetările arheologice sistematice
.............41
IV.
Arhitectura templului
...................61
V.
Sanctuarul de la Grădiştea de Munte
............83
VI.
Vechi ipoteze, noi „certitudini
..............119
VII. Concluzii
.........................129
VIII.
The histories
of a temple
..................133
IX.
Bibliografie
........................145
X.
Lista ilustraţiilor
......................153
Planşe
...........................159
Index
...........................209
νπΐ
THE HISTORIES OF A TEMPLE
Investigating a monument s past usually gives way to a presentation
of its history. The past, from ancient to more recent times, of the
great round temple in
Grădiştea
de Munte,
bears the hallmark of
pluralism, highlighted in the very title of this article and outlined in the
following pages.
The mere listing of the various labels associated over time to
the edifice conveys the multitude of opinions created around it:
enigmatic building, temple, circus, tomb, altar, shrine, sanctuary and
temple-calendar.
Its pathway through time is defined by stages which end extem¬
poraneously, giving way to new ones, pattern that repeats itself throu¬
ghout nearly two thousand years. Built sometime in the middle of the
1st
century AD, it remained standing for several decades. The
Dacian
antiquity was the only time period when it played the role for which
it was intended: a temple, the greatest in
Dacia
at that time. However,
its religious destiny was ended abruptly, the Romans systematically
destroying it, as they did to all the other monuments in Sarmizegetusa
Regia.
The rich offerings that were probably adorning the temple were
removed and parts of it were reused for other buildings or simply
discarded. After the Romans left the mountainous area of the
Dacian
capital, the ruins were forgotten.
The next stage of the temple
s
history began as suddenly as the
previous one had ended. In the early days of the 19th century, a letter
arrives in Vienna indicating that in a distant corner of the Empire
there is a place called Gredistye where, aside from large quantities of
gold, there are traces of a city that does not seem to be either Roman
or Greek. The imperial administration then asked for detailed reports
concerning the findings and, remarkably, stated that the monuments
should not be destroyed in search of treasures. In such a context, an
Ш
official document
from
1804
mentions for the first time, beautifully cut
stones, disposed in a large circle. It seemed that, slowly, the temple was
beginning to tell its story. The area search ceases due to the Napoleonic
Wars and
Grădiştea
falls back into oblivion.
Sporadically, scholars and antiques dealers of that time try to
find or even dig up the stone circle s past. In the absence of data, almost
everyone assigns it a history , more or less cloud-built.
At the beginning of the 20th century the temple becomes
the focus of academic approaches.
Gábor
Finály
visited the Dacians
fortresses as a representative of the National Commission for Monuments
—
Budapest. He drew attention to the monuments, setting forth the start
of more systematic research. The outbreak of World War I called a halt
to the initiative and the temple remained under the roots of centennial
beech trees.
The first archaeological research of the temple took place in
1924.
Although the results were interesting, Professor D. M. Teodorescu
decided to abandon the archaeological diggings in
Grădişte,
convinced
that the archaeological reality of the site was far too complex and that
therefore, acquiring enough knowledge as well as finding the appro¬
priate research methodologies came as a priority at that stage.
It was only in the 1950s that the research undertaken by the archae¬
ologists in
Cluj
brought to light the temple. Gradually, its components
were discovered with the clear aim of unraveling the most important phase
of its past, the ancient one. In parallel, various theories are developed
about asters and calendars, all reflected on the round edifice.
In
1999
the temple was included on the World Heritage List,
along with other
Dacian
architectural items in the
Orăştie
Mountains.
It appeared as though its recent history was beginning to fall back on
track and that the temple would be valued in all respects as an UNESCO
monument. However, this was not the case.
By an ironic twist, the edifice became once more, two thousand
years from its construction, a sacred place where people pray, make
offerings or pilgrimages. The role of the
Dacian
priests was taken by
priests officiating marriages in the temple and by spiritual masters
who came from the four corners of the world to bring the new generation
of devotees back on track. At their turn, the locals, forgetting, maybe
too soon, the beautiful legends about the giants who put up the stone
134
walls , now offers visitors hallucinating histories about the
Dacian
temple built to connect oneself to the flow of cosmic energy.
The past of the temple seems, in fact, to consist of bits of history ,
some of which are related while others are diametrically opposed.
This book intends primarily to bring forth the original role of the
edifice, a temple built within a sanctuary, a reality that was forgotten,
ignored or, in some cases, questioned. Additionally, we wish to dispel
some of the various uncertainties that subsist on the subject matter. The
temple s architecture was often a subject of controversy among resear¬
chers and common visitors have divergent views in what it is concerned.
Some believe that the temple is entirely staged , while others believe it
is indeed authentic, right from the
andesite
blocks, obtained by melting
and casting the
andesite
in patterns, to the wooden posts which survived
for two thousand years.
Therefore, we thought it necessary to chronologically present
the stages of research, from the first diggings in
1804
until the last
overview in
2008,
to understand the transformations undergone by the
monument, which determined its present appearance. In the absence of
ancient written and
iconographie
sources, archaeology remains the only
possibility to investigate the temple.
Brief description of
Grădiştea
de Munte (Sarmizegetusa Regia)
The great round temple within the sanctuary of
Grădiştea
de
Munte
is commonly known thanks to the research work performed
here in the 20th century. The discovery of the temple, the early inter¬
ventions in its perimeter and the first hypothesis about it date back
to the 19th century, all of them bear important connections to the
events which took place in that era at
Gradiste.
The research of the
documents of that period shed light on the temple
s
less known past,
when the enthusiasm to find a large edifice, which held possible
treasures, was immediately replaced by the interest sparked by its
uncommon architecture.
The ancient specificities of
Grădiştea
de Munte
conveyed a
special meaning to the moment of its discovery, reason for which they
will be pinpointed in the following lines.
135
The eponymous hill is a part of
Şureanu
Massif (known as
Orăştie
Mountains in historical sources) and emerges from the Muncel
alpine peak.
In Ancient times, the Dacians were the sole population which
considered the area suitable for habitation. Their option for an area
relatively remote from the traditional road represented by the
Mureş
Valley and with a pretty harsh climatic regimen was determined by an
entire series of factors, among which the religious one seem to have had
a great importance, an urban-like settlement taking shape around the
sanctuary of
Grădiştea
de Munte.
During the 1st century
ВС,
the Dacians began to cut terraces
in the hill slopes, especially those on the east side which are less steep,
more exposed to sunlight and present numerous springs with a strong
enough flow to withstand the dry years. The settlement covered about
4.5
km and harbored at least
260
terraces connected by a main paved
road and numerous paths, typical to mountain dwellings.
The second half of the 1st century
ВС
was the golden age of
the settlement. The central area was occupied by the fortification and
sanctuary, while on both sides there were civilian neighborhoods, today
conventionally called, according to their orientation, west end and
east end
.
The
Dacian
fortress measured
«10 000
m2 and had walls made
of limestone blocks. The buildings within it disappeared almost without
a trace during the Roman wars and due to the massive alterations made
after conquest.
From the very vicinity of the fortress started a road paved
with limestone slabs leading up to the sanctuary. Here were built, in
stages, no less than
7
temples
(2
of them round shaped,
5
rectangular)
and a round altar. The temples here were the greatest in
Dacia,
the
construction process requiring massive terrace improvements and large
amounts of limestone and
andesite.
Compared to the rest of the
Dacian
world, the dwellings and
workshops from the civilian districts of
Grădiştea
de Munte
appeared
as outstanding during archaeological research, both through their
elaborate blueprints and the abundance and diversity of the archaeolo¬
gical artifacts discovered in their area.
136
According to the estimates made by historians, the population
of the
Dacian
kingdom s capital was of around
5000
inhabitants, thus
being the largest and most densely populated place in
Dacia.
It was not
an isolated location as one might think nowadays due to the
forestation
of the entire area and its low population rate. An ancient observer would
have had a completely different picture before his eyes as compared to
the one we see today, because from
Gradiste
to
Costeşti,
along the local
river,
Apa Oraşului,
almost every hill was inhabited, very often in a
similar aggregation of terraces as the one around the capital. In fact, the
impression created by the sequence of inhabited hills was that of a vast
establishment whose settlement was pinpointed by the fortifications of
Costeşti, Blidaru
and
Piatra Roşie.
The ancient names of the said citadels are, to this day, unknown.
In one case, that of
Grădiştea
de Munte,
overlapping ancient sources
and archaeological data led to the hypothesis accepted almost unani¬
mously, that this is where Sarmizegetusa stands, as mentioned in
Ptolemy s Geography.
At the beginning of the 2nd century AD, after the wars, the
dwelling ceased both at
Grădiştea
de Munte
and in the rest of the
surrounding settlements and fortifications. In the former capital of
the
Dacian
kingdom, Roman troops were briefly stationed probably to
prevent any attempt by the Dacians to return to the area that had such
important significance for them.
One of the specificities of the settlement is the impressive amount
of precious metal concentrated in the area. In the context of the conflicts
with the Romans, the Dacians hid many treasures in Sarmizegetusa, in
the hope of getting them back after the danger had passed. However,
as many did not survive the events, the treasures remained buried there
for centuries on end.
The discovery and first theories
Seen from the distance of two hundreds years, the moment of its
discovery has the aura of a story about treasures guarded by evil spirits ,
hidden in the wild, almost impenetrable, mountains. The pheno¬
menon of treasure hunting was, however quite real and large. Taken
by surprise by the hundreds of coins found and sold by the villagers
137
around
Gradiste,
the Transylvanian authorities have launched a formal
investigation to determine the origin of that large amount of gold.
In
1803,
the fiscal procurator of
Hunedoara,
Paul
Török,
was
appointed to lead the investigation, so that his work marks the first stage
of getting to know the ruins from
Grădiştea
de Munte.
For a full and
careful evaluation Paul
Török
wanted to see in person the places where
the treasures were located. When he reached
Grădiştea,
he understood
the value of the ruins of the unknown city-until then . Consequently, he
submitted measures to prevent their destruction by treasure hunters and,
furthermore, he proposed to explore the area in order to find out the
origin, names, deities and temples of the old city.
As a follow-up to Paul
Töröks
reports, the authorities decided to
conduct diggings at
Gradiste,
this time under the supervision of officials.
Shordy thereafter, Vienna itself was notified about the antiques discovered
in the mountains. The spotlight belonged, of course, to the gold coins such
as the
Koson
and Lysimachus, but it must be noted that great interest was
also displayed for the monuments and artifacts. Those who coordinated
the excavations in the years
1803-1804
were requested to prepare reports,
in some cases including detailed descriptions and drawings of the remains.
Thus, a corpus of documents was accumulated in the archives in
Cluj,
Vienna and Budapest, presenting a remarkable historical value.
In this context, a document dated October
1804
reports that
columns of granite were sighted, placed vertically at a distance of
6
inches
and reinforced on the outside with numerous cube shaped granite stones.
A great number of surveys concluded that they form a circular structure,
with a diameter of
14
fathoms
(Klaftern)
and a half. What the circle may
represent remained a mystery until the structure was completely unearthed.
The columns as well as the carved stones are beautifully cut, they are sharp
on top and in the spot of the sixth column, a cube shaped stone is placed
in a row, set in ground with clay instead of limestone .
Between the time of the discovery
(1804)
and the beginning
of the systematic diggings
(1924)
the temple has undergone various
destructions at the hands of the treasure hunters. It was also given
various interpretations. Thus, in an article published in
1805,
Michael
Péchi
mentions the existence of a round temple among the ruins from
Gradiste.
Unfortunately, his statement went unnoticed, so that in the
mid-19th century, Albert Varady dug around the beautifully carved stones
Ì38
to find the pavement or stairs of the circus where gladiators fought and,
shortly before the onset of the archaeological research,
Gábor
Finály
labeled the monument as an enigmatic construction . Influenced by the
archaeological literature of the time, Vasile
Pârvan
submitted two possible
explanations for the double stone circle : a sacred site assigned to solar
theories , or a funerary monument and this last reading, according to
the historian quoted, was most likely.
The systematic archaeological research
The first systematic research of the large round temple is due to
Professor D. M. Teodorescu from Cluj-Napoca. He investigated the
monument in two campaigns, one in
1921
during a field trip and the
other in
1924,
when he partially unveiled the double circle of stones .
Research is resumed only after World War
2,
this time under the
leadership of Professor C. Daicoviciu. This time around, diggings led to
the elaboration of a detailed blueprint of the monument, which remains
valid today, with certain amendments. The following elements of the
temples ancient structure could still be documented until now:
1.
An outer circle with a diameter
oí
29
A meters on whose outline
lay
104
massive blocks of
andesite
(99
blocks found in situ; their length
varies between
80-99
cm; they are
49-50
cm thick and
43-45
cm high);
2.
Another circle, closely bound to the previous one, composed
of
30
groups of
7
rectangular columns of two types. The first type is
represented by columns
18—20
cm thick and
24—24.5
cm wide (most
measuring
24.5
cm); their height is of around
1.00-1.05
m, but it must
be noted that no pillars were preserved in full, because the upper part
was destroyed either back then or in more recent times. The second
type is represented by lower columns, approx.
50
cm and
21
cm thick;
their outer length is of
54
cm while the inner side measures
52
cm (the
outer side, adjoining the large blocks of
andesite,
has therefore an almost
imperceptible convexity).
3.
Traces of wooden posts were identified inside, describing a
circle,
20
meters in diameter. Sectioning the holes of the pillars showed
that they were
35^40
cm thick and their profile was not uniform along the
length (they were round at the bottom, while at the ground level they had
quadrangular shape. The pillars went below the ancient walking baseline
by
1.30
to
1.45
m. A
block of limestone was placed at the base of every
139
identified pillar. In almost every hole numerous iron nails were found,
each of them ending in a ring.
The archaeological report notes that, in all likelihood, their top was
covered in clay onto which finely polished terracotta plates very applied.
4.
Traces of wooden posts were found in the central area as well,
disposed
ín
the shape of an apsis. They had similar features to those from
the circular structure: a round profile in the ground and a rectangular
profile at earth surface;
35-45
cm thick, covered in clay and terracotta
plates; limestone blocks at the bottom. The only difference lies in the
depth of the pillars making up the horseshoe : only
0.90—1
m
from
the ancient walking baseline.
5.
The circular row of wooden posts is discontinued in four places,
diametrically opposed, by limestone ridge slabs. Two of them are larger
(four slabs with an aggregate length of
2.20
m) while the other two are
smaller (about
3
stones with a total length of
1.30
m).
At its turn, the apsis shaped structure has two ridges,
collinear
and
identical in size with the smaller ridges mentioned above.
6.
In the south-eastern sector of the temple a rectangular bedstone
was discovered (length:
1.5
m, width:
1.35
m), made of river stones bound
together with clay.
7.
A structure made of limestone blocks, in the eastern part of the
temple (at the time, it probably supported a wooden platform allowing
access to the temple).
The ancient destruction and repeated interventions dating back
to the 19th century made it difficult to identify the original blueprint
of the temple. From descriptions made in the modern era and from
archaeological reports, even if their documentary value
ísnt
always
comparable, presenting, quite frequently, conflicting information, it
appears that the structure was more complex than currently observable
at ground level (an outer belt of
andesite
blocks and columns; a circular
room and one apsis, both marked by wooden posts).
The architecture of the tempL·
Its
monumentality,
its location, the desire to understand it and,
why not, the new label stating the most important
Dacian
religious
monument , which gradually replaced the the mysterious building ,
140
were all reasons for historians and architects to try to imagine the temples
ancient architecture.
Over time, several proposals have been developed to restore the
temple. The main distinguishing element stems from the various theories
suggested for the roof dilemma. Thus, the reconstructions can be divided
into three categories that correspond to the following assumptions:
1.
Open/uncovered temple (hypothesis supported by C. Daicoviciu
and H. Daicoviciu);
2.
Partially covered temple (the version set forth by D. Antonescu);
3.
Fully covered temple (hypothesis supported by I. Glodariu,
E. Iaroslavschi,
A. Rusu,
I. H.
Crişan
and V. Salvanu).
The analysis of archaeological data shows that in all likelihood,
the temple was built sometime in the middle of the 1st century AD.
Chronological markers are, however, indirect, and it is possible
for
a réévaluation
of the archaeological material and of the general
stratigraphy of the sanctuary to also reassess dating. The archaeological
data pleas in favor of an appearance such as the one below: a circular
building
(29.4
meters in diameter) with an area outlined by
andesite
elements, with a wooden external colonnade, two rooms with clay walls
(first round, the second apsis shaped, ordered median), with a conical
roof which had a coating of shingle (the temple may therefore be called
a tholos). The height of the building was estimated at around
10
to
15
meters, keeping in mind that some restoration proposals suggested
even higher values. The entry was located in the east, protected, this
time around by a roof coated with massive tiles.
Its execution required a considerable effort, from different points of
view. Suffice is to say, for example, that the
andesite
was taken from about
60
kilometers away, or that the circular layout and the large structural
proportions have raised significant building problems.
The sanctuary from
Grădiştea
de Munte
Archaeological diggings documented for the sanctuary in
Grădişte,
7
temples (some of them presenting two phases and in one case, three
phases of construction and reconstruction), an altar, a paved road, the
presence of a water source and an overflow canal. Additionally, we find the
outlining and supporting walls, with the corresponding towers.
The analysis of the overall system must keep in mind, however, a
number of uncertainties, which follow from the impossibility to refine the
chronology of the edifices, from their incomplete blueprint or from the
equivocal functionality of some structures.
The absence of chronologically relevant artifacts prevents the
accurate dating of the temples various stages. The only chronological
scenario currently allowed by the few landmarks is that the sanctuary
took shape sometime around the middle of the
1st
century
ВС,
when
the first walls were built and at least two religious edifices. The next
milestone in the evolution of the sanctuary can be dated back to the
middle of the
1st
century AD when the temples on the northern section
of the 11th terrace were built, as well as the
andesite
altar and most
likely, the road paved with limestone slabs and the overflow canal,
with small chronological differences between them. The last major
changes occurred at the end of the 1st century AD, when the terrace
wall supporting the 10th terrace was doubled and the construction work
of the great
andesite
temple began.
Archaeological information suggests that the large round temple
was an essential part of a comprehensive architectural project conceived
for the sanctuary at
Grădiştea
de Munte.
The arguments supporting such
a hypothesis are diverse in essence, from the usage of a new type of rock,
andesite,
to the way in which the other buildings were set around it. Thus,
it was no accident that the procession road ended in its proximity and that
right next to it lay the monumental altar. Furthermore, the other temples
from the northern end of the 11th terrace were positioned so as not to
affect the overall picture of the large round temple. To this we must add
that it was the largest circular edifice in the
Orăştie
Mountains region as
well as in the
Dacian
world.
This might seem to support the view, often mentioned by the
professional literature, that the large round temple was dedicated to
the leading deity of the
Dacian
pantheon. In fact, its intended divinity
remains unknown.
The temple was destroyed at the beginning of the 2nd century AD,
in trie context of the Roman wars. Stone architectural elements were
then systematically broken apart, reused for other constructions or
disposed of on nearby slopes. Ancient destruction was not, however,
singular. If the depopulation of the entire area of the
Dacian
capital
142
following the conflicts with the Romans protected the ruins for many
centuries, after its discovery in the early 19th century, it endured repeated
interventions. The conservation status of the monument was affected
not only by the activities of the treasure hunters. Almost all scholars
and antiques collectors that have reached
Grădiştea
de Munte in
the
19th century noticed how the roots or the fallen trunks of old trees were
shattering the ruins. Episodes such as the one noted by the Prussian
consul in Bucharest, J. F. Neigebaur, who, finding a fallen beech on
the circular edifice, had it removed, were frequent. At their turn, the
photographs taken in the first part of the 20th century illustrate the
same phenomenon.
Despite numerous destructions, a certain ancient appearance of
the site remains unaltered. The temple was designed and built to draw
attention. The skill of the architects, craftsmen and ancient stonemasons
made sure that, even if seen only as a double stone circle , the edifice
incites curiosity and, not infrequently, admiration. Even the various
contemporary theories and the fascination exerted by the monument on
the visitors of
Grădiştea
de Munte
reflect this feature of the original plan.
143
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mateescu, Răzvan |
| author_facet | Mateescu, Răzvan |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mateescu, Răzvan |
| author_variant | r m rm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041113668 |
| classification_rvk | NF 1685 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)858025914 (DE-599)OBVAC10857173 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd Geschichte 1803-2010 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte Geschichte 1803-2010 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sarmizegetusa (DE-588)4105357-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sarmizegetusa |
| id | DE-604.BV041113668 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786065432970 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026089806 |
| oclc_num | 858025914 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-12 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | 207 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Ed. Mega |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis |
| series2 | Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis |
| spelling | Mateescu, Răzvan Verfasser aut Istoriile unui templu Răzvan Mateescu Cluj-Napoca Ed. Mega 2012 207 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 38 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The histories of a temple Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1803-2010 gnd rswk-swf Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd rswk-swf Tempel (DE-588)4059416-6 gnd rswk-swf Daker (DE-588)4070196-7 gnd rswk-swf Sarmizegetusa (DE-588)4105357-6 gnd rswk-swf Sarmizegetusa (DE-588)4105357-6 g Tempel (DE-588)4059416-6 s Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 s Geschichte 1803-2010 z DE-604 Daker (DE-588)4070196-7 s Geschichte z Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 38 (DE-604)BV010993859 38 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026089806&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026089806&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mateescu, Răzvan Istoriile unui templu Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Tempel (DE-588)4059416-6 gnd Daker (DE-588)4070196-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017894-8 (DE-588)4059416-6 (DE-588)4070196-7 (DE-588)4105357-6 |
| title | Istoriile unui templu |
| title_auth | Istoriile unui templu |
| title_exact_search | Istoriile unui templu |
| title_full | Istoriile unui templu Răzvan Mateescu |
| title_fullStr | Istoriile unui templu Răzvan Mateescu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Istoriile unui templu Răzvan Mateescu |
| title_short | Istoriile unui templu |
| title_sort | istoriile unui templu |
| topic | Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Tempel (DE-588)4059416-6 gnd Daker (DE-588)4070196-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Forschung Tempel Daker Sarmizegetusa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026089806&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026089806&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010993859 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mateescurazvan istoriileunuitemplu |