Verfügbarkeit: Veacul întunecat al Daciei

Veacul întunecat al Daciei: arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr.

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Pupeză, Luca-Paul 1976- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Romanian
Veröffentlicht:	Cluj-Napoca Ed. MEGA 2012
Schriftenreihe:	Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 37
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-100 Archäologie Fundstätte Dakien Katalog
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The dark age of Dacia
Beschreibung:	500 S. Ill., Kt.
ISBN:	9786065432963

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Cuprins I. INTRODUCERE .11 II. ARHEOLOGIA .19 A. SITURI DIN BAZINUL CARPATIC .23 1. Berea .27 2. Ciumeşti .33 3. Floreşti .44 4. Moreşti .58 5. Olteni .72 6. Panic .78 7. Pećica . 81 8. Pişcolt .86 9. Sighişoara .94 10. Slimnic .97 11. Tilişca .103 12. Zalău .107 B. SITURI DE LA SUD DE CARPATI .115 1. Borduşani .118 2. Căscioarele .126 3. Ciolăneştii din Deal .132 4. Grădiştea .139 5. Gropşani .147 6. Pleaşov .158 7. Popeşti .163 8. Vlădiceasca .168 9. Zimnicea .178 C. SITURI DE LA RĂSĂRIT DE CARPATI .187 1. Borniş .190 2. Botoşana .193 3. Brad .201 4. Ciurea . 206 5. Cucorăni . 212 6. Davideni .2,18 7. Glăvăneşti . 2,21 8. Lozna . 222 9. Poiana . 228 10. Răcătău .234 III. ISTORIA .237 A. AŞEZĂRI .239 1. Factori geografici .241 2. Complexe de habitat .244 3. Tipuri de aşezări .249 4. Dispariţia/apariţia fortificaţiilor .251 5. Cronologia aşezărilor .263 B. ACTIVITĂŢI ARTIZANALE ŞI ECONOMICE .267 1. Agricultura .269 2. Olăritul .273 a. Modelarea .273 b. Arderea .274 с Produse finite - forme ceramice .278 i. Căni .279 ii. Capace .286 iii. Ceşti .288 iv. Ceşti dacice .290 v. Cupe cu picior .291 vi. Farfurii .292 vii. Fructiere .292 viii. Străchini/castroane .295 ix. Strecurători .302 x. Vase bitronconice .304 xi. Vase borcan .307 d. Produse finite - obiecte din lut .314 i. Fusaiole .314 ii. Greutăţi piramidale . 315 iii. Jetoane .315 iv. Linguri .316 v. „Căţei de vatră" . 317 e. Produse ceramice de tradiţie locală din complexe alogene .318 i. Complexe celtice . 31g ii. Complexe bastarne .320 f. Produse ceramice de tradiţie alogenă din complexe autohtone .321 i. Amfore .321 ii. Boluri .321 iii. Boluri cu decor în relief .322 iv. Chiupuri .322 v. Cratere .323 vi. Kantharoi .324 vii. Ulcioare .325 viii. Vase de tip kernos .325 ix. Vase celtice de provizii .326 g. Observaţii .326 3. Metalurgia .328 a. Exploatarea şi prelucrarea .328 b. Unelte şi obiecte utilitare .329 с Arme .332 i. Săgeţi .332 ii. Lănci şi suliţe .333 iii. Cuţite .334 iv. Săbii şi spade .335 v. Scuturi .336 vi. Coifuri .337 4. Orfevrăria .338 a. Exploatarea şi prelucrarea metalelor preţioase .338 b. Podoabe .340 i. Fibule .340 ii. Brăţări .344 iii. Alte podoabe .346 с Monopolul asupra orfevrăriei .347 5. Alte meşteşuguri .348 a. Prelucrarea pietrei .348 b. Prelucrarea osului .348 с Prelucrarea sticlei .349 6. Comerţul şi moneda .351 a. Moneda .351 b. Comerţul .356 i. Comerţul intern .356 ii. Comerţul extern .357 iii. Rute comerciale .361 C. VIAŢA RELIGIOASĂ .363 1. Credinţe religioase .365 a. Geografia sacră .365 b. Gropi de cult .367 с Apariţia templelor .369 d. Divinităţi .372 2. Practici funerare .373 a. Elemente funerare tradiţionale .373 b. Elemente funerare alogene .374 с Dispariţia mormintelor .377 3. Magia .383 a. Statuete antropomorfe .383 b. Statuete zoomorfe .384 D. AUTOHTONI ŞI ALOGENI .387 1. Autohtoni .389 a. Daci .389 b. Geţi .394 с Dacia .395 2. Alogeni .398 a. Celţi .398 і. Relaţii paşnice .399 ii. Conflicte .406 b. Bastami .411 і. Relaţii paşnice .411 ii. Conflicte .414 IV. CONCLUZII .421 V. LISTA PLANŞELOR .427 VI. ABSTRACT .443 VIL ABREVIERI .461 VII. BIBLIOGRAFIE .467 IX. INDEX .495 THE DARK AGE OF DACIA. ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY IN THE CARPATHIAN-DANVBIAN REGION BETWEEN THE END OF THE 3rd CENTURYBCAND THE BEGINNING OF THE 1st CENTURY ВС ABSTRACT I. INTRODUCTION Labelling an age as "dark" is often made from a distant, outside perspective and it involves a high degree of subjectivity. The people living during a "dark age" hardly ever consider it as such. The characterization of a period in this manner is done by approaching the past from a contemporary perspective and it is meant to ease the understanding ofthat past in present times. The Dark Age which is the subject of this work is no exception. The "darkness" resides more in the difficulty of understanding it today and less in its obscurity. Its definition as "dark" is not caused by the lack of historical, written, or archaeological sources, but rather by the scarcity of the information, which makes them hard to interpret. This obscurity originates to some extent in the specificity of this period, one of transition. It is an obvious difference between the general aspects of civilization characterizing the beginning of the period (princely graves, earth and timber fortifications, coins imitating the Greek ones, centers of power in the region of the Danube) and its end (the disappearance of the traditional graves, the emergence of the temples, the construction of stone fortifications, coins imitating the Roman denarius, centers of power in the region of the Carpathians). The exact manner in which these transformations occurred is hard to establish. This is a transition period from the golden age of the Getic aristocracy (5*-Згсі centu¬ ries ВС) to the kingdom ofthe Dacian silver(Vl century BC-l5' century AD) (Pi. 1,2). II. ARCHAEOLOGY At a first sight, the archaeological discoveries belonging to this period are numerous and they cover the entire Carpathian-Danubian region (PL 3,4, 71, 122). But most of them consist of either simple indications of random finds, in most of the cases, or of small scale discoveries which were the results of relatively small archaeological excavations (Pi. 5-154). Moreover, the ethnic character of the discoveries was often established in an arbitrary manner and they were attributed either to the locals, or to the Celts or the Bastarnae. 446 Luca-Paul Pupeză _ III. HISTORY A. THE SETTLEMENTS Habitation structures In spite of the diversity of the landforms from the Carpathian-Danubian region, only some of them were chosen for inhabitation during the Late Iron Age. The settlements were positioned with preference on the first terraces of rivers and seldom on river meadows, which flooded often. At the same time, the wetlands were avoided. In the plains, where the terraces are missing, the settlements were positioned on high grounds or at a safe distance form large rivers. It is worth mentioning here the appearance of several settlements on sand dunes, landforms which dominated the nearby valleys. Some settlements were placed on the gentle slopes, terraces, or plateaus of average height hills. Mountain settlements or settlements located on high hills are missing almost completely. The dwellings can be divided in two large categories: pit-houses and surface dwellings (Pi. 156). The pit-houses had walls made of timber and clay, seldom of wattle. The roof was very probably made out of reed or straws and it reached very close to the ground level. In most of the cases, pit-houses had only one room. The archaeological excavations identified circular, oval, or rectangular pit-houses. The surface dwellings had walls made of timber beams or straw, reinforced with posts placed into the ground or with wattle. With a few exceptions, they also had only one room. The roof was made of reed, straws, or shingle and it had a conical shape for the circular or oval dwellings or it was double sloped for the rectangular ones. From a stratigraphie viewpoint, there is no pit-house overlapping a surface dwelling, but there are opposite examples when a surface dwelling overlapped a pit-house. In a few settlements the surface dwellings are older than the pit-ones. This chronological difference is, sometimes, also spatially highlighted: pit-houses were positioned in a different part of the settlement in comparison with the surface houses which succeeded them. Open settlements Most of the settlements were open and did not have any fortification elements. They had a rural character, were permanently inhabited, and were more or less compact. The dwellings were mostly scattered, positioned at smaller or greater distances from each other, in most of the cases without following a well defined layout pattern (PI. 157). Fortifications During the Late Iron Age, two phases, characterized by the building of fortifications, were identified: 4th century ВС - end of the 3rd century ВС and end of the 2nd century ВС - beginning of the 2ni century AD (PI. 158, 159). Between these Veacul întunecat al Daciei 447 two phases no fortifications were built. The fortifications from the 4ш-ЗгЈ centuries ВС consisted mostly of a wooden palisade built on top of an earth valum which had a ditch in front of it. Stone or bricks were seldom used during this period for the construction of fortifications. Most of these structures functioned as a refuge fortification and were used in common by several communities, since they had large dimensions. Fortresses of smaller dimensions were just a few during the 4Л-3ГСІ centuries ВС. At the end of the 2nd century ВС and, especially, from the beginning of the 1st century ВС, the fortifications started to enclose smaller areas and were positioned at rather equal distances from each other, usually along the courses of rivers. The construction techniques employed were both the traditional ones with ditch, valum and palisade as well as stone walls. The new fortifications were mostly positioned on promontories, elevated terraces or on heights from the hillsides and the mountain areas. Similar distribution patterns can be found in the entire Celtic world where, starting with the 2nd century ВС, kiln oppida type settlements started to emerge (Pi. 159/1). The emergence of the fortifications from the Carpathian-Danubian region at the end of the 2nd century ВС was less determined by external factors, as it was the case during the 4lh-3rd centuries ВС. It was caused more by internal aspects and it reflected the social changes which occurred at that time. During the 4Љ-3Г11 centuries ВС the fortifications were built for defence, fact proved by the large number of such structures used for refuge. In turn, the appearance of the ones built during the 1st century ВС and the 1st century AD was caused not so much by the necessity of defence, but by the need of the aristocracy to impose itself. The fortifications represented the result of an elite ideology that also sought to affirm its political, economical, religious and military individuality and supremacy in this manner. B. ECONOMICAL AND CRAFT ACTIVITIES Agriculture Within the settlements, wheat, barley, hemp, or millet seeds were discovered. At the end of the 2nd century ВС an agricultural growth was noted, caused by the increased usage of iron tools. The plough was an indispensable agricultural tool (PL 160/1) and its utilisation in the period is confirmed by the discovered coulters and ploughshares (PL 160/2, 3). Other iron tools associated with agricultural activities are the sickles (PL 197/9-11), the scythes (PL 126/21), or the pruning knives(Pl. 197/15-17). Animal breeding is confirmed by the bones discovered in dwellings, refuse pits, or graves. The largest quantity of bones comes from cattle, swine, and ovicaprine. Pottery production The pottery was hand-made or wheel-made special tools were used for modelling the fabric (PL 161). The most efficient firing installations were the kilns. Three types of 448 Luca-Paul Pupeză pottery kilns can be distinguished: with axial wall (PL 162/2, 3, 6), with central pillar (PL 162/4, 5), or with an empty firing chamber, in which case the grid was supported by the wall of the kiln (PL 162/7). The firing could also be done outside the kiln, on the surface, by directly covering the vessels with firewood (PL 162/1 ). The pottery vessels are numerous and most of them follow a local tradition originating in the Early Iron Age. The biconical jugs represent some of the most frequent types (PL 164, 165). The jug and the vessel with cylindrical neck illustrate a late transformation of the biconical types (PL 166). The number of lids is very small (PL 167) because a large quantity of wooden ones were in use. The cups are smaller than the jugs, sometimes they imitate their shape and were utilised for drinking (PL 168). The conical cups, made from coarse fabric and displaying one or two handles, are named "Dacian cups" and they appear only in the Carpathian-Danubian region (PL 169). The simple cups are deep, with a biconical body and a short "foot" (PL 170). Generally, the plates have a flat base and a slightly elevated edge (Pl. 171). The strong resemblance with the modern fruit-bowls determined the labelling of the vessel with high foot from the Late Iron Age as such (PL 172). The fruit-bowls were used for serving the food as well as the bowls. In context where the fruit- bowls represent a high percentage, the bowls occur in smaller quantities. The bowls are biconical (PL 173), with an inverted rim (PL 174), with slightly curved walls (Pl. 175), orwith everted rim (PL 176). The strainers have a biconical shape and a flat or rounded base (PL 177). The biconical vessels display a superior part which is smaller in dimensions in comparison with the inferior one, a wide mouth, an everted rim, and a flat base (PL 178,179). The jar is a specific shape for the Carpathian-Danubian region which evolved from the vessels with arched walls and the vessels with almost straight walls (PL 180-182). In addition to the vessels displaying a local tradition, foreign shapes were also imported or imitated, like amphorae, greek bowls, dolia, krater, kantharos, lekythos, kernos, or Celtic storage vessels (PL 188-196). Iron metallurgy Iron ore exploitation was made, probably, on surface by excavating simple pits and more rarely with the help of galleries. The primary processing operations were conducted at the mining place and afterwards the ore was reduced in furnaces. The iron tools and utilitarian objects are few in number because this period was an incipient one from the viewpoint of iron metallurgy (PL 197). Both offensive (Pl. 198-201) and defensive weapons (PL 202, 203) were produced from metal. The largest number of weapons discovered in the Carpathian- Danubian is of foreign influence. Veacul întunecat al Daciei 449 Non ferrous metallurgy The bronze or silver objects were made in specialized workshops as well as in the ones belonging to blacksmiths. The golden jewellery is missing in this period. The Thracian fibulas have an S -shaped body and sometimes they display terminal buttons (Pi. 204). The fibulas of Latène scheme are represented by numerous types which are considerably different: with "eight-shaped" spirals (Pi. 205), with unequally arched bow (Pi. 206), with foot attached by collar (PI. 207), with disc (PL 208), with knobs (Pi. 211), of Mötschwil-type (PL 209), of Pauken-type (PL 210). The period during which the Thracian and the Celtic fibulas were contemporaneous was short. The archaeological features containing both of the types are few and the hybrid specimens are almost missing. It can be presumed that the cease in the production of the Thracian fibulas was caused by the wide scale distribution of the Celtic ones. The bracelets display different types and the most representative are the ones with knobs (PL 212), with large hollowed hemispheres (PL 213), the open-ended ones (PL 214), and the ones with overlapping coiled ends (PL 215). Trade and coins The coins are random found inside the settlements and appear very rarely in the cemeteries, most of them being discovered as part of isolated hoards (PL 220-223). The beginning of the local mints was located at the end of the 4th century ВС when the Greek coins started to be imitated. During the first phase, which ended at the middle of the 2nd century ВС, the coins consisted almost exclu¬ sively of silver tetradrachms. The style of representation of the obverse and reverse was schematic and the legend was replaced with meaningless signs. In the second phase of the local mints, which lasted up to the middle of the 1st century ВС, the monetary types were fewer, but they are better outlined from a geographical viewpoint. This phase is characterized by the schematic imitation of the Greek coins, without being able to distinguish the original model and by the smaller content of silver. After the middle of the 1st century ВС these coins were replaced with imitations of Roman denarii. Two major trade directions functioned in the Carpathian-Danubian region. Some of the imported goods, the Greek ones (bracelets with knobs, "eye" beads, bowls, and amphorae) came from east and south towards west and north. The other one, repre¬ sented by the Celtic products (brooches of Latène scheme, bracelets with hollowed hemispheres, graphite-clay pottery), functioned in the opposite direction. 450 Luca-Paul Pupeză С. RELIGIOUS LIFE The religious beliefs The shape and, especially, the inventory of some pits separate them from the usual ones and support the assumption that they functioned as cultic features. They contained entire vessels which were deposited as such or broken on the spot, together with fragments of hearths, ashes and charcoal. These types of pits were related to certain rituals performed for chthonian divinities. A particular case is represented by the pits containing human or animal bones which are not graves (Pi. 224). These pits were connected with the practice of human sacrifices. The temples emerged in the Carpathian-Danubian region at the end of the 2nd century ВС or at the beginning of the 1st century ВС (PL 225). Their shape was circular, with one or with concentric rooms, and rectangular. Some of them were provided with an apse and others with column alignments. Both the buildings with apse as well as the ones with column alignments are present in the Mediterranean region and the Greek area could have been a possible inspiration for the temples constructed at north of the Danube. No divinity can be directly connected to the cultic pits or to the identified temples. Traditional funerary practices The local populations practiced almost exclusively the cremation during the Early and the Late Iron Age (PL 226). In most of the graves the cremation rests were deposited in urns, some of them with lids. The deposition of the cremated bones directly into the pit was a rarity. The inventory consisting of pottery is seldom and the meat offering is almost absent from the graves. If for the 5th-3rd centuries ВС over 3000 graves have been identified in the Carpathian-Danubian region, only 100 can be placed chronologically between the 2nd century ВС and the 1st century AD. Foreign funerary practices Approximately 500 Celtic graves have been identified so far in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, dated in the 4љ-2пс1 centuries ВС. Over 60% represent cremations deposited directly into the pit, 5-6% consist of the deposition of the cremation rests in urns, and the rest are inhumation graves. The inventory of the graves is rather rich, composed of pottery, jewelry or weapons and is often accom¬ panied by the meat offering. East from the Carpathians, approximately 400 graves belonging to the Bastamae were discovered, dated from the end of the 3rd century ВС until the beginning of the Is' century ВС. The funerary rite was represented almost exclusively by cremation with the cremation rests deposited mainly in urns. Deep bowls covered by shallow ones were used as urns. Jewellery, occasionally tools and very rarely other pottery also belonged to the funerary inventory which in most of the cases was put on the funerary pyre. Veacul întunecat al Daciei 451 The disappearance of the graves From a statistical viewpoint, there is a clear disproportion between the funerary discoveries dated during the 5th-3rd centuries ВС and the ones which can be placed between the 2nd century ВС and the 1st century AD. Starting with the end of the 2nd century ВС, a drastic decrease or even the disappearance of the traditional graves with the cremation rests deposited in urns can be observed. The change of burial customs occurred almost in the same time with the emergence of the first structures belonging to the Dacian kingdom. After the end of the Dacian kingdom and the appearance of the Roman province of Dacia, the traditional local graves reappeared. During the 1st century AD, while Sarmizegetusa strengthened its power in compa¬ rison with the other centres, the number of traditional graves decreased vertigi¬ nously and most of them were discovered in peripheral areas. The transformations of funeral nature seem to have had a reversed evolution in comparison with another contemporaneous religious phenomenon: the emergence of the first temples. The temples appeared in the Carpathian-Danubian region at the end of the 2nd century ВС or at the beginning of the Is' century ВС and disappeared along with the Roman conquest, at the beginning of the 2nd century AD. The emergence (end of the 2nd century BC)/disappearance (beginning of the 2nd century AD) of the temples and the disappearance (end of the 2nd century BC)/reappearance (beginning of the 2nd century AD) of the traditional funerary practices could be part of the same phenomenon. Another phenomenon which had an opposite evolution in comparison with the funerary one is the emergence of fortifications. The new meaning assigned to the fortifications built after the 2nd century ВС could have determined a change in mentality regarding the funerary customs. The emergence of the temples and of the fortifications at the end of the 2nd century ВС, as part of a wider frame comprising the consolidation of kingdom structures, might have caused together the disappearance of the traditional graves. Probably, there was a close connection between the built of the fortifications and the appearance of the temples, since most of the temples were built in fortified settlements. After the disappearance of the traditional graves with the cremation rests deposited in urns with lids, the new attitude towards the deceased cannot be easily identified. The small number of archaeological features identified with certainty as graves, which can be dated between the 1st century ВС and the 1st century AD, preserved the cremation as funerary rite. Despite the disappearance of the grave pits and urns, the cremation seems to have remained the main funerary rite of the period, but, in return, the treatment of the cremation rests changed. It is possible that the cremation rests where deposited in waters or scattered into the air, practices difficult to identify archaeologically. 452 Luca-Paul Pupezã Magic The discovery of anthropomorphic (PI. 228) and zoomorphic (Pi. 229) clay figurines was related with a series of magical practices. Anthropomorphic statuettes were never discovered together with the zoomorphic ones and their function was different. D. AUTOCHTHONS AND ALLO GENS The Dacians The Dacians were mentioned for the first time in the context of the Roman conquest of the Balkan Peninsula, at the end of the 2nd century ВС. Between the 1st century ВС and the 1st century AD the term Dacians received a general meaning and the final stage of this generalization process was marked by the appearance of the notion Dacia in the ancient sources. The generalization of an ethnonym for a specific geographical area was a frequent practice in the Roman world. Most commonly, the ethnonym of a tribe which had a first contact with the Romans (the Gauls, the Germanics, the Greeks) was generalized for a much larger region, beyond the initial borders. These are, in fact, exonyms given by the Romans and not ethnonyms used by the barbarian populations. The generalization is based on the Roman perception which might as well have been wrong. In other words, if the written sources mention the Dacians in the entire region north of the Danube, this does not necessarily mean that the area was characterized by a material, linguistic, and political unity. If such a generalization phenomenon occurred with the Dacians, it is hard to establish the location of the tribe that initially use this name. The Celts The Celtic discoveries from the Carpathian Basin are mostly funerary (4th-2nd centuries ВС). The nature of the relations of the newcomers with the local population is hard to establish, since the cemeteries represent an image constructed by a community which is not always real. Moreover, the discoveries belonging to the local population, which can be placed in time just before the arrival of the Celts, are scarce. On all the important Celtic sites, regardless of their character (cemetery, settlement), local products were also identified, fact which implies the existence of certain connections between the communities or even the cohabitation in the same settlements. The territories inhabited firstly by the locals followed to different evolution patterns after the arrival of the Celts. In the ones directly controlled by the Celts, the local population appears to have been "celtizised" and the communities gradually lost their specificity. On the other hand, in the territories where the Celts did not have a direct control, the local characteristics were preserved. These last areas, if they really existed, are hard to identify, since they were labelled as belonging to the locals based on the scarcity or even lack of Celtic finds. Veacul întunecat al Daciei 453 The mutual influences between the locals and the Celts relied on peaceful cohabitation, but it is hard to presume that this period was not marked by several conflicts. The graves containing weapons from the Carpathian Basin represent almost 15% from the funerary discoveries. The discoveries do not include fortifications which could have acted as grounds where potential battles might have taken place. One of the few local fortifications which existed at the time when the Celts arrived was identified in the north-western part of Transylvania (Port) and its purpose was that of blocking the access towards the Şimleu Depression and the central part of Transylvania. It seems that the Celts were stopped in this place and were forced to go around the Mureş Valley in order to reach Central Transylvania. During the period of the Celtic presence, the Celtic discoveries are scarce in Şimleu Depression. Another presumed conflict was placed at the end of the 2nd century ВС when the Celtic presence in the Carpathian Basin suddenly ended. The disappearance of the Celts was explained with the rise of the Dacians which is mentioned by the written sources as well. The second half of the 2nd century ВС represents a moment of discontinuity in space inhabitation. With few exceptions, the settlements do not display a continuous habitation from the 3rd century ВС up to the beginning of the 1st century ВС. In other words, a new Dacian settlement very rarely overlaps a previous Celtic one The Bastarnae Similar to the Celts, most of the discoveries attributed to the Bastarnae positioned east from the Carpathians are funerary ones (г1"1-!5' centuries ВС). The presence of Bastarnae and local mixed finds suggests the existence of peaceful relations between the two communities at a certain point. But the small quantity of finds highlights the reticent, even conservative attitude of the communities living in this area. Marked by numerous military incidents, the presence of the Bastarnae at the Lower Danube also generated conflicts with the local population. Some of these conflicts are mentioned by the ancient sources, others are indicated by the Bastarnae finds identified far from their habitation area, in Dobrogea or Transylvania. At the end of the period which marked their presence in the Carpathian-Danubian region, in the 1st century ВС, the Bastarnae are mentioned as allies of the local population. All the changes and the transformations which occurred in the Carpathian- Danubian region during this transition period were surprised from a general perspective. The lack of details, which would have provided a better understanding of these phenomena, determines the labelling of this interval as "dark". Hopefully, new researches will increase the quantity of these details and the next approach of this period will be made from the perspective of an not so dark age. 454 Luca-Paul Pupeză List of plates: PI. 1 The Carpathian-Danubian region : geographical location and cultural groups at the end of the Early Iron Age (7th-6lh centuries ВС). PL 2 Populations from the Carpathian-Danubian region (6th-2"d centuries ВС and 1st century BC-P'century AD). PI. 3 Discoveries from the Carpathian-Danubian region between the end of the 4th century ВС and middle of the 1st century ВС. PL 4 Discoveries from the Carpathian Basin between the end of the 4th century ВС and middle of the 1st century ВС. PL 5 Berea - archaeological features from the settlement. PL 6 Berea - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 7 Berea - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 8 Berea - pottery fragments from the settlement PL 9 Ciumeşti - archaeological sites and cremation graves from the necropolis. PL 10 Ciumeşti - archaeological features from the settlement. PL 11 Ciumeşti - finds from the settlement. PL 12 Ciumeşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 13 Ciumeşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 14 Ciumeşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 15 Ciumeşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 16 Ciumeşti - pottery fragments from the necropolis. PL 17 Floreşti - Pit house 1. PL 18 Floreşti - finds from Sunken house 1. PL 19 Floreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 1. PI. 20 Floreşti - Pit house 2. PL 21 Floreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 2. PI. 22 Floreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 2. PL 23 Floreşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 24 Floreşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 25 Floreşti - finds from the layer of habitation. PI. 26 Floreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 4. PI. 27 Floreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 4. PL 28 Floreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 4. PL 29 Moreşti - archaeological features from the settlement. PL 30 Moreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 1. PL 31 Moreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 1. PL 32 Moreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 2. PL 33 Moreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 2. PL 34 Moreşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 35 Moreşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 36 Moreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 6. Veacul întunecat ai Daciei 455 PI .37 PI .38 PI .39 PI .40 PI .41 PI .42 PI .43 PI .44 PI .45 PI .46 PI, .47 PI .48 PI, .49 PI, .50 PI. 51 PI. ,52 PI. ,53 PI. 54 PI. 55 PI. 56 PI. 57 PI. 58 PI. 59 PI. 60 PI. 61 PI. 62 PI. 63 PI. 64 PI. 65 PI. 66 PI. 67 PI. 68 PI. 69 PI. 70 PI. 71 PI. 72 PI. 73 PI. 74 PI. 75 PI. 76 PI. 77 PI. 78 Moreşti - pottery fragments from Pit house 6. Moreşti - finds from the settlement. Moreşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. Moreşti - pottery fragments from the settlement, Olteni - archaeological features from the settlement. Olteni - archaeological features from the necroplis. Olteni - finds from the settlement. Olteni - pottery fragments from the necropolis. Panic - finds from the layer of habitation. Panic - pottery fragments from the layer of habitation. Pećica - pottery fragments from the layer of habitation. Pećica - pottery fragments from the layer of habitation. Pećica - pottery fragments from the layer of habitation. Pećica - pottery fragments from the layer of habitation. Pişcolt - finds from the cemetery. Pişcolt - pottery fragments from the necropolis. Pişcolt - pottery fragments from the necropolis. Pişcolt - pottery fragments from the necropolis. Pişcolt - pottery fragments from the necropolis. Pişcolt - pottery fragments from the necropolis. Sighişoara - Dwelling 1/1993: plan, section, and finds. Sighişoara - pottery fragments from the layers of habitation. Slimnic - pottery fragments from the settlement. Slimnic - pottery fragments from the settlement. Slimnic - finds from the settlement. Slimnic - pottery fragments from the settlement. Tilişca - finds from the settlement. Tilişca - pottery fragments from the settlement. Zalău - finds from the settlement. Zalău - pottery fragments from Dwelling 1. Zalău - pottery fragments from the settlement. Zalău - pottery fragments from the settlement. Zalău - pottery fragments from the settlement. Zalău - pottery fragments from the settlement. Discoveries south from the Carpathians between the end of the 4th century ВС and middle of the Is1 century ВС. Borduşani - archaeological features from the settlement. Borduşani - finds from the settlement. Borduşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. Borduşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. Borduşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. Borduşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. Căscioarele - finds from the settlement. 456 Luca-Paul Pupeză PL 79 Căscioarele - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 80 Căscioarele - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 81 Căscioarele - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 82 Ciolăneştii din Deal - timber-lined shaft discovered close to the settlement. PI. 83 Ciolăneştii din Deal - finds from the settlement. PL 84 Ciolăneştii din Deal - pottery fragment from the settlement. PL 85 Ciolăneştii din Deal - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 86 Ciolăneştii din Deal - pottery fragments from the timber-lined shaft. PI. 87 Ciolăneştii din Deal - pottery fragments from the timber-lined shaft. PI. 88 Grădiştea - archaeological features from the settlement. PL 89 Grădiştea - finds from the settlement. PL 90 Grădiştea - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 91 Grădiştea - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 92 Grădiştea - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 93 Grădiştea - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 94 Gropşani - archaeological features from the settlement. PL 95 Gropşani - finds from the settlement. PL 96 Gropşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 97 Gropşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 98 Gropşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 99 Gropşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 100 Gropşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 101 Gropşani - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 102 Pleaşov - finds from the settlement. PI. 103 Pleaşov - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 104 Pleaşov - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 105 Pleaşov - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 106 Popeşti - finds from the settlement. PL 107 Popeşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 108 Popeşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 109 Popeşti - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 110 Vlădiceasca - finds from the settlement. PL 111 Vlădiceasca - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 112 Vlădiceasca - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 113 Vlădiceasca - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 114 Vlădiceasca - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 115 Vlădiceasca - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 116 Zimnicea - finds from the necropolis. PL 117 Zimnicea - pottery fragments from the necropolis. PL 118 Zimnicea - pottery fragments from the necropolis. PI. 119 Zimnicea - pottery fragments from the necropolis. PI. 120 Zimnicea - pottery fragments from the necropolis. PL 121 Zimnicea - pottery fragments from the necropolis. Veacul întunecat al Daciei 457 Pl. 122 Discoveries east from the Carpathians between the end of the 4th century ВС and middle of the 1st century ВС. PI. 123 Borniş - the plan of the dwelling with oven and finds from the settlement. PL 124 Borniş - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 125 Botoşana - archaeological features from the settlement. PI. 126 Botoşana - finds from the settlement. PI. 127 Botoşana - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 128 Botoşana - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 129 Botoşana - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 130 Botoşana - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 131 Brad - finds from the settlement. PL 132 Brad - finds from the settlement. PL 133 Brad - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 134 Brad - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 135 Ciurea - archaeological features from the settlement. PI. 136 Ciurea - finds from the settlement. PL 137 Ciurea - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 138 Ciurea - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 139 Cucorăni - archaeological features from the settlement. PI. 140 Cucorăni - finds from the settlement. PL 141 Cucorăni - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 142 Cucorăni - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 143 Davideni and Glăvăneşti - finds from the settlement. PL 144 Davideni and Glăvăneşti - finds from the settlement. PL 145 Lozna - archaeological features from the settlement. PL 146 Lozna - finds from the settlement. PI. 147 Lozna - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 148 Lozna - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 149 Poiana - finds from the settlement. PI. 150 Poiana - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 151 Poiana - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 152 Poiana - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 153 Răcătău - pottery fragments from the settlement. PI. 154 Răcătău - pottery fragments from the settlement. PL 155 The evolution of climate in the Carpathian-Danubian region ( 1000 BC-600 AD) . PL 156 Habitation structures - reconstruction. PL 157 Habitation structures - the organization of space PL 158 Fortification elements with earthwork and stone walls. PI. 159 Types of fortifications in the Celtic and Thracian worlds. PL 160 Agriculture: the Thracian plough - reconstruction. PI. 161 Tools for pottery modelling. PL 162 Pottery firing installations. PL 163 The pottery workshops at Biharea and Cucoşeni - Butnăreşti. 458 Luca-Paul Pupeza Pl. 164 Biconical jugs. Pl. 165 Biconical jugs. Pl. 166 Jugs and vessels with a high cylindrical neck. PI. 167 Flat lids with conical body. PL 168 Cups. PL 169 Dacian cups. PL 170 Simple cups. PL 171 Plates. PL 172 Fruit-bowls. PL 173 Biconical bowls. PL 174 Bowls with inverted rim. PL 175 Bowls with slightly curved walls. PL 176 Bowls with profiled shoulder and everted rim. PL 177 Strainers. PL 178 Biconical vessels. PL 179 Biconical vessels. PL 180 Vessels with almost straight walls. PL 181 Vessels with arched walls. PL 182 Jars. PL 183 Ceramic spindle-whorls. PL 184 Ceramic pyramidal loom weights. PL 185 Counters made from pottery fragments. PL 186 Ceramic spoons. PL 187 Ceramic "fire dogs". PL 188 Greek amphora. PL 189 Bowl of Greek influence. PL 190 Relief decorated bowl. PL 191 Storage vessel of Greek influence. PL 192 Krater. PL 193 Kantharos. PL 194 Jug of Greek influence. PL 195 Kemos. PL 196 Situla. PL 197 Iron tools. PL 198 Bronze and iron arrowheads. PL 199 Iron heads and butt-spikes belonging to spears and javelins. PL 200 Iron knives. PL 201 Iron swords. PL 202 Celtic and Dacian shields. PL 203 Helmets. PL 204 Thracian fibulas. PL 205 Fibulas decorated with "eight-shaped" spirals. PL 206 Fibulas with unequally arched bow. Veacul întunecat al Daciei 459 Pl. 207 Fibulas with foot attached by collar. PI. 208 Disc fibula. PL 209 Mötschwil-type fibula. PI. 210 PflMfcen-type fibula. PL 211 Fibula with knobs. PL 212 Bracelet with knobs. PL 213 Bracelet with large hollowed hemispheres. PL 214 Open-ended bracelet. PL 215 Bracelet with overlapping coiled ends. PI. 216 Silver phalera. PL 217 Millstone made of volcanic tuff. PL 218 Bone comb. PL 219 "Eye" bead. PL 220 Monetary types: 3rd century ВС - middle of the 1st century ВС. PL 221 The distribution of monetary types (yd century ВС- middle of the I1"1 century ВС). PI. 222 The distribution of monetary types in the Carpathian-Danubian region between the 3rd century ВС and the middle ofthe2nd century ВС (1,2) (after Preda 1973). PL 223 The distribution of monetary types (Z^centuryBC-middleofthe 1st century ВС). PL 224 Cultic pits with human and animal bones. PL 225 Temples from the Carpathian-Danubian region. PL 226 Traditional graves from the Early Iron Age. PL 227 Graves belonging to locals and allogens from the Late Iron Age. PL 228 Anthropomorphic clay figurines. PL 229 Zoomorphic clay figurines.
any_adam_object	1
author	Pupeză, Luca-Paul 1976-
author_GND	(DE-588)1036569594
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discipline	Geschichte
era	Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-100 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-100
format	Book
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spelling	Pupeză, Luca-Paul 1976- Verfasser (DE-588)1036569594 aut Veacul întunecat al Daciei arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr. Luca-Paul Pupeză Cluj-Napoca Ed. MEGA 2012 500 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 37 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The dark age of Dacia Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-100 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Fundstätte (DE-588)4201844-4 gnd rswk-swf Dakien (DE-588)4070197-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4163417-2 Katalog gnd-content Dakien (DE-588)4070197-9 g Fundstätte (DE-588)4201844-4 s DE-604 Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-100 z Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 37 (DE-604)BV010993859 37 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026089750&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026089750&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Pupeză, Luca-Paul 1976- Veacul întunecat al Daciei arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Fundstätte (DE-588)4201844-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4201844-4 (DE-588)4070197-9 (DE-588)4163417-2
title	Veacul întunecat al Daciei arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr.
title_auth	Veacul întunecat al Daciei arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr.
title_exact_search	Veacul întunecat al Daciei arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr.
title_full	Veacul întunecat al Daciei arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr. Luca-Paul Pupeză
title_fullStr	Veacul întunecat al Daciei arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr. Luca-Paul Pupeză
title_full_unstemmed	Veacul întunecat al Daciei arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr. Luca-Paul Pupeză
title_short	Veacul întunecat al Daciei
title_sort	veacul intunecat al daciei arheologie si istorie in spatiul carpato danubian de la sfarsitul seculului iii a chr pana la inceputul secolului i a chr
title_sub	arheologie şi istorie în spaţiul carpato-danubian de la sfârşitul seculului III a. Chr. pâna la începutul secolului I a. Chr.
topic	Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Fundstätte (DE-588)4201844-4 gnd
topic_facet	Archäologie Fundstätte Dakien Katalog
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volume_link	(DE-604)BV010993859
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