Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov"
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Innovativeness of the national economy. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 434 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9789543225620 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Čobanova, Rosica Dobreva |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)171304381 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika |c Rosica Čobanova |
| 250 | |a 1. izd. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a 434 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a PST: Innovativeness of the national economy. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Volkswirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4063885-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Wirtschaftsentwicklung |0 (DE-588)4066438-7 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806960896693501952 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
СПИСЪК НА ФИГУРИТЕ
. 13
СПИСЪК НА ТАБЛИЦИТЕ
. 15
УВОД
. 19
Глава
1
ГЕНЕЗИС И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЗА ИНОВАТИВНОСТ
НА ИКОНОМИКАТА
. 47
1.1.
Икономически подходи при изследване на глобалната технологич¬
на промяна
. 47
1.1.1.
Основни икономически понятия
. 48
1.1.2.
Политикоикономически, микроикономически и макроикономи¬
чески подход
. 53
1.1.3.
Системен и регионален подход
. 62
1.2.
Особености на съвременните технологични промени
. 67
1.2.1.
Ускоряване на промяната на технологиите
. 67
1.2.2.
Информационните и комуникационните технологии като фактор
за промяна на моделите на иновационния процес
. 69
1.2.3.
Еволюция на моделите на иновационния процес
. 70
1.3.
Знанието като нова категория при изследване на обновяването на
икономиката
. 76
1.3.1.
Видове знания и тяхното значение за обновяването на икономи¬
ката
. 76
1.3.2.
Общо и различно между информация, научно и технологично
знание
. 81
1.3.3.
Знанието като обект на статистическо изучаване
. 83
1.4.
Концепция за иновативността на националната икономика
. 87
1.4.1.
Основни проблеми, решавани
с
концепцията за иновативността
на националната икономика
. 88
1.4.2.
Концепцията за иновативността и научните школи за икономичес¬
ко развитие
. 94
1.4.3.
Концепцията за иновативността и новата школа
-
икономика на
знанието
. 100
Глава
2
ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИУМ ЗА ПРИЛАГАНЕ НА КОНЦЕПЦИЯТА ЗА ИНО¬
ВАТИВНОСТ НА НАЦИОНАЛНАТА ИКОНОМИКА
. 108
2.1.
Съвременни инструментариуми и техният потенциал за опреде¬
ляне на приоритети за обновяване на националната икономика
. 108
2.1.1.
Методология на Световната банка за оценка на развитието на
икономиката на знанието
. 108
2.1.2.
Развитие на методологията на Европейската комисия за оценка
на иновациите
. 110
5
2.1.3.
Основни характеристики на европейската методология за инова¬
циите
- 2005
г., и
нейното приложение
. 115
2.2.
Методологични основи за определяне на приоритети за обновява¬
не на националната икономика
. 121
2.2.1.
Обща характеристика на предлагания инструментариум
. 121
2.2.2.
Позициониране на показателите като показатели на търсенето и
предлагането на нови знания
. 131
2.2.3.
Аспекти на оценка на макроикономическата характеристика на
търсенето и предлагането на нови знания
. 132
2.2.4.
Обхват и параметри на измерването на търсенето и предлагането
на нови знания. Таблица на показателите
. 136
2.3.
Методологични основи за определяне на иновативността на фир¬
мите
. 145
2.3.1.
Препоръките на ОИСР и Евростат за събиране и интерпретиране
на данни за технологични иновации и българският опит.
. 145
2.3.2.
Обекти на наблюдение
. 149
2.3.3.
Обекти на измерване
. 155
2.4.
Методически основи на измерването на иновативността на фирма¬
та
. 160
2.4.1.
Обхват на измерване
. 160
2.4.2.
Параметри на обхвата на измерването
. 162
2.4.3.
Изисквания при измерването
. 167
Глава
3
ИНОВАТИВНОСТ НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИКОНОМИКА И ФАКТОРИ, КОИ¬
ТО
Я
ОПРЕДЕЛЯТ
.
175
3.1.
Оценка на равнището на иновативност на българската икономи¬
ка
. 175
3.1.1.
Оценка на развитието на икономика на знанието в България
. 176
3.1.2.
Оценка на ефективността на иновационната система на българ¬
ската икономика
. 177
3.2.
Търсене на нови знания като фактор за иновативността на българ¬
ската икономика
. 185
3.2.1.
Интензивност на финансиране на научноизследователската и
развойната дейност.
. 185
3.2.2.
Търсене на нови знания по институционални сектори
. 189
3.2.3.
Равнище и структура на заетостта
с
научноизследователска и
развойна дейност.
. 195
3.2.4.
Търсене на обекти на интелектуална собственост
. 198
3.3.
Предлагане на нови знания като фактор за иновативността на бъл¬
гарската икономика
. 203
3.3.1.
Човешки потенциал
. 203
3.3.2.
Заявки за регистрация на обекти на интелектуална собственост
. 206
3.3.3.
Фактори, въздействащи върху предлагането на нови знания
. 213
3.4.
Тенденции в търсенето и предлагането на нови знания
. 216
3.4.1.
Тенденции в търсенето на нови знания в българската икономика.
217
3.4.2.
Тенденции в предлагането на нови знания в българската иконо¬
мика
. 219
3.4.3.
Тенденции в иновативността на националната икономика
. 222
6
Глава
4
ФАКТОРИ,
ОПРЕДЕЛЯЩИ ТЪРСЕНЕТО
НА
НОВИ ЗНАНИЯ В БЪЛГА¬
РИЯ
. 225
4.1.
Брутен вътрешен продукт, брутна добавена стойност и заетост.
. . 227
4.1.1.
Обем и нарастване на брутния вътрешен продукт и брутната до¬
бавена стойност. Сравнение със страните от ЕС и Черноморския
регион
. 227
4.1.2.
Структура на брутната добавена стойност по икономически сек¬
тори и групировки по икономически дейности. Сравнение със
страните от ЕС и Черноморския регион
. 230
4.1.3.
Структура на заетостта
с
НИРД. Сравнение със страните от ЕС и
Черноморския регион
. 233
4.2.
Външната търговия
-
обем, партньори, специализация и тенден¬
ции
. 237
4.2.1.
Обем на външната търговия и технологична специализация на
износа. Сравнение със страните от ЕС и Черноморския регион.
. 237
4.2.2.
Относителните сравнителни предимства на българската иконо¬
мика по технологични групи и техните промени. Сравнение със
страните от ЕС и Черноморския регион
. 243
4.2.3.
Относителни сравнителни предимства по продуктови групи.
Сравнение със страните от Черноморския регион
. 247
4.3.
Особености на формирането на търсене на нови знания
. 253
4.3.1.
Обща характеристика на особеностите на търсенето на нови зна¬
ния
. 253
4.3.2.
Промени в организацията, специализацията и заетостта
с НИРД
по институционални сектори
. 255
4.3.3.
Институционални взаимодействия, определящи търсенето на
нови знания
. 268
4.4.
Тенденции във въздействието на факторите на търсенето на нови
знания
. 276
Глава
5
ИНОВАТИВНОСТ НА ФИРМИТЕ
. 282
5.1.
Влияние на спецификата на дейността върху иновативността на
фирмите
. 283
5.1.1.
Обща характеристика на наблюдението
. 283
5.1.2.
Влияние на големината, структурата и отрасловата принадлеж¬
ност.
. 289
5.1.3.
Влияние на формите на управление, на собствеността, инсти¬
туционалните взаимодействия и собствения
научно-технически
потенциал
. 295
5.2.
Фактори, съдействащи и препятстващи иновативността на фир¬
мите
. 303
5.2.1.
Фактори, съдействащи иновативността на фирмите
-
цели, вът¬
решни и външни иновационни мрежи, достъп
до интернет.
. 303
5.2.2.
Бариери пред иновациите във фирмите
. 315
5.3.
Разходи и резултати от иновационните дейности във фирмите
. 317
5.3.1.
Разходи за иновационни дейности във фирмите
. 317
5.3.2.
Резултати от иновационни дейности във фирмите
. 320
7
5.4.
Обобщена характеристика на иновативността на наблюдаваните
371
фирми в България
. 331
5.4.1.
Иновационен профил на наблюдаваните фирми
. 331
5.4.2.
Потенциал за повишаване на иновативността на фирмите
. 333
Глава
6
ПРИОРИТЕТИ ЗА ОБЩЕСТВЕНО ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЕ ВЪРХУ ИНОВА¬
ТИВНОСТТА НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИКОНОМИКА
. 337
6.1.
Основни предизвикателства пред обновяването на българската
икономика
. 337
6.1.1.
Основни предизвикателства
. 337
6.1.2.
Основни противоречия
. 337
6.1.3.
Концепция за повишаване на иновативността
. 338
6.2.
Фактори, определящи иновативността на националната икономи¬
ка
. 339
6.2.1.
Вътрешно търсене на нови знания
. 340
6.2.2.
Външно търсене на национално базирани нови знания
. 342
6.2.3.
Потенциал от знания и координация на използването им по ин¬
ституционални сектори
. 344
6.3.
Два сценария за развитие на икономиката
. 345
6.3.1.
Песимистичен сценарий
. 345
6.3.2.
Оптимистичен сценарий
. 346
6.4.
Насоки на политиката за иновативно развитие на икономиката.
. 346
6.4.1.
Основни задачи и държавна политика
. 347
6.4.2.
Подходи и критерии за определяне на приоритети
. 348
6.4.3.
Приоритетни направления за обществено въздействие
. 349
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
. 351
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ
. 355
Приложение
1.
Еволюция на разбиранията за въздействието на обновява¬
нето върху икономиката
. 357
Приложение
2.
Анкетна карта на проведеното наблюдение на инова¬
тивността на предприятията в България
. 366
Приложение
3.
Работни дефиниции, използвани при провеждане на наб¬
людението
. 373
Приложение
4.
Допълнителни таблици и фигури, отразяващи експеримен¬
тално получените резултати от наблюдението върху иновативността на
предприятията в България
. 387
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
. 391
СЪКРАЩЕНИЯ
. 426
РЕЗЮМЕ НА АНГЛИЙСКИ ЕЗИК
. 427
INNOVATIVENESS
OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
(Summary)
Studied Problem
Increasing innovativeness of a national economy in the conditions of accelerated
creation and use of new knowledge and globalization of the innovation processes is
the main problem studied here. Its significance is acknowledged also by the two com¬
petitive contemporary economic paradigms
-
neoclassical and neo-Schumpeter's, or
evolutionary. Using different approaches and arguments, they defend the theses that
the innovations are important for the economic growth, and that the governmental
policy can have a positive role for the development of science and technologies. In
this connection, the share of R&D expenditures in GDP, as an indicator of the level of
renovation, become a significant characteristic of every modern economy.
In this respect the study of the ability of the national economy to renovate is a
significant problem for the countries like Bulgaria in particular, which total intensity
of R&D expenditures is very weak
-
almost
4
times lower than the average one in the
EU-
15
old members and more than
3.5
times lower than the average of the current
EU-27.
The study of the problem of increasing innovativeness is even more significant
at firm level, since the level of business expenditures for creating and using new
knowledge is only
28.2 %
of the total for the country. As a result, in the Bulgarian
economy only
16 %
of the enterprises with more than
10
people personnel are inno¬
vative, which puts the country on last place among the EU-27, where the innovative
enterprises are average
42 %
of all enterprises.
The necessity of the study of renovating the Bulgarian economy is also deter¬
mined by the important non-economic factor
-
accession of Bulgaria to
EU,
which
opens new opportunities for attracting resources for renovation and radical change
of the Bulgarian economy. In this connection, determining the priorities of public
impact and their argumentation becomes the most significant aspect of solving the
problem of increasing the innovativeness of the Bulgarian economy.
State-of-the-Art of the Studies on the Matter
In the contemporary studies, a renovation is considered the problem of the ac¬
celeration of the economic growth; the catching up in the analyses of the regional
development; the competitiveness in analysis of the development of the national
economies, industries, firms and regions; and the employment in the analysis of the
social development. The necessity of argumentation of policy making concerning
the renovation of the national economy and lack of theory and model of innovation
development is a reason for frequent use of the method of comparison with countries
with good practices concerning certain indicators characterizing the innovation pro-
427
cess (so-called benchmarking). The application of this method is set in the
OECD/
Eurostat
guidelines for collecting and interpreting data on technological innovations
1Ï f
У' ЅШСе
20°5'EU StartS t0 construct and compare national innova¬
tion indexes for innovation input and innovation output. The gathered experience in
surveying the innovation processes of the firm development,
Ind
lately
ói Z
ma
с-
oeconomic development as well, leads to forming new unique databases, and con-
Z^ZC**1011^comparable indicators'which could be a base for
Hor, U
quanti^tive cumulation of empirical material leads to posing the ques-
national'
^^7
of the Priori** for public impart on the SS
C^^TTAC^da>g t0 0Ur understanding it is logil
for public impart on the reSS-
t0 0Ur understanding it is logical that the
to
bľSÄS ¿T f
,
h°ľ t0 be ren0Vated in a national economy has
lTÌ^LTT?
SpeClfiC fategy °f devel°PinSthe society-
with its
ÄSfor its reallzation
in
fgy vel°PinSthe society-
with
ÄSfor its reallzation
ľg
the P^1^ for inc™^g innova-
dlfficuIties· F^ in
Bulgaria the Transition
^^^^S^IZZTa
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organized one after 1990
last years the
Зет
of tb
t f
I™1 °f economic development. Just in the
SLTTldìybU^f^^Tf'00110^
devel0Pm^and its model is
the national
ÄÄU^
^ develoPment goals of
of the economic development tSoueh
anni?
P 'T^8
*Є
CatChÌng
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seSÄľn J 8 gľd
PraCtlCeS but Without defining
up, but does not suggest a clea^ fomZZ
пГ
^T^
WÍth
*Є
model of Catching
ous
strategic
goalsSe defineT
νΞ
under
сї
mOdeL At
**
Same time'
^
rather
a mean
of
imolementinà
ľS·
, ,
ЛаШ
circumstances
can be considered
on the eco^^Z^^^^^^^'P^^^^^
as acceleration of the
«ScAATÍ^
СаП Ье
determÍned
branches
-
accelerators. The fouifh
ľoun
of v? addltlonal vestments in selected
of strategic goals in renovating
Є
P !6WS COncerns avoiding the definition
commo/fefture of St^Zf^^^
*»
to its
^щШу.
The
gic goals in renovating ! g
commo/fefture of St^Zf^^^
*»
to its
^щШу.
The
problems of forming public priorities
JńZ
r
°
**
Ш
a stand
ог ае1аУ
the
Knowledge economy
L
^ТгЫ
p^lT^
°f
Ше
^elopment
of
two
^Z^Z^^T
following the practices of the
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428
We can conclude that at the present stage there is no concept for increasing in-
novativeness and instruments for determining the priorities for public impact on the
renovation of the national economy. This is an obstacle to forming a long-term strate¬
gy of economic development, as well as to the use of the opportunities provided by
EU
membership.
Goals and Tasks of the Study
In conditions of accelerated global change of technologies and participation in
the European integration, a national economy can be competitive if there is a devel¬
oped and applicable nationally specific concept of renovation, based on creating,
adopting and using new knowledge. In this connection, main goal of the study is to
identify, characterize and suggest a solution of the problem of accelerating the reno¬
vation of the national economy, outlining directions and priorities for public impact
on its solving in Bulgaria.
The problem of creating, adopting and using new knowledge for the social and
particularly economic development is an inter-disciplinary problem. Practically it is
a problem of all social sciences and humanities. Here it is discussed mainly through
the prism of the economic science and its main problem.
Object of study is the national economy and particularly the contemporary pro¬
cesses, activities and results concerning the creation, adoption and use of new knowl¬
edge in the economy, as well as the theoretical-methodological and method-applied
aspects of their studying by the economic science.
The object of study ranges the national economy as a whole, and not only certain
economic sector, for example "industry". Main structures of economy examined are
the institutional sectors, which perform and fund R&D activities, defined according
to internationally adopted classification of the Organization of Economic Coopera¬
tion and Development
(OECD)
and
Eurostat.
Studied institutional sectors, performing and funding R&D are:
•
Business sector: firms, organizations and institutions, which main goal is
production of goods or services for the market, aiming at profit; institutions (firms)
with main activity R&D (science), aiming at achieving profit; non-profit organiza¬
tions servicing mainly the sector of business enterprises (industrial chambers, profes¬
sional associations, etc.);
•
Governmental sector: institutions and organs providing public services,
which for economic reasons cannot be paid by other organizations, including the non¬
profit organizations. They are administered and financed mainly by the government;
•
Private non-profit sector: institutions, which activity is not market oriented
and they are not formed to realize profit; activities of individuals, which are not di¬
rected to forming profit;
•
Sector of higher education: universities and other education organizations
after secondary education, despite their sources of financing or legal status (including
institutions administered by the universities or affiliated with them).
Subject of study is the level of renovation of the national economy and the fac¬
tors determining it.
429
The main term of characterizing the subject of study is the innovation. It comes
from the Latin "in" and "novatio"
-
introducing something new, novelty. There are
different definitions of innovations in the literature. Their common feature is that
the innovation is considered a term of the social and mostly economic sciences. The
differences concern the content of this term. Most often the problems come from the
fact that usually the innovation is considered either only activity or only result. In the
frames of the study, the innovation is determined as a process, activity and result of
change: a process of change through turning new knowledge into economically sig¬
nificant results; activities accompanying these processes; and results of these activi¬
ties. Knowledge here is characterized as specific for the different agents who develop
it, and difficult for transferring to other agents or nations. This understanding is in the
post-Keynesian tradition (Kaldor, Vernon, Young) and differs from the neoclassical
idea of the knowledge as a public good.
In the analyses of the survey and measuring of innovation, main definitions are
the ones identical or based on internationally adopted and applied standard defini¬
tions of
Eurostat
and
OECD.
This gives opportunity for using internationally com¬
parable indicators. The term "innovativeness" is introduced as a characteristic of the
level and ability of the national economy and the firms functioning in it to renovate
through creating, adopting and using new knowledge.
The main tasks of the study follow its goal. They are:
•
Developing a concept of public impact on renovating the national economy,
based on creating, adopting and using new knowledge, which corresponds to the
contemporary realities and needs, as well as the long-term interests of the country;
•
Developing instruments for practical application of the concept;
•
Improving and approbating the methodic instruments for surveying and ana¬
lyzing the renovating at
macroeconomic
and firm level;
•
Determining the level and factors of increasing the innovativeness of the
national economy;
•
Outlining priorities for public impact on increasing the innovativeness of the
Bulgarian economy.
Theoretical Background of the Study
The theoretical concept scheme developed here is a result of the careful studying
and analyzing of the contemporary economic paradigms, following mostly those in
the frames of the evolutionary and institutional tradition.
The determining of the increase of innovativeness, as a main problem of the
development of the national economy, is based mostly on the main theses of Joseph
Schumpeter, Peter
Drucker
and Michael Porter, namely:
•
The economic development is carried out through the economic changes ac¬
companying the innovations, in the form of the so-called "creative destruction". In¬
novation is the introduction of new products or qualitative changed existing ones,
of new technological processes for certain industry, finding new market, developing
new sources and delivering sources and materials, and the changes in the industrial
organization (Schumpeter).
430
•
For the contemporary development most important is the knowledge and in¬
novations, where "neither the labor nor the natural resources (sacred for the econo¬
mists), nor the capital will be a main source, a "mean of production". It is and will
be the knowledge.
.
and
.
the practical application of the knowledge.
." (Drucker).
•
The innovation is a way "to create a competitive advantage through adopting
or finding new and better ways of competing in a certain branch and their presenting
on the market". Shortly, the innovation is commercialization of new ideas. According
to the arguments of Porter, supported by results of empirical studies, the innovation
capacity is the key to productivity and respectively competitiveness. Maintaining the
leading positions in the global economy concerns the domination of products and
services with high value added and innovativeness, without which these positions
will be lost.
In formulating the approach for determining the factors with impact on the in¬
novativeness, the approaches of institutional and evolutionary economics have the
biggest significance in the study.
Founding thesis is the one of the evolutionary economics, which states that the
innovation is a phenomenon of the interactive training, developed in time, and for
which the history (path dependence, technological trajectories, adaptation capacity
and skills for independent solutions, instead of following foreign decisions in the
conditions of uncertainty), the social and political impacts have their significance in
addition to the purely economic factors.
In the institutional economics, founding thesis in determining the approach is
the one formulated by
Coase
and Williamson, which states that there is a third alter¬
native of the neoclassical argument
-
the economic relations are controlled either by
the hierarchies in the companies or by the market relations between them. Particu¬
larly significant is the Williamson thesis that most of these economic relations are
replaced by network relations. More and more the production restructuring of the
leading economies towards network forms of production and governance leads to
formulating the so-called "network paradigm". The suggested hypothesis of increas¬
ing significance of the networks is that they help solve the problems of the innova¬
tive firms concerning the increasing uncertainty and instability of production and
markets, determined by the deepening specialization and division of labor. In other
words, the participation and active interaction in innovation networks turns into a
factor of economic development at national, as well as firm level, with a particularly
important significance for the innovativeness as ability of self-development through
generating, adopting and using new knowledge.
Methods of Study
The achieving of the goal and solving the concrete tasks is done through col¬
lecting, analysis and synthesis of wide range of theoretical and empirical studies and
results, through reporting the conclusions of consultations with experts in studying
the state, private and non-government sector in Bulgaria and abroad, through ap¬
probating the preliminary results at national and international scientific conferences.
For the forming of theoretical concept frame, a wide range of scientific publica¬
tion of Bulgarian and international authors in the field of economic development,
431
technological changes and
economic
growth in applying the evolutionary and insti¬
tutional approach, as well as the theory of development, are studied and systematized
as well. In disciplinary aspect, having in mind the inter-disciplinary character of the
innovation, the focus of the study is placed mostly on the economic sciences. Special
attention is drawn to the economic studies in the science, technologies and innova¬
tions, carried out in the last
50
years.
For the developing of the instruments of the study, documents and publications
of the European Commission and the World Bank, the
OECD
and
Eurostat
recom¬
mendations in many documents quoted in the work, are studied. Reported are also
results of other empirical studies, carried out mostly in the country. The developing
of the instruments for monitoring and analysis of the innovativeness of the firms is
based on the accumulated experience in the last
15
years by the author as coordina¬
tor and participant in the carried out monitoring concerning the innovations in the
Bulgarian enterprises.
In the work on the evaluation of the innovativeness are used secondary and pri¬
mary data. Used are official definitions and data of the National Statistical Institute,
Eurostat, OECD,
UNESCO, European trend chart and Erawatch, as well as data from
other official international institutions. Used are also data from monitoring prestige
national and international non-government organizations, as well as own base of pri¬
mary data on the innovativeness of the firms in Bulgaria.
Most generally, the space limits of the analysis and comparison of the innova¬
tiveness and the factors influencing it, range firms, national economy,
EU
and Black
Sea countries. The time range of the empirical study is the end of 20th century and
the beginning of 21st century. The time range of the theoretical study ranges from
the beginning of 20th century to nowadays. The range of the empirical study of the
innovations of firms is determined by the available official statistical data, data from
monitoring of different agencies, as well as data as a result of individually carried out
survey of
371
firms in Bulgaria. The analysis of the reports to the questionnaire forms
of this survey has an important place in the formulation of the results concerning the
innovativeness of the firms in the country and the recommendations to the other par¬
ticipants in the innovation process.
Main results
The conducted study gives grounds for defending the following main thesis:
Renovation is the main problem of the contemporary economic development.
A national economy in the conditions of accelerated global change of technologies
and the participation in the European integration would be competitive if there is a
developed and applied nationally specific concept of public support of the renovation
based on creating, absorbing and using new knowledge.
It is supported by the following sub-theses, proven in the work:
1.
Innovativeness, determined as ability for renovation through creating, absorb¬
ing and applying new knowledge for achieving publicly significant results, becomes
a main problem of the contemporary economic development. It is founding for the
forming of the new school in the economic thought
-
knowledge economy. Increas¬
ing the solvent demand for new knowledge by the business and society (state) be-
432
comes
most significant for the improvement of the innovativeness. Besides the market
mechanism, more and more significant becomes the exchange of ideas and the com¬
plex and the interests (governance) coordination between the institutions from state,
business, financial and non-profit sector at macro, micro and international (mostly
EU)
level concerning creating, distributing and commercial use of new knowledge.
2.
For measuring the innovativeness, it is necessary to apply a set of instruments,
including the ones of the World Bank,
OECD, Eurostat
and the European Commis¬
sion, as well as new ones, based on the positioning of the indicators as indicators for
the level and tendencies of the demand and supply of new knowledge. The develop¬
ing and applying of the instruments for monitoring and evaluating the innovative¬
ness of the firms as a micro fundament of the national innovativeness is particularly
significant.
3.
The demand, as well as the supply of novelties by the Bulgarian enterprises,
is at a low level. The low level of investments in enterprises and the low innovation
results are arguments for this. It suggests looking for schemes for increasing the de¬
mand, as well as the supply of novelties by the business sector, among which the ac¬
tive interaction with the sector of research studies in the country and the international
innovation networks are the main ones.
4.
The demand for new knowledge is a main engine for the development of a
knowledge economy and a premise for increasing its innovativeness. There are spe¬
cifics, which determine its forming, some of which are: need to distinguish and report
the solvent and insolvent demand; global technological change and the following
globalization of the economic processes and openness of the economy, which lead to
impossibility to achieve a balance between the demand and supply of new knowledge
at national level; contemporary models of realizing the innovation process as a pro¬
cess of interaction of many institutions.
5.
There are two scenarios for the innovativeness of the Bulgarian economy.
First scenario concerns continuing the tendency of decreasing the innovativeness of
the national economy, determined by the more and more increasing global supply of
new knowledge and decreasing solvent demand for new knowledge by the business
in the country. Second scenario suggests increase of the innovativeness through form¬
ing and implementing an active national policy of accelerated development based on
creating, absorbing and applying new knowledge. This will happen through, on one
hand, including the country in the new start of the Lisbon strategy for immediate
action for accelerated development of knowledge society, and on the other hand,
through more active and effective interaction of the national business, science and
education in the global innovation networks.
The conducted study shows that in the second scenario an advantage in choosing
sector and branch priorities for renovation should be given to those of them, which:
•
Form RCA in the international trade of the country. More particularly, here
are the primary sector, resource based productions (processing agricultural and other
products) and low technological productions (textile, clothing, etc.);
•
Increase the relative comparable competitive advantages like production of
electrical equipment;
•
Form RCA in the international trade of the country in the near future and
potential for gaining back positions. In this group are the high technological pro¬
ductions. The branches forming predominant export of high technological product
28
Иновативност на националната икономика
433
groups are: electrical machines
-
other, optical instruments, rotating electrical power
stations, other energy machines;
•
Have highest contribution to the economic growth
-
service sector, more
particularly economic activities in the group of other services, as well as economic
activities in the processing industry.
Also, the fact that firms consider the impact of the state most significant, as an
element of the external innovation networks, determines the significance of its impact
on the following directions, important for the increase of the innovativeness: acceler¬
ated development of technological infrastructure supporting the communications and
mostly providing information and services in electronic form, sufficient in quality
and quantity; supporting academic and university institutions for renovating their
base and its use for education, as well as research and production goals; supporting
the enterprises for activities in training for increasing the qualification, acquiring new
skills concerning the improvement of labor quality and productivity, the standardiza¬
tion of the manufactured production or applied procedures and acquiring relevant
certificates and licenses.
Finally, we have to note that the conducted study outlines directions for further
findings.
In theoretical plan, they concern the followed applying of the developed studies
on the innovativeness in the frames of the new paradigm of knowledge economy.
It requires achieving a better understanding of the specifics of the demand for new
knowledge and their characteristics in applying inter-disciplinary approach.
Finding new empirical arguments in support of the defended and future theses
will impose a further development of the instruments for collecting and interpreting
data for determining sector and branch priorities for renovating from point of view of
forming absolute advantages in the international trade and from the different aspects
of the national security.
Carrying out regular survey on the innovativeness of the firms in the country as
a micro fundament of the national innovativeness, and their timely analysis for form¬
ing the national policy, turn out an important direction of the future empirical studies.
The increased dynamics of the institutions and the interactions between them at
national and international, mostly European level, will have bigger and bigger impact
on the innovativeness of the Bulgarian economy, determining a significant direction
of the theoretical and empirical research studies mostly in the frames of the evolu¬
tionary and institutional economics.
As a whole, we can conclude that in the conditions of globalization and acceler¬
ated change of technologies, with a will to maintain the national identity, more and
more studies are necessary to form strategies and policies for development concern¬
ing the creation, use and apply of new knowledge.
434 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Čobanova, Rosica Dobreva |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171304381 |
| author_facet | Čobanova, Rosica Dobreva |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Čobanova, Rosica Dobreva |
| author_variant | r d č rd rdč |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041109244 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)854743483 (DE-599)BVBBV041109244 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV041109244 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:09:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789543225620 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026085483 |
| oclc_num | 854743483 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 434 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Čobanova, Rosica Dobreva Verfasser (DE-588)171304381 aut Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika Rosica Čobanova 1. izd. Sofija Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" 2012 434 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Innovativeness of the national economy. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf Volkswirtschaft (DE-588)4063885-6 gnd rswk-swf Innovationsfähigkeit (DE-588)4530279-0 gnd rswk-swf Flexibilität (DE-588)4125037-0 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Volkswirtschaft (DE-588)4063885-6 s Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s Flexibilität (DE-588)4125037-0 s Innovationsfähigkeit (DE-588)4530279-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026085483&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026085483&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Čobanova, Rosica Dobreva Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Volkswirtschaft (DE-588)4063885-6 gnd Innovationsfähigkeit (DE-588)4530279-0 gnd Flexibilität (DE-588)4125037-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4063885-6 (DE-588)4530279-0 (DE-588)4125037-0 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika |
| title_auth | Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika |
| title_exact_search | Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika |
| title_full | Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika Rosica Čobanova |
| title_fullStr | Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika Rosica Čobanova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika Rosica Čobanova |
| title_short | Inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika |
| title_sort | inovativnost na nacionalnata ikonomika |
| topic | Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Volkswirtschaft (DE-588)4063885-6 gnd Innovationsfähigkeit (DE-588)4530279-0 gnd Flexibilität (DE-588)4125037-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Volkswirtschaft Innovationsfähigkeit Flexibilität Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026085483&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026085483&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cobanovarosicadobreva inovativnostnanacionalnataikonomika |