Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija?: aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Tangra TanNakRa IK
2013
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| Ausgabe: | 2., dop. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Batak 1876 - myth or history? - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 313 S., [8] Bl. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789543780983 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150491907620864 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface
/ 5
Today s Knowledge of the Revival: Challenges
and Opportunities for Response
/17
Prof
Marin Drinov s
view
of the Bulgarian National Revival
/ 28
The Rebels as Targets
(Post-totalitarian problems in
the iconography of Bulgarian national revolutionaries)
/ 36
Botev and Death
/ 56
The April Uprising
-
the brighter, the most genuine and
most dramatic episode of the Bulgarian Revival
/ 66
The April Uprising
-
social-class and socio-psychological
dimensions
/ 73
The
Batak
Massacre
-
Myth or History?
/ 80
The road to the Exarchate or how we embraced
a slogan in
1868,
which today is the motto of the
EU
/145
The Exarchate
-
an actual beginning of the
modern Bulgarian state?
/153
Vasil Levski meeting Stoyan Chomakov?
/162
Vasil Levski
-
the Bulgarian Dream
(Jubilee-nontraditional
,
pro-American revolutionary
and evolutionary perspectives)
/178
Report of Count Ignatiev of Sofia trial from the
end of
1872
and the beginning of
1873 / 205
An unfulfilled love: Count Ignatiev and Bulgaria
/ 208
Summary
/219
Appendix.
Excerpts from the original texts of interviewers and foreign
journalists
who visited
Batak
in the summer of
1876 / 244
The Suffuring in Bulgaria
(by Henry O. Dwight
&
the Rev. James F. Clarke
(1876) / 244
Mr. Schuyler s Preliminary Report
on the Moslem Atrocities
/ 246
Walter Baring s Report on the Bulgarian
Insurrection of
1876 / 250
J. A. Macgahan s Letter to „The Daily News
/ 255
Karl Schneider:
Ein bulgarisches Dorf-
als
grauenvolle Schädelstätte / 274
Albin Rozet:
Réfutation du rapport d Edib
Efendi
/ 276
References
and Notes
/ 280
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Предговор
/ 5
Възрожденознанието днес: предизвикателства
и възможности за отговор
/17
Възгледът
на проф.
Марин Дринов
за Българското национално възраждане
/ 28
Бунтарите на прицел
(Посттоталитарни проблеми
в иконографията на българските
националреволюционери)
/ 36
Ботев и смъртта
/ 56
Априлското въстание
-
най-ярък, най-неподправен
и най-драматичен епизод от Българското възраждане
/ 66
Априлското въстание
-
социално-класови и
социално-психологически измерения
/ 73
Баташкото клане
-
мит или история?
/ 80
Пътят към Екзархията или как в
1868
издигнахме лозунг,
който днес е девиз на ЕС
/145
Екзархията
-
фактическо начало
на модерната българска държавност?
/153
Среща на Васил Левски със Стоян Чомаков?
/162
Васил Левски
-
българската мечта
(Юбилейно-нетрадиционни, проамерикански и революци-
онно-еволюционни
ракурси)
/178
Доклад на граф Игнатиев за Софийския процес
от края на
1872
и началото на
1873 / 205
Една несбъдната любов: граф Игнатиев и България/
208
Резюме на английски
/219
Приложение.
Извадки от оригиналните текстове на чуждестранните
анкетьори и журналисти, посетили Батак през лятото
на
1876/244
The Suffuring in Bulgaria (by Henry O. Dwight
&
the Rev. James
F. Clarke
(1876)/244
Mr. Schuyler s Preliminary Report on the
Moslem
Atrocities
/ 246
Walter
Baring s
Report
on the Bulgarian
Insurrection of
1876/250
J. A. Macgahan s Letter to „The Daily News /
255
Karl Schneider:
Ein bulgarisches Dorf-
als
grauenvolle Schädelstätte / 274
Albin Rozet:
Réfutation du rapport d Edib
Efendi
/ 276
Бележки и позовавания
/ 280
BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
CURRENT TEXTS IN BULGARIAN REVIVAL
(Summary)
Preface
The collection contains texts written in the last ten
years. They can be divided into two groups. Some illus¬
trate the author s continued activities
-
especially with
Dr
Chomakov, but also with Prof Drinov, Levski, Botev, Count
Ignatiev, the Church question, the April Uprising, etc. Most
of the texts are already published in collections and maga¬
zines or newspapers. Together, they connect with each
other to increase their potential impact and to recreate sci-
entifical and histrorical context of the
Batak
1876
theme.
Once checked in public turnover, here they, because of
expansion and improvement of scientific knowledge, are
generally reproduced textured
-
with additions, correc¬
tions or cuts.
Others are inspired by the political situation, whose
factors strongly pronounced the Bulgarian National Re¬
vival as a myth. In
2007,
a battle took place in the Bul¬
garian media between the classical and the new views,
the latter proclaimed as postmodernist, of Bulgarian Re¬
vival, underpinned by the attempt
1876
Batak
massacre
to be presented as a myth. In
2010,
Bulgarian Orthodox
Church decided to canonize as martyrs the
Batak
victims
of
1876
and take under its management the St Nedelya
Church. Its
charnel
museum was turned into an
operat-
220
ma Todev
„BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
ing temple. Disputes about
Batak
flamed again: would not
this be a new step
-
if not a final one
-
in a campaign for
mythification of
Batak
massacre? Due to the increased
and sustained public interest, namely this theme occupies
the central position in the collection. The author believes
that it is legitimate to speak of
Batak
1876,
by which the
mass armed uprising of the citizens of
Batak
is meant in
response to the call of
Giurgiu
revolutionary committee for
nationwide liberation uprising. What followed was a de¬
feat and an indiscriminate slaughter, and finally came the
reaction of the international community, through which the
Bulgarian cause triumphed.
The main text in the collection
(Batak
Massacre
-
Myth or History?) is complemented by the foreign inqui¬
ries made in
Batak
in the summer of
1876
about what
happened there two and a half months earlier. They are
the direct and most reliable connection with the element
of the past that we are interested in. The one who wants
to indulge in history, but does not believe historians, as
it is now fashionable to do, has one only alternative: to
learn to read the sources, ie to be a historian himself.
The appendix is also related with suggestions that the
evidence of
Batak
massacre were produced in response
to a picture of the same name by Polish artist A. Pio-
trowski
-
and in some instances this has been regarded
as image-ma-king , but is rather understood as myth-
making.
It is true that there are no preserved pictorial docu¬
ments testifying to what happened in
Batak
in the spring
of
1876,
but it is superbly documented in the attached for¬
eigners texts on its tiot tracks
-
and the objectivity of
the writing of these foreigners is not disputed by any seri¬
ous scholar. Historical inquiry generally appreciates much
more verbal than pictorial testimony, which usually has a
Summary
221
low coefficient of determination and informativeness and
generally serves to illustrate the writing.
What s more important in this case
-
the authenticity
of one or another image is not necessarily a function of
the simultaneity of its creation with the represented event.
For example, the Romanian TV revolution from the end
of
1989,
that the world saw live, was pure fabrication. On
the other hand, however, no one doubts that, for examp¬
le, the shooting down in Madrid on May
3, 1808,
one of
which is depicted in the famous picture of Goya May
3
has actually taken place, even though the picture was
created six years later.
The author mentions the work of Goya in another,
more important, respect. Most likely it is referred to by
Zlatyu Boyadzhiev with his
Batak
Massacre, a reproduc¬
tion of which stands on the cover of this book. This pain¬
ting is the most picturesque interpretation of the theme.
Besides the similar martyr s atmosphere and the obvious
similarity between the two central figures in the paintings,
the event represented by Z. Boyadzhiev also happened
on May
3,
but after the Old Style, and in
1876
in
Batak
instead of in Madrid in
1808.
This is the moment when the
bashibozouks rushed into the St Nedelya Church, the last
stronghold of
Batak
rebels. In the
Batak
Massacre pain¬
ting one can seek quotes by Delacroix (Liberty Leading
the People), Rembrandt (The Abduction of Ganymede),
and Michelangelo (The Last Judgement).
The texts in the collection often overlap and blend
into each other. This, as the author hopes, will contribute
to a resonant sounding of the book and will demonstrate
the versatile properties of the selected topics in a factual,
structural and interpretational aspect.
222
Ща
Todev
„BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
Today s Knowledge of the Revival:
Challenges and Opportunities for Response
The text presents the status and challenges for re¬
search on the Bulgarian transition from tradition to moder¬
nity, offering the scientific knowledge in this area to be re¬
ferred to as Knowledge of the Revival. The author enters
into polemics with allegations that the Bulgarian National
Revival is a myth and that those who do not deconstruct
it, should be considered as traditionalists. The author
claims that those indulging in the topic should be divided
first into professionals and non-professionals. Traditiona¬
lists among professionals are those who defend the sta¬
tus quo
-
if they say something big, it would not be a new
thing, while the new thing they would say, would not be a
big thing. Only those who sufficiently seriously say some¬
thing that is both new and big deserve to be referred to
as inventors. The most notable division criterion is result,
while methods are something minor
-
for great results can
be achieved with traditional and non-traditional methods
alike. But in order to be clear what is what, an academic
assessment is needed, which in Bulgaria almost lacks. So
a major problem not only for the knowledge of Revival, but
also for the studies in Bulgarian history in general is, How
to create scientific criticism? The problem can be solved
by a serious and long-term research project carried out by
a panel of professional scientists dealing with the Revival
Period and aimed at a qualified critical judgment in histo¬
riography within, for example, a Bulgarian Revival Period
encyclopaedia. Bulgaria has changed the direction of its
development; it is guided by new values and has diffe¬
rent goals
-
and this in turn, allows for a new understan¬
ding of the historical process. The most serious methodo¬
logical flaw in the Revival Period quest is the economic
Summary
223
determinism that existed long before totalitarian ideology
monopolized history. What happened in history can not
be explained by this factor alone. Bulgarian Revival, for
example, is almost a miracle created by the magic of an
idea and by the will of a few individuals. Another problem
is the correct assessment of the revolutionary struggles,
which are highly magnified and exaggerated. In the Re¬
vival Period greatest historical value has church struggle.
It stands in an intimate relationship with present European
values. This relationship is evidenced by the slogan under
which the Bulgarian Church recovered its independence
and which coincides with the EU s motto: Free in order,
united in diversity. In conclusion, the author argues that
the Revival is not chauvinist, communist, pro-Russian or
Turkophobic
mythologem.
It has all the
raisons d être
of a
full field of science
-
least because there lie the roots of
present-day Bulgaria, but rather because they deserve to
be studied, to be strengthened, and not undermined.
Prof
Marin Drinov s
view
of the Bulgarian National Revival
Addressing significant inconsistencies in Drinov s sta¬
tements on the topic, the author believes that in this case
the study entitled Bulgarians and the Constantinople Pat¬
riarchate
(1871)
is the most important one. Its analysis
shows that Drinov identifies the Revival Period with the
Church problem, seen as recovery of both the former dis¬
position of the collective consciousness, and the institu¬
tion, which is a guardian of its expression. This process is
initiated and maintained by Paisius and his formulation of
the national idea. Its lower limit is the year
1762
(when the
Slav-Bulgarian History is completed), and the upper one is
224
Ща
Todev
„BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
1870
(when a Sultan s firman restored the Bulgarian Na¬
tional Church under the name Exarchate). The concept
proposed by Drinov is a monistic one
-
and as such it is
characterized by logic, clarity, and simplicity. Its other great
merit is the successful rationalization of the brightest and
most unique revival fact, Paisius History. However, the
concept may provoke objections, clarifications and addi¬
tions. It would be most appropriate to talk about the Na¬
tional Revival in two aspects
-
a narrow (Drinov s) one and
a broad one. The broad sense complies with the objection
that the process differentiated by Drinov can not exist in¬
dependently, but only in relationship to what is happening
to the Bulgarians in the socio-economic, demographic and
political sphere. The term National Revival would then be
understood conditionally, and the resulting set of realities
would be perceived as Bulgarian transition from Tradition
to Modernity. A reservation should be made that the term
National Revival acquires a conditional sense, that in its
content the replicas of past states are vibrant, but not the
most important ones, and also that, ultimately, it s not so
much a revival of something old, but primarily a birth of
something new. If the Slav-Bulgarian History is accepted
as a lower limit of the Revival Period, the year
1912
would
the most appropriate upper one
-
when, thanks to the First
Balkan War, the prospects of success of what was started
by Paisius seemed almost one hundred percent certain.
The Rebels as Targets
(Post-totalitarian problems in the iconography
of Bulgarian national revolutionaries)
This text makes a critical examination of these four
emerging theses:
Summary
233
1.
Revival Period rebels, insurgents, and revolutiona¬
ries should not be heroicized, but condemned because,
from the perspective of Christianity, they were demons
of evil: they preached and performed acts of hatred, vio¬
lence, death, and suicide, while from the perspective of
the Ottoman Empire they were terrorists. This thesis is
opposed by the author with the argument that no Christian
country has gained or protected its independence without
violence or that no violence was exercised in the name
of law. Jesus preaches love, but not against government
rule
-
Render someone his due , he says. Secular rule
can not exist without violence, the author, of course, does
not praise this fact. He argues that to condemn those
who fought in arms for the creation of the Third Bulga¬
rian state, will mean that you want to be more Christian
than Christ himself. Another flawed attempt is to declare
the armed struggle for the restoration of the Bulgarian
state as terrorist. Terrorism is a form of illegal violence,
both in the meaning of one or another national legislation,
and international law. But Bulgarians are a nation and as
such are entitled to self-determination, which they exer¬
cised through the April Uprising
-
and its goal achieved
with the help of Russia, received international sanction
of the Great Powers by the Treaty of Berlin
(1878).
That
is, the armed struggle of the Bulgarians for statehood is
legal, illegal, ie state terrorism, is the violence with which
the Ottoman Empire attempted to prevent them from hav¬
ing such a state.
2.
Bulgarian revolutionary movement during the Re¬
vival Period is actually Freemasonry and its patron him¬
self, Vasil Levski, is a Freemason as well. The author con¬
siders this view as a result of presentism and disregard
for conventional rules of scientific and historical research.
Indeed, Levski was influenced by Masonic practices and
234
Ща
Todev
„BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
vocabulary. But given the lack of data for the initiation,
which is conditio sine qua
non
for the transition to a free
mason, it is much more logical to see Levski just as a
patriot, Christian and humanist than as a Mason. Further¬
more, there is no evidence of Levski to have considered
himself a Freemason, or of others perceiving him as such.
And finally, Freemasonry is elitist; it is something as bour¬
geois International. Levski is not elitist; he is popular, from
among ordinary people.
3.
Bulgarian National Revival is a myth
-
invented
and even funny are its most celebrated actors, ie revo¬
lutionaries. This is the main claim in the acclaimed book
by R.
Daskalov,
How to Think of Bulgarian Revival (So¬
fia,
2003).
In his comments, I. Todev argues that the ap¬
proach of R.
Daskalov
is singular
-
historiography has
become an independent research facility, although it goes
only like a pair of shoes with history. The lack of a pen¬
dant built on solid documentary foundations casts serious
doubt the conceptual and estimated value of How to Think
Bulgarian Revival and attests it mainly as a relativistic and
anti-historian work. Diminution and making Revival Period
revolutionaries ridiculous is against the historical facts.
4.
The fourth view which I. Todev himself shares is
as follows: Revival Period revolutionaries are great; they
are heroes because they have a huge contribution to the
restoration of the Bulgarian state. But no less important
are the merits of evolutionists
-
the other main party in the
Bulgarian national liberation movement. The great work
of the latter has continued to mobilize the Bulgarians in
a nation and to achieve its official recognition in the face
of the Exarchate by the authoritative factors. Without the
Bulgarian national Church, restored in
1870,
the revolu¬
tionary efforts (including the April Uprising) would have
remained futile. Because, if rebellion was not in the name
Summary
235
of an officially recognized nation, it could easily be billed
as normal banditry by the international community; the
latter would rather condemn its objectives than support
them. To express the authentic proportions between both,
one does not have to degrade revolutionaries, but to exalt
evolutionists.
Botev and Death.
Unlike Patrick Henry s slogan Freedom or death!,
which was adopted by many national revolutionary move¬
ments, including the Bulgarian one, Botev was intoxicated
by another, more extreme finish of the fight, which involved
Heroic Freedom and Death. Since September
11, 2001
some have tried to interpret this vision of the staunchest
Bulgarian insurgent as suicidal terrorism in a kamikaze-
style. However, it is primarily moral and redemptive, being
an ethical imperative of fighting, in which the innocent are
also hurt, and is mostly inspired by
Karl von Moor,
the
main character in Schiller s Robbers.
The April Uprising
-
the brighter, the most genuine and most dramatic
episode of the Bulgarian Revival
This is an interview with the Uchitelsko
Delo
[Tea¬
chers work] Newspaper. It draws parallels of some iconic
events of the Bulgarian Revival to other places and times:
for example, Botev and Che Guevara, defenders of Pe-
rushtitsa
(1876)
and
Masada
(73
AD), the massacres in
Batak
(1876)
and Kanpur
(1857).
The author expresses
his views on the position of the Great Powers to the Eas-
236
Ilia Todev
„BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
tern Crisis
1875-1878,
on the echo of the April Uprising
(1876)
in the world and why it failed (in fact the author
regards the uprising as successful as it met its goals), on
the beginning of the new Bulgarian state (according to the
author, this process starts with the Sultan s firman for the
Exarchate from
27
February/11 March
1870).
The April Uprising
-
social-class and socio-psychological dimensions
The April Uprising stands out as a rare successful
case of the otherwise difficult in the Bulgarian conditions
cooperation between the major social classes and back¬
grounds
-
peasants, bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia. It
is a nation-wide cooperation
-
not in the sense that it in¬
volves all Bulgarian settlements, from the smallest to the
biggest one, or all Bulgarians, from the first to the last
one, but because it combines the efforts of the active part
of all social classes. Pointing out that in the April Uprising
the most active and popular were intellectuals and pea¬
sants, the author comments from the perspective of some
of the main concepts of the
Annales
School. He believes
that this major event in modern Bulgarian history, among
other things, is a clear evidence for the significant role of
mentality, which is one of the important parameters of the
long-term period. The tragic rebellion of
1876
is revealed
to us as a non-homogeneous mixture of the slow time of
Bulgarian peasants and the fast, explosive, eventful time
needed by the intelligentsia.
Summary
237
The
Batak
Massacre
-
Myth or History?
This is the main text in the collection. It consists of two
parts. The first is theoretical and polemical. The author be¬
lieves that the term myth should be understood as state¬
ments that do not find support in the historical sources. For
the
Batak
massacre there are very reliable documents.
First is the report of Walter Baring, Secretary at the Bri¬
tish Embassy in Constantinople, who, on the instructions
of his government, made a special trip through Bulgaria
to establish the truth about the April Uprising and its sup¬
pression. With such qualitative evidence,
Batak
massacre
can not be considered a myth. Alas!
-
It is history. On
the other hand, the author agrees that historical evidence
is too often used in ideological constructions, which, with
all the necessary reservations, can be termed (political)
myths. This, however, does not deprive the facts them¬
selves of historicity. The second part of this text, which is
shaped as an appendix, contains a Bulgarian translation
of foreign interviewers testimony who visited
Batak
in the
summer of
1876.
These are from the British side: Walter
Baring, official pollster of St James government, and the
American (of Irish origin) J. McGahan, interviewer (in the
sense of an investigative journalist) of the London Daily
News; on the U.S. side: Eugene Schuyler, Secretary to
Constantinople U.S. Embassy and U.S. Consul General
in the Ottoman Empire, and James F. Clarke, a Protestant
missionary; from French side:
Albin Rozet,
official at Con¬
stantinople embassy of the Third Republic; from German
side: Dr. Karl Schneider, correspondent of
Kölnische Zei¬
tung.
At the end of the book, in an Appendix are given ex¬
tracts from the original texts of all these foreign witnesses
who traced what happened in the town two or three months
earlier. The author does not have the English version of
238
Ilia Todev
„BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
Schuyler s full report of
20.11.1876;
to avoid translating
a translation, in the Appendix there is a sample of his so-
called Preliminary Report dated
10.08.1876.
Almost the
same is encountered in Schneider: due to unavailability of
the German text of
Konstitutionelle Vorstadt-Zeitung
(this
text is more complete and is presented in its Bulgarian
translation), a shorter version is included in the Appen¬
dix, which has appeared in another Viennese newspaper,
Neuigkeits Welt-Blatt.
The road to the Exarchate
or how we embraced a slogan in
1868,
which today is the motto of the
EU
After the failure of llarion Makariopolski in
1860-1861
to gain autocephalous hierarchy, Bulgarian church move¬
ment set a new goal. Through the programme, known as
the Eight Points, it wanted equality for Bulgarians and
Greeks in the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Because
after five years of effort, this goal was not achieved, the
new Bulgarian leader
Dr Chomakov
formulated another
goal
-
resolution of the issue through participation in the
so-called
Ottomanist
Project under the slogan Diversity
in Union, Freedom in Order. With this beautiful and wise
phrase Chomakov declared readiness the Bulgarians
who have obtained an autocephalous Church to remain
part of the Ottoman Empire, which should be reformed
into a liberal democratic spirit and the peoples who inha¬
bited it to merge into a single Ottoman nation . The latter,
however, should not be something homogeneous, but a
kind of federation of nations retaining their natural identity.
This act of
Dr
Chomakov won the trust and favour of the
Turks, who in
1870
issued a firman to restore the
inde-
Summary
239
pendence of the Bulgarian Church. The Ottoman Empire
failed to transform itself in accordance with the Ottoma-
nistic project. But there is a complete identity between the
way the figures in the Church question understand this
issue and the objectives of European integration. This is
demonstrated by the fact that the first part of their slogan
(Diversity in Union), with a slightly altered focus (United
in Diversity) is the motto of the
EU.
It manifests the will of
united Europe not cease to be a Europe of Fatherlands,
Europe of nations which, giving up xenophobia, should
maintain and develop their identities. Even being a coinci¬
dence, it suggests that early in the Revival Period the Bul¬
garians shared the core values of a united Europe. And
if only because this slogan, the church issue should be
studied and should find a worthy place in the all-European
history.
The Exarchate
-
an actual beginning
of the modern Bulgarian state?
Remarkable is the way the Bulgarians obtained the
Exarchate. It is almost entirely a non-Balkan way
-
mo¬
dern Bulgarian Church is the result mainly of completely
peaceful and modern methods and tools to influence do¬
mestic and international power factors: chartism from the
bottom upwards and lobbying from the top downwards.
Even more remarkable is the Exarchate in nature. It is
much more than a religious institution. It is a form of a
cultural, national and territorial autonomy; it is an official
recognition of the Bulgarians as a separate nation. Un¬
der the principle of self-determination, once recognized
as a separate nation, the Bulgarians receive internatio¬
nally valid rights of their country. So the Exarchate
pos-
240
Ща
Todev
„BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
sesses powerful state-forming potency. Besides being al¬
most automatically fit to lead the Bulgarians to their own
cherished country, the Exarchate itself possesses state-
inherent features that allow one talk about the statehood
before the state. In one way or another, it has all the three
components that make up the state as an institution
-
a
territory, people and power. The Exarchate has judicial,
administrative, financial, cultural and educational, and
representative functions. It s an embryonic state
-
out of
the total volume of outstanding government prerogative,
it lacks only the police and army, plus jurisdiction over
criminal cases of a serious nature. While in the national
interest the Exarchate is loaded with state functions, it
worthily performs its soul-saving role. Patriotism, which it
inspiredly served, does not prevent the piety of its belie¬
vers, but it rather enhances and expands it.
Vasil Levski meeting Stoyan Chomakov?
The text begins with the question: Was there a mee¬
ting of Vasil Levski, Chief Apostle of the Bulgarian Revo¬
lutionary Committee and Stoyan Chomakov, Chief Rep¬
resentative of Bulgarian Church issue? From the Revival
Period witnesses, only two give a positive answer to such
a question
-
Stoyan Zaimov and
Filip Simidov.
In histo¬
riography their testimony is almost completely ignored.
However, the author believes that it deserves much more
attention, as it may shed light on an important and neg¬
lected topic
-
the relationship between the camps of the
revolution and the evolution in the Bulgarian national
movement. After carefully analysing the scarce data, the
author concludes that, as seen from the point of view of
Levski and Chomakov alike, the meeting between the two
Summary
241
is not only quite possible
-
but it is probable. In addition to
differences in their political views, they must have found
essential similarities. Aside from peaceful evolution and
loyalty to the Ottomans, who sharply distinguish them,
there are other primordial values within which interfaces
would have arisen between the two leaders. These are
strong and active patriotism and belief in the autonomy of
the Bulgarian national movement.
Vasil Levski
-
the Bulgarian Dream
(Jubilee-nontraditional, pro-American
revolutionary and evolutionary perspectives)
This is a lecture before a Bulgarian meeting in Chica¬
go. The author believes that a parallel is possible of Lev-
ski with the U.S. Reverend Martin Luther King. A century
ago before this famous leader of the civil rights movement
of black Americans pronounced his celebrated
/
have
e
dream..., the Bulgarian Deacon Ignatius seems to say, not
only to his contemporaries, but to us, his descendants,
not only to Bulgarians, but to the whole world: I have a
dream
-
not only for courage, dignity and equality of my
people with other Europeans, but for general freedom and
democracy, for the perfect brotherhood and equality
-
not
only of individuals but also of religious and ethnic com¬
munities.
/
have a dream... The eternal grandeur of the
Apostle is here, in this penetrating vision. Here is the root
of his growing popularity, his brighter immortality. Levski
-
this is the Bulgarian dream! The author points out that in
addition to the similarity of objectives between Levski and
King, there is a diametric opposite to the preferred means
-
as the Ottoman Empire did not recognize more than
strength, the Bulgarian relies on armed struggle, while the
242
Ilia Todev
„BATAK
1876 -
MYTH OR HISTORY?
African American is among the modern classics of non¬
violence as in the U.S. priority belongs to freedom and to
right alike. Moreover, King was convinced in the viability
of the U.S. and therefore, in their reform, while Levski held
that the Ottoman Empire had no future, so he worked for
its destruction.
Report by Count Ignatiev of Sofia
trial from the end of
1872
and the beginning of
1873
In a short report Russian Ambassador in Constantinop¬
le,
N.
P. Ignatiev notifies Chancellor Gorchakov that in
connection with the so-called Sofia conspiracy, the Turks
listened to his advice and limited their investigations only
in the range of what is strictly necessary and are in rush to
complete the trial. The author believes that this document
is very important as it explains why the case against Levski
and his comrades, despite the extensive findings of Dimitar
Obshti, received limited and mostly criminal nature. At the
same time, he raises serious questions, such as: Did the
efficient intervention of Count Ignatiev prevent events that
could have changed the course of the Bulgarian history, or
rather saved the revolutionary organization of Levski and
thus allowed it worthily to meet the challenges of the on¬
going for two and a half years New Great Eastern Crisis
that eventually brought the liberation of Bulgaria?
An unfulfilled love:
Count Ignatiev and Bulgaria
Older opinions usually see Count Ignatiev as the crea¬
tor of the Third Bulgarian State. According to the new,
Summary
243
more academic views, he is only its obstetrician. Accord¬
ing to the author, Ignatiev is not
-
and could not be
-
the
father of modern Bulgaria. But he is not only an obstetri¬
cian, as he falls fatally in love with it. To show how he sees
the love, the author raises the question: if as a historical
figure Ignatiev stands out mostly (especially with regard
to the Bulgarian Church question) with his strong attach¬
ment to the masterful use of personal diplomacy, what
were his personal ambitions? In response, he puts the
words of Midhat Pasha that Ignatiev dreams to transform
his favourite Bulgaria into a New Byzantium and to place
Paleologus crown on his own head.
Verifying them with
statements of
Konstantin
Leontiev and Stefan
Stambolov,
he concludes that there is reason to think that the most
famous Russian ambassador to Constantinople tried to
implement the Greek Project of Catherine the Great in the
Bulgarian version
-
and with himself at the head, ie he
dreamt to be the new Simeon the Great.
Translated from Bulgarian into English
by
Adriana
Momchilova
|
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| author | Todev, Ilija 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1037276728 |
| author_facet | Todev, Ilija 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Todev, Ilija 1952- |
| author_variant | i t it |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041106898 |
| classification_rvk | NP 5920 NP 6450 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)856807908 (DE-599)OBVAC10879238 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | 2., dop. izd. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041106898 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789543780983 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026083184 |
| oclc_num | 856807908 |
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| physical | 313 S., [8] Bl. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
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| publisher | Tangra TanNakRa IK |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Todev, Ilija 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1037276728 aut Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane Ilija Todev 2., dop. izd. Sofija Tangra TanNakRa IK 2013 313 S., [8] Bl. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Batak 1876 - myth or history? - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Massaker von Batak (DE-588)7598499-4 gnd rswk-swf Massaker von Batak (DE-588)7598499-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083184&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026083184&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Todev, Ilija 1952- Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane Massaker von Batak (DE-588)7598499-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7598499-4 |
| title | Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane |
| title_auth | Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane |
| title_exact_search | Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane |
| title_full | Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane Ilija Todev |
| title_fullStr | Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane Ilija Todev |
| title_full_unstemmed | Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane Ilija Todev |
| title_short | Batak 1876 - mit ili istorija? |
| title_sort | batak 1876 mit ili istorija aktualni tekstove po balgarsko vazrazdane |
| title_sub | aktualni tekstove po Bălgarsko văzraždane |
| topic | Massaker von Batak (DE-588)7598499-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Massaker von Batak |
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