Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta: Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studia z Historii Nowożytnej
1 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 281-300. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 327 s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788362261581 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV041107137 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20190227 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 130625s2013 |||| 00||| pol d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788362261581 |9 978-83-62261-58-1 | ||
| 020 | |z 8362261587 |9 8362261587 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)854742828 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV041107137 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a pol | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-Re13 | ||
| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Perłakowski, Adam |d 1973- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)116745779X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta |b Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 |c Adam Perłakowski |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 327 s. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Studia z Historii Nowożytnej |v 1 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 281-300. Indeks | ||
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) |2 jhpk |
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) / biografia |2 jhpk |
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a August / III Sas / (król Polski / 1696-1763) |2 jhpk |
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef |d 1695-1762 |0 (DE-588)139715061 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1695-1738 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Biografie |0 (DE-588)4006804-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Polska / 1697-1763 (Wettinowie) |2 jhpk | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef |d 1695-1762 |0 (DE-588)139715061 |D p |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Biografie |0 (DE-588)4006804-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1695-1738 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1695-1738 |A z |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Studia z Historii Nowożytnej |v 1 |w (DE-604)BV041107136 |9 1 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083420&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083420&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026083420 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 900 |e 22/bsb |f 09033 |g 438 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150492334391296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ADAM PERŁAKOWSKI
KARIERA I UPADEK
KRÓLEWSKIEGO
FAWORYTA
Aleksander Józef SUŁKOWSKI
wiatach 1695-1738
Kraków 2013
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp 7
Część 1 Pierwsze kroki w polityce 27
1 1 Początki w mrokach niejasności 27
12W elektorskim Dreźnie Pierwsze awanse w dworskiej hierarchii
urzędniczej 30
1 3 Pierwsze majątki w Saksonii i godności w Rzeczypospolitej 36
1 4 Pośrednik w awansach i karierach 37
1 5 Rodzinne radości i troski 40
1 6 „Łakomy kąsek dla Francji? 41
1 7 Wojskowe przymiarki: „Zaythaner Lager i kampanent czerniakowski 44
Część 2 U boku elektora saskiego podczas zabiegów o polską koronę 47
2 1 Śmierć Augusta II i co dalej? 47
2 2 Awanse, zaszczyty i nowa rola w Tajnym Gabinecie 52
2 3 Wyścig do tronu 60
2 4 Militarna i polityczna mobilizacja 68
2 5 Interwencja 71
2 6 Elekcja i jej konsekwencje 72
2 7 Wobec Europy 79
2 8 Podróż do Polski i krakowska koronacja 83
29U boku królewskiego w Polsce Przed wyprawą pod Gdańsk 87
2 10 Pod oblężonym Gdańskiem 91
Część 3 U szczytu powodzenia 97
31W służbie cesarskiej nad Renem 97
3 2 Pozorna stabilizacja 102
33U królewskiego boku w Warszawie Pierwsze próby pacyfikacji 104
3 4 Przed kampanią francuską 117
3 5 Nadreńskie Deja vu w 1735 r 125
3 6 Nieudany sejm 1735 r 130
3 7 Schyłek roku na królewskim dworze 132
3 8 Szczyt powodzenia czy początek końca? 134
3 9 Ku pacyfikacji Sytuacja przed sejmem 1736 r 141
3 10 Sejm w 1736 r 147
3 11 Oczekiwanie na spokój 151
3 12 Cisza przed burzą 161
Część 4 Pławiąc się w Pańskiej lasce 173
4 1 „Biuro pośrednictwa karier 173
4 2 Saskie i polskie rezydencje 187
6 Spis treści
43O majątki po Leszczyńskim 194
4 4 Inne formy i dowody łaski królewskiej 199
45W służbie „Św Huberta 205
Część 5 Teraz żadnej dać nie mogę rezolucyji, będąc oddalony a latere JKM PNM
Dymisja i jej konsekwencje 211
5 1 Co wiemy? 211
5 2 Ostatnie dni przed królewską decyzją 222
5 3 Dymisja 224
5 4 Opinie i komentarze 229
5 5 Wyjazd z Drezna 247
Uwagi końcowe 253
Tabele 261
Wykaz skrótów 279
Bibliografia 281
Indeks osobowy 301
Abstract 321
Abstract
Aleksander Józef Sułkowski
(1695-1762)
was one of the most important figures
of the political life in Saxony in the 30s of the 18th century. He was the only Pole
to achieve the highest positions and ranks at the Saxon royal court, for many years
being the closest and most faithful collaborator of the Polish prince Frederick Au¬
gustus II, and from the year
1734
of the king of Poland, Augustus III Wettin.
The beginnings of his career remain unknown. He undoubtedly studied in the
Warsaw s College of the Jesuits, and then around
1710
was admitted to the court
of Augustus II in Dresden. Within the years
1712—1719
he travelled with the prince
to Italy, France and the Empire. During that time friendship developed between
the prince and his page. After the marriage of prince Frederick Augustus II and
Maria Josepha of
Habsburg
(on August 20th,
1719),
Sułkowski
stayed in Dresden.
His Catholicism did not hinder the strengthening of his position at court. At the
same time he gradually built up his assets. As early as on September 27th,
1720,
he
received from Augustus II the estate of Szklary in the Cracow voivodeship, and two
years later he was appointed a kammerjunker at young prince s court. On March
12th,
1726
he assumed the command and position of the master of the royal hunt
in the hunting palace in Wermsdorf, where he soon became famous for organizing
sumptuous hunts. The next step in his career was the position of a Saxon equerry
that he received from Frederick Augustus II in
1733.
On the initiative of Crown
Prince, the Polish king handed down to
Sułkowski
a very prosperous estate of the
Sokolniki starostwo
(eldership) in the Republic.
Sułkowski
s
consecutive promo¬
tion was the rank of a captain in the grenadier company of the Saxon infantry
regiment. During the
Mühlberg
campament
in June
1730
he commanded one of the
infantry companies, situated opposite the royal headquarters. In
1732
he received
the nomination for colonel of the infantry regiment of general-lieutenant
Bogusław
Ernest Denhoff, as well as the command of the regiment and an invitation to the
royal encampment in
Czerniaków,
and on September 1st,
1732
he was appointed
the commander of the Prince s bodyguard regiment.
During the last years of Augustus II s reign,
Sułkowski
was considered to be
a valuable ally of France at the Saxon court. The French envoy in Poland, marquis
Antoni Feliks
Monti, suggested in
1731
that should Saxony be driven into Austrian
succession war,
Sułkowski
might gain considerable material profits in the form of
estates in Silesia and Bohemia. He even proposed granting remuneration of
3.300
florins a year to
Sułkowski.
The Saxon envoy in Paris,
Karl Heinrich von Hoym,
reported to Augustus II
Sułkowski
s
pro-French attitude. In March
1732
king
322
Abstract
Louis
XV ordered
Monti
to tout
Sułkowski
into the pro-French party by offering
him remuneration. That plan however did not succeed. The pro-French company
in Dresden was soon destroyed and Hoym removed from court.
Supposedly in January
1733,
i.e. still before Augustus IPs death,
Sułkowski
was
sent to Berlin in order to examine the possibility of becoming closer to Frederick
William I of
Hohenzollern.
After the death of the ailing king (on February
1
st,
1733),
it was directly stated that in Dresden the epoch of
Sułkowski
began. Also from
that time, the more and more severe rivalry between
Sułkowski
and another king s
favourite,
Heinrich von Brühl
dates back. At the beginning of
1733,
Sułkowski
and
Brühl
acquainted themselves with Flemming s reflections upon the
1697
election,
and
Sułkowski
himself was of the opinion that the struggle for the Polish crown
would consume considerable funds (above
1,5
mm of
thalers).
Only two days after
the king s death,
Sułkowski
sent letters to Polish magnates asking for supporting
the Saxon candidacy for the Polish throne. He also took part in conferences upon
means of winning over Polish supporters and neutralizing the anti-Saxon policy
of the primate
Teodor Potocki. Sułkowski
might be the author of the composition
Uwagi
{Remarks), intended for Saxon envoys to the Republic and concerning the
political attitude, abilities and usability to the Saxon court of thirty personages of
the Polish political scene. At the same time
Sułkowski
received more promotions
to Saxon offices. In March
1733
he was appointed the director of
Grünes Gewölbe
treasury in Dresden and the chamberlain of the Saxon court
{Oberkammerherr),
he
also gained control of the elector s funds, from then on spending more and more
money on the residing in Warsaw Joseph Anton Gabaleon Wackerbarth-Salmour
and Wolf
Heinrich von Baudussin,
who in turn won over Polish supporters. By the
elector s decree of June 22nd,
1733,
Sułkowski
was appointed Lord High Steward
and the Saxon cabinet minister. Initially, he administered the Department of Foreign
Affairs, and from October 19th,
1733,
together with
Brühl, also
the Department of
Internal Affairs. He also received all information on the activities of the military
department, directed by Marshal Augustus
Christoph von Wackerbarth.
He was
appointed Marshal s official deputy, thus they both performed the function of the
department s heads. However, the double management of the internal and foreign
departments caused problems in the information flow between
Sułkowski,
Brühl
and Augustus III Vettin and disorder in departments current activities. Each of
the two ministers, formally of equal importance, believed his decisions were most
important and decisive, though during the Polish throne war
Sułkowski
played
a much more important role, being called by some the Prime Minister. The lack of
a clear distinction of competences between the two ministers was the reason of their
first severe clash in the middle of October
1733.
At that time Augustus III issued
a regulation under which
Brühl was
granted supreme authority over the affairs in
Reich and religion in Saxony, however he was obliged to inform
Sułkowski
of
everything. From then on both ministers were to draw up the regulations proposals
and present them to the elector. Yet at the beginning of Decmeber
1733
the ruler
323
released
Sułkowski
from work upon document concepts and the entire bureaucratic
work befell Briihl.
The year
1733
was for
Sułkowski
a series of success. Apart from numerous of¬
fices granted by the Crown Prince, in September that year he received the hereditary
title of the count of the Roman Empire together with an indygenat in Reich. Also
in September, Frederick Augustus II allowed the
Sułkowski
family to be decorated
with a Saxon coat of arms. In December
1733
the minister accompanied the elector
in his travel to Poland where the latter was crowned in the royal castle in Cracow in
January
1734.
On the occasion of the crowning celebrations, Augustus III awarded
his minister the Order of the White Eagle and several days later he presented him
the nomination for general-major of the infantry. Soon he received from the king
the estates in Upper Lusatia (Neschwitz) as well as real estates in Dresden and in
its suburbs (the
Übigau
palace). Promotions and privileges in the following years
were only a matter of time. In December
1734
Sułkowski
was promoted to the rank
of general-lieutenant. In October
1735
Augustus III presented him the
Kazimierz
palace in Warsaw.
Sułkowski
was also present in Warsaw during the Pacifica¬
tion
sejm
(June—July,
1736)
and at the time he received, together with Briihl, the
Russian Order of St. Andrew (he had already received the Russian Order of St.
Alexander Nevsky and the Bavarian Order of St. Hubert). In the following years he
purchased the
Sułkowskis
family village
—
Sułkowo Borowe.
On July 9th,
1736
he drew a contract of tenancy with Briihl and Grand Treasurer of the Crown, Jan
Kanty Moszyński,
concerning the rent of the salt mines in
Wieliczka
and
Bochnia
(prolonged in
1737
for further
8
years). In
1737
the king passed on to
Sułkowski
the command of his bodyguard regiment. He was also given the leadership of two
smaller grenadier units and all of them were united into a grand infantry unit, the
so called bodyguard on foot
{Leibgarde zu
Fuss) that was subordinate directly to
the king.
The year
1737
was also a turning point for the Polish crown. The Russian
army, from August
1733
operating in the Polish Republic, decided upon the result
of the election and outcome of the rivalry between the supporters of Vettin and
Leszczyński.
At that time
Sułkowski
was active in politics, but not to the degree
he had been predestined by his position. Admittedly, in the first half of
1733
he
took part in numerous councils and ministerial conferences with the presence of
foreign envoys (e.g. in February in Cracow and in May in Leipzig), together with
the envoys of Russia and the Empire, as well as with Briihl and Wackerbarth-
-Salmour. During those conferences they considered the issues concerning deploy¬
ing the Saxon army, stationed in Poland from November
1733,
and partaking of
Russia and Austria in a potential war with Turkey, as well as the Saxon support
for the above mentioned activities. In
1734
Sułkowski
had the first opportunity to
participate in military activities during the siege of
Gdańsk
by the Russian army.
Stanisław Leszczyński
with his supporters and French forces took refuge in the
city. However,
Sułkowski
did not directly take part in battle, rather satisfied with
324
Abstract
the role of a passive observer. Soon he left to the front of the French-Austrian
war upon Rhine, taking the lead of the Saxon supportive corps. Together with
Augustus II s natural sons, count Frederick Augustus Rutowski and
Johann Georg,
Chevalier
de Saxe,
Sułkowski
was given a cold welcome by prince Eugene of
Savoy, the commander-in-chief of the imperial army, and then was sent back to
Saxony, where he returned in the middle of September,
1734.
During
Sułkowski
s
stay in the West, the old marshal
Wackerbarth
died in Dresden and
Sułkowski
took over his management of the military affairs department. The minister never
concealed his military ambitions, yet reality forced him to verify his intentions.
The subsequent campaigns: another one in the West in
1735
and the Hungarian
one against Turkey in
1737,
proved
Sułkowski
did not possess military talents he
might have revealed in battlefield.
During the interregnum period and war for the Polish throne in the years
1733—
1736,
Sułkowski
accompanied the king almost constantly. With a few exceptions
when he had to leave court (e.g. during war campaigns) he was always ready to
serve the ruler, was at his beck and call, thus having access to the most important
matters the king was busy with. This of course resulted in specific benefits, not
only financial, but such that cannot be translated into any currency.
Sułkowski
was
at the time the most important figure at royal court. He was the one addressed for
help, support or just favour. Many people owed to
Sułkowski
receiving privileges,
lands or senate offices and military ranks. The number of people whom
Sułkowski
helped to gain nominations is difficult to estimate, but it definitely included a large
group of the nobles (several dozen people) from Poland and Saxony.
From the point of view of financial security,
Sułkowski
s
most important
achievement was taking over via purchase the estates of
Stanisław Leszczyński
and his wife Catherine of
Opaliński
in Greater Poland. Those estates later became
the foundation of the power of the so called Rydzyna
Ordynat
that existed until
the Second World War. Despite many procedural difficulties, unclear commit¬
ments and debts that encumbered the
Leszczyński
estates, in July and August,
1737,
Sułkowski
obtained the purchase rights and in October
ofthat
year he took
possession of the property.
During the negotiations concerning purchasing
Stanislaw
Leszczyński
s
estates
in Greater Poland (the spring and summer of
1737),
Sułkowski
was getting ready
for another military campaign, this time against Turkey. Pursuant to the military
convention concluded between Saxony and the Empire in April
1737,
a supportive
corps of above
8
thousand soldiers for the emperor was sent to war with
Porta.
Sułkowski
took over the formal command of the Saxon units on May 4th,
1737,
and two weeks later he was promoted to the rank of infantry general. Just before
the campaign he left with the whole royal family to Neuhaus in Bohemia, where
during the meeting with Wilhelmine
Amalia
of
Brunswick-Lüneburg,
the widow of
the emperor Joseph I of
Habsburg,
he debated on the marital plans for the princes
and princesses.
Sułkowski
was a keen advocate of the marriage between prince
325
Frederick Christian and one of the daughters of Maria
Leszczyńska
and Louis XV
of Bourbon. At the end of June,
1737
Sułkowski
left for Hungary together with
the regiment of prince Adolphus II of
Sachsen-Weißenfels,
and then he headed
for the Turkish front near Belgrade. The Saxon forces under Sulkowski s direct
command were not used in battle and stayed in Belgrade as a reserve for the im¬
perial army. Therefore the minister passed the command on to Rutowski and left
Belgrade. He was not present during the decisive battle of the campaign, upon
the river Timok in eastern Serbia. Those prejudiced to
Sułkowski
accused him of
cowardice during the campaign. However Augustus III apparently did not share
such a harsh judgement of his minister, as in October
1737
he donated to him the
Piaseczyn starostwo
and the newly established Military Order of St. Henry, the
Saxon highest military decoration.
Probably as early as in autumn
1737,
Briihl made secret preparations to remove
Sułkowski
from court.
Sułkowski
did not foresee the incoming tragedy and was
not at all prepared for it. On February 5th in his Dresden residence, general Baudis-
sin passed on to him the king s decision of dismissal with the ban from court and
appearance before the king.
Sułkowski
kept the rank and title of cabinet minister
and infantry general, with the remuneration of
6
thousand
thalers. In
the Polish
and German historiographies appeared many interpretations of the reasons for such
outcome. The official cause of the dismissal was the minister s loss of temper
and lack of respect towards the king. Admittedly,
Sułkowski
was reputed to be
hot-tempered and haughty. It was stressed that on many occasions he addressed
the queen with contempt or demonstrated his sulks and whims to the monarch.
He often accused the king of underestimating his military involvement into the
Turkey war. Some believed that Austria played the decisive role in Sutkowski s
dismissal, in response to the project he inspired of acquiring the imperial crown
by Augustus III, including plans of taking over Bohemia by the Saxon army in
the event of Charles VI of Habsbourg s death. Briihl, who knew the contents of
the memorial, allegedly sent a summary report to Vienna and the emperor took
immediate action to discredit the minister. Moreover, it was suggested
Sułkowski
fell victim to a plot conspired by the royal couple, Bruhl and the king s confessor,
a Jesuit Ignatius Guarini. Rumours arose that
Sułkowski
secretly contacted French
diplomacy, or perhaps even Turkish one, on the occasion of the
1737
campaign,
as well as opinions that intrigues of the Czartoryskis inflicted the favourite s
dismissal, as he blocked their influences at court, or that ambiguities concerning
Sułkowski
taking over the
Leszczyński
estates might also be the reason for the
disgrace of the hitherto favourite. Maria Josepha, the king s wife was also accused
of leading to
Sułkowski
s
dismissal due to the alleged affair between Augustus III
and the favourite s wife. Another reason for Suikowski s removal might have been
Augustus III giving up on the concept of a common Polish-Saxon government.
The minister tried to discuss the reasons for his dismissal directly with the king,
326
Abstract
they even met in the afternoon on February 5th,
1738,
yet Augustus III decidedly
confirmed his decision. That was their last conversation.
Suikowski s dismissal caused
disorientation
among the Polish political elites.
Initially, only the closest court entourage was aware of the news of the dismissal
and the minister had to directly refuse his intercession and refer his correspondents
to
Brühl. An
anonymous informer from the Saxon court reported that Poles are
worried, but the Germans are pleased with Suikowski s downfall . The neighbour¬
ing courts expressed their satisfaction with Suikowski s removal, the only concern
being that he might impede the Saxon and Russian interests in Poland. Numerous
lampoons were issued, accusing him of the willingness to remove
Brühl, Löwen-
dahl and Baudissin from court.
Having knowledge of the preserved sources it is difficult to clearly decide what
was the reason for
Aleksander Józef
Sutkowski s dismissal from the function of
the Saxon minister. Undoubtedly many issues constituted the situation. One cannot
exclude the activities of the Austrian diplomacy, and perhaps also the Russian one.
However, some of the possible reasons that were included in the historiography
shall be decidedly ruled out. The first issue to question is the alleged moral scandal
provoked by Sulkowski, concerning the immoral proposal that Augustus III was to
maintain his mistress at court. One might unfavourably judge Suikowski s activity
in the political domain, but he would never go so far as to suggest such matter to
the king. Most probably this version was fabricated soon after the dismissal, to
satisfy the moment s need, and maybe its author was
Brühl
himself. It is also dif¬
ficult to accept the theory that Suikowski s dismissal was a result of the fiasco of
the concept of creating a common, Polish-Saxon government for the union state.
Augustus III Vettin was not able to realize such far-reaching and innovative ideas.
My personal opinion is that Suikowski s dismissal was the result of the classic
competition for power in the king s surrounding, a duel of king s favourites won
by
Heinrich von Brühl
who from that moment enjoyed the contact with Augustus III
on an almost exclusive basis.
After leaving Dresden,
Sułkowski
stayed in his estates in
Übigau
and Ne-
schwitz. Having obtained a freedom of travel, he left for Rydzyna at the end of
March
1738.
On the basis of the king s decree of April
1
1th, he was paid from the
royal funds
658 999 thalers (ca. 5 270 000
Polish
zlotys)
for purchasing
Stanisław
Leszczynski s estates. Following his previous promise, on May 30th,
1738,
Augus¬
tus III granted him the
starostwo
of
Odolanów
and
Nowy Dwór.
On September
1
9th,
173 8
Sulkowski left for
Leszno.
From then on he devoted himself to extension and
development of his estates and education of his children. He led an active social
life among neighbours, organizing parties and carnival balls in
Leszno.
Yet he did
not take part in political life. His career came to an end and since then Sulkowski
functioned exclusively as a private person, a good host able to free off debts and
restore his estates in Greater Poland.
327
Sułkowski
certainly was not a great politician. On no account can he be defined
as a statesman of Saxony or the Polish-Lithuanian Repbulic. His short and bril¬
liant career was insignificant apart from the fact he accumulated the amount of
power his predecessors might only dream of. However, he was unable to utilize
it to create his own political circle, or a political concept concerning the mutual
functioning of Poland and Saxony. He felt comfortable at court, beside the king,
always ready to answer his call. He tolerated
Brühl,
but only in the background
and wanted to keep the status quo forever. He did not notice that sooner or later the
contest between them was inevitable and the winner might only be one of them.
Brühl
had more of the instinct for self-preservation and knew he had to get rid of
Sułkowski,
otherwise he would have to leave court himself.
Sułkowski
lost in the
end, but not because he was too weak, but because he was taken by surprise and
had no ready scenario to follow in such situation.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Perłakowski, Adam 1973- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)116745779X |
| author_facet | Perłakowski, Adam 1973- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Perłakowski, Adam 1973- |
| author_variant | a p ap |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041107137 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)854742828 (DE-599)BVBBV041107137 |
| era | Geschichte 1695-1738 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1695-1738 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02505nam a2200553 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV041107137</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20190227 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">130625s2013 |||| 00||| pol d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9788362261581</subfield><subfield code="9">978-83-62261-58-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="z">8362261587</subfield><subfield code="9">8362261587</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)854742828</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV041107137</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">pol</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7,41</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Perłakowski, Adam</subfield><subfield code="d">1973-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)116745779X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta</subfield><subfield code="b">Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738</subfield><subfield code="c">Adam Perłakowski</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Kraków</subfield><subfield code="b">Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"</subfield><subfield code="c">2013</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">327 s.</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Studia z Historii Nowożytnej</subfield><subfield code="v">1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bibliogr. s. 281-300. Indeks</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762)</subfield><subfield code="2">jhpk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) / biografia</subfield><subfield code="2">jhpk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">August / III Sas / (król Polski / 1696-1763)</subfield><subfield code="2">jhpk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef</subfield><subfield code="d">1695-1762</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)139715061</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1695-1738</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Biografie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4006804-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Polska / 1697-1763 (Wettinowie)</subfield><subfield code="2">jhpk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef</subfield><subfield code="d">1695-1762</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)139715061</subfield><subfield code="D">p</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Biografie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4006804-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1695-1738</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1695-1738</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Studia z Historii Nowożytnej</subfield><subfield code="v">1</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV041107136</subfield><subfield code="9">1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HEBIS Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083420&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083420&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026083420</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">900</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09033</subfield><subfield code="g">438</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Polska / 1697-1763 (Wettinowie) jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polska / 1697-1763 (Wettinowie) Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV041107137 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788362261581 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026083420 |
| oclc_num | 854742828 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 327 s. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studia z Historii Nowożytnej |
| series2 | Studia z Historii Nowożytnej |
| spelling | Perłakowski, Adam 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)116745779X aut Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 Adam Perłakowski Kraków Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" 2013 327 s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studia z Historii Nowożytnej 1 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 281-300. Indeks Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) jhpk Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) / biografia jhpk August / III Sas / (król Polski / 1696-1763) jhpk Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef 1695-1762 (DE-588)139715061 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1695-1738 gnd rswk-swf Biografie (DE-588)4006804-3 gnd rswk-swf Polska / 1697-1763 (Wettinowie) jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef 1695-1762 (DE-588)139715061 p Biografie (DE-588)4006804-3 s Geschichte 1695-1738 z DE-604 Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Studia z Historii Nowożytnej 1 (DE-604)BV041107136 1 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083420&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083420&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Perłakowski, Adam 1973- Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 Studia z Historii Nowożytnej Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) jhpk Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) / biografia jhpk August / III Sas / (król Polski / 1696-1763) jhpk Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef 1695-1762 (DE-588)139715061 gnd Biografie (DE-588)4006804-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)139715061 (DE-588)4006804-3 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 |
| title_auth | Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 |
| title_exact_search | Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 |
| title_full | Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 Adam Perłakowski |
| title_fullStr | Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 Adam Perłakowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 Adam Perłakowski |
| title_short | Kariera i upadek królewskiego faworyta |
| title_sort | kariera i upadek krolewskiego faworyta aleksander jozef sulkowski w latach 1695 1738 |
| title_sub | Aleksander Józef Sułkowski w latach 1695 - 1738 |
| topic | Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) jhpk Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) / biografia jhpk August / III Sas / (król Polski / 1696-1763) jhpk Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef 1695-1762 (DE-588)139715061 gnd Biografie (DE-588)4006804-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) Sułkowski, Aleksander Józef / (1695-1762) / biografia August / III Sas / (król Polski / 1696-1763) Sulkowski, Aleksander Józef 1695-1762 Biografie Polska / 1697-1763 (Wettinowie) Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083420&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083420&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041107136 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT perłakowskiadam karieraiupadekkrolewskiegofaworytaaleksanderjozefsułkowskiwlatach16951738 |