Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII):
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Albanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Prishtinë
Inst. Albanologjik
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Albaniana language in old scriptures (16 - 18 century). - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 572 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789951596701 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20140820 | ||
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| 008 | 130617s2012 |||| 00||| alb d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789951596701 |9 978-9951-596-70-1 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)890038383 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV041092563 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
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| 049 | |a DE-Re13 |a DE-12 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Mulaku, Ragip |d 1949- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1056025689 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) |c Ragip Mulaku |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Albaniana language in old scriptures (16 - 18 century) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Prishtinë |b Inst. Albanologjik |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a 572 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a PST: Albaniana language in old scriptures (16 - 18 century). - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1555-1706 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Morphologie |0 (DE-588)4040289-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gegisch |0 (DE-588)4019725-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Phonetik |0 (DE-588)4045830-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sprachwandel |0 (DE-588)4056508-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Albanisch |0 (DE-588)4112482-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Albanisch |0 (DE-588)4112482-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Phonetik |0 (DE-588)4045830-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Morphologie |0 (DE-588)4040289-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Sprachwandel |0 (DE-588)4056508-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1555-1706 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Gegisch |0 (DE-588)4019725-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1555-1706 |A z |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026069130&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 417.7 |e 22/bsb |f 09031 |g 4965 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150468917592064 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PËRMBAJTJA
PARATHËNIE
...........................................................................................................7
Hyrje
..........................................................................................................................
π
I.
FONETIKA
............................................................................................................19
Sistèmi
grafik i veprave
të
vjetra
të
shqipes
..........................................................19
ZANORET
................................................................................................................22
Gjatësiae zanoreve
.................................................................................................23
Zanorja
α
e
gjatë
......................................................................................................23
Zanorja e e
gjatë
......................................................................................................26
Zanorja
і
e
gjatë
.......................................................................................................29
Zanorja
o e gjatë
.......................................................................................................31
Zanorja
u
e
gjatë
......................................................................................................31
Zanorja
у
e
gjatë
......................................................................................................32
Zanoret gojore
.........................................................................................................33
Zanorja a gojore
.......................................................................................................33
Zanorja e
..................................................................................................................37
Zanorja è
.................................................................................................................40
Zanorja
г
...................................................................................................................51
Zanorja
о
..................................................................................................................54
Zanorja
u
..................................................................................................................58
Zanorja
у
..................................................................................................................67
Theksi
......................................................................................................................69
Hundorësia
e zanoreve
...........................................................................................
72
Diftongjet dhe togjet e zanoreve
...........................................................................76
564_______________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
Diftongu-uo
...........................................................................................................76
Togzanori -ua
.........................................................................................................78
Togzanori
-ue
.........................................................................................................79
Togzanori
-ye..........................................................................................................
83
Togzanori -ae
........................................................................................................84
Togzanori
-ou
.........................................................................................................88
BASHKËTINGËLLORET
........................................................................................90
Ndërrimi h:f.
..........................................................................................................94
Bashkëtingëllorja th.
................................................................................................97
Bashkëtingëlloret g,
к
.............................................................................................98
Bashkëtingëlloret q,gj, ç, xh
.................................................................................100
Sonorja;
.................................................................................................................104
Bashkëtingëllorja nj
..............................................................................................106
Tingujt dh,
U
.........................................................................................................107
TingujU II
.............................................................................................................108
Tingujt r,rr
...............................................................................................................111
Bashkëtingëlloret
protetike
n,m
............................................................................
из
Bashkëtingëlloret ç-
:
sh
........................................................................................114
Bashkëtingëllorja parashtesore
z
..........................................................................
u6
Bashkëtingëllorja th
...............................................................................................
Ц7
Bashkëtingëllorja
....................................................................................................
u8
Shndërrimi
і
g
j
-se ne
............................................................................................
jug
Shndërrimiiq-aënë;............................................................................................
120
GRUPET
E
BASHKETINGELLOREVE
..................................................................123
GRUPET
E
BASHKETINGELLOREVE
Ík,
I),
lg
....................................................126
Grupi
Ik
..................................................................................................................126
Togu
Ij
.....................................................................................................................128
GRUPET
E
BASHKETINGELLOREVE
mb,
nd, ng, ngj
.......................................129
Grupi mb
................................................................................................................129
Grupi nd
.................................................................................................................132
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
565
Grupi ng
.................................................................................................................136
Grupi ngj
.................................................................................................................137
Grupi
bashkëtingëllor^sh
.....................................................................................139
Grupi sht.
................................................................................................................141
Grupi tsh
................................................................................................................142
VEÇORITË
FONETIKE
.........................................................................................145
PALATALIZIMI
.....................................................................................................146
SONORIZIMI
.........................................................................................................148
SHURDHIMI
..........................................................................................................150
ASIMILIMI
..............................................................................................................151
GEMINACIONI
......................................................................................................156
METATEZA
............................................................................................................157
SHTIM TINGUJSH
.................................................................................................157
RENIE
TINGUJSH
.................................................................................................160
APOSTROFI
...........................................................................................................165
OPOZICIONI FONOLOGJIK
...............................................................................166
II.
MORFOLOGJIA
................................................................................................167
GJINIA
E
EMRAVE
NË
SHKRIMET
E
VJETRA
SHQIPE
....................................169
GJINIA MASHKULLORE
E
EMRAVE
...................................................................173
GJINIA
FEMËRORE E
EMRAVE
...........................................................................177
NDËRRIMI
I
GJINISË SË
DISA
EMRAVE NGA
NJËJËSI
I TYRE
MASHKULLORË NË SHUMËSNË
FEMËRORË
.................................................178
GJINIA
ASNJANËSE E
EMRAVE
..........................................................................182
SHQUARSIA E
EMRAVE
......................................................................................189
NUMRII EMRAVE
................................................................................................203
SHUMËSI
I EMRAVE
TË GJINISË
MASHKULLORE
.........................................206
Shumësi
i emrave
me ~ë
........................................................................................211
Shumësi
i emrave
me ftindoren -e
.......................................................................212
Shumësi
me metafoni
............................................................................................213
Shumësi me palatalizimin e g-s në gj
...................................................................214
566______________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
Shumësi
me
metafonizim dhe
me palatalizim
njëkohësisht
..............................215
Shumësi
me palatalizimin
e
g-s
në gj
...................................................................217
Shumësi
і
emrave me palatalizimin e k-s në
q
dhe te g-së në gj dhe me
ndërrimin e zanores së temës, p.sh.: shtek: shtiqe, treg: trigje
..........................220
Shumësi me palatalizim të tejshëm
.....................................................................220
Shumësi me metafoni dhe me -(ë)na/ -(ë)ra
......................................................223
Shumësi me-én
....................................................................................................225
Shumësi iparregullt
............................................................................,................229
EMRAT PËRMBLEDHËS
......................................................................................232
PLURALIA TANTUM (EMRA VETËM NË SHUMËS)
........................................233
SINGULARIA TANTUM (EMRA VETËM NË NJËJËS)
.......................................234
SHUMËSI
I
EMRAVE FEMËRORË
....................................................................235
KATEGORIA
GRAMATIKORE E RASËS NË SHKRIMET
E
VJETRA
SHQIPE
................................................................................................237
Shënime të përgjithshme për sistemin e rasave
.................................................237
RASAT
E EMRAVE NË LAKIMIN E PASHQUAR
...............................................238
Emërorja njëjës e pashquar
..................................................................................239
Kallëzore njëjës e pashquar
..................................................................................239
Thirrorja
........................................................................................... ....................240
Thirrorja shumës
...................................................................................................242
Gjinorja e pashquar njëjës
....................................................................................242
Rasa dhanore
e pashquar njëjës
...........................................................................243
Emërore shumës e pashquar
................................................................................244
Emërorja, kallëzorja dhe rrjedhorja e shquar shumës
.......................................248
Emërorja e shquar njëjës
......................................................................................249
Rasat
gjinore-dhanore të trajtës së shquar
..........................................................253
Rasa
kallëzore e emrave pa parafjalë
...................................................................258
Rasa
kallëzore me parafjalë
..................................................................................262
Rasa
kallëzore me parafjalët më, në, ndaj,mbë, mbi, ndë, ndënë, ndër
............236
Rasavendore
.........................................................................................................264
Rasa
rrjedhore
.......................................................................................................267
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
567
Rrjedhorja
e
emrave pa
parafjałe
........................................................................268
Emrat
në
rasen
rrjedhore
me parafjalën
η
..........................................................270
Paradigma e
lakimit
të
disa emrave
mashkullorë
..............................................274
Paradigma e lakimit
të
disa emrave
femërorë
....................................................275
MBIEMRAT
...........................................................................................................277
PËREMRAT
.................................................... .......................................................285
PËREMRI
VEVETOR
............................................................................................286
PËREMRAT VETORË
...........................................................................................288
VETA
I
NJËJËS E PËREMRIT U/UNË
.................................................................289
RASAT
...................................................................................................................289
PËREMRAT DËFTORË
.........................................................................................302
GJINIAASNJANËSEEDËFTORIT....
...................................................................312
GJINIAASNJANËSEEDËFTORIT
.......................................................................313
NUMRI SHUMËS
I
DËFTORËVE
.........................................................................314
PËREMRAT PRONORË
........................................................................................320
PËREMRAT PYETËS
.............................................................................................353
PËREMRAT LIDHORË
.........................................................................................356
PËREMRAT E PACAKTUAR
................................................................................362
SISTEMI
I
FOLJEVE
..............................................................................................367
KOHA E TASHME E FOLJEVE TË ZGJEDHIMIT
-
mi
.......................................371
FÖLJET
E
TJERA
NË DIATEZËN VEPRORE
......................................................380
FÖLJETE
ZGJEDHIMIT TË DYTË NË KOHËN E TASHME
.............................382
FÖLJET
E ZGJEDHIMIT TË TRETË...
..................................................................388
DIATEZA
PËSORE-VETVETORE E FOLJEVE NË KOHËN
E TASHME TË DËFTORES
..................................................................................397
KOHA E PAKRYER E DIATEZËS VEPRORE
......................................................407
KOHA E KRYER E THJESHTË
(AORISTI)
..........................................................419
E KRYERA E THJESHTË E FOLJEVE kam
OHE
jam
..........................................424
E KRYERA E THJESHTË E FOLJEVE TË ZGJEDHIMIT NË -of-io
....................426
428AORISTI ME TINGULLIN ANTIHIATIZUES -v
..........................................428
568________________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
FORMA E
AORISTIT
ME
ZGJERIM
TEME
..........................................................
431
AORISTI
I
FOLJEVE
APO
FONIKE
......................................................................434
DIATEZA
PËSORE-VETVETORE
E FOLJEVE
NË
TE
KRYERËN
E
THJESHTË
...........................................................................442
TRAJTAT E
PËRBËRA
TE FOLJEVE
....................................................................443
FORMAT
ANALITIKE
TË SË KRYERËS
..............................................................444
KOHA E KRYER E
DËFTORES NË DATEZËN
VEPRORE
.................................445
KOHA E KRYER E
DËFTORES NË DIATEZËN PËSORE
-VETVETORE
.........449
КОНА
MË
SE E KRYER E
DËFTORES NË DIATEZËN
VEPRORE
...................451
KOHA ME SE E KRYER E
DËFTORES NË DIATEZËN
PËSORE-VETVETORE
.........................................................................................454
KOHA
E
KRYER
E
TEJSHKUAR
E
DËFTORES
..................................................456
KOHA
E
KRYER
II
E
DËFTORES
........................................................................459
AORISTI
III
DËFTORES
.....................................................................................460
KOHA
E ARDHME (FUTURI)
..............................................................................461
KOHA
E
ARDHME
E PËRPARME
......................................................................469
MËNYRA LIDHORE
..............................................................................................471
KOHA
E
TASHME
E
LIDHORES
E
FOLJEVE TË ZGJEDHIMIT ne -mi
..........471
DIATEZA
VEPRORE
E
FOLJEVE TË
TJERA
NË TË TASHMEN
E
LIDHORES
.........................................................................476
DIATEZA
PËSOPRE-VETVETO
RE E
FOLJEVE
NË KOHËN
E
TASHME TË LIDHORES
.............................................................482
KOHA
E
PAKRYER
E
LIDHORES NË DIATEZËN VEPRORE
..........................486
KOHA
E PAKRYERE
LIDHORES NË DIATEZËN PËSORE-VETVETORE
.......488
KOHA MË SE
E
KRYER
E
LIDHORES
................................................................490
MËNYRA URDHËRORE
......................................................................................490
KOHA
E
TASHME
E KUSHTORES
.....................................................................492
KOHA
E
KRYER
E
KUSHTORES
.........................................................................493
MËNYRA DËSHIRORE
........................................................................................493
KOHA
E
TASHME
E
DËSHIRORES
....................................................................495
KOHA
E
KRYER
E
DËSHIRORES
........................................................................497
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
_______569
MËNYRA HABITORE
...........................................................................................499
КОНА
E TASHME E HABITORES
......................................................................500
KOHA E PAKRYER E HABITORES
.....................................................................500
PASKAJORJA
..........................................................................................................501
PASKAJORJA E TASHME
.....................................................................................502
PASKAJORJA E SHKUAR
.....................................................................................504
ELEMENTE
TË
NJE GRAMATIKE
NË
VEPRAT
E AUTORËVE TË VJETËR....505
Përfundim
...............................................................................................................511
ALBANIANA
LANGUAGE IN OLD SCRIPTURES
(16 - 18
Century)
.........................................................................................................531
Resume
BIBLIOGRAFI
.........................................................................................................553
ALBANIANA
LANGUAGE IN OLD SCRIPTURES
(16 - 18
Century)
Resume
In this monographic study was elaborated in phonetic and morpho¬
logical aspect Albanian language of old scriptures approaching to diale¬
ctical and vernacular of our language as well as comparing the evolution
Albanian language has undergone until present time. In the following we
will highlight main features of the language in old Albanian scriptures,
principally of
Geg
dialect, without halting in a common unit of whole
Albanian language.
1
.The length of the stressed vowels is preserved both among
Geg
writers of
1
6th-
1
7th century, and unto the
Arbëresh Lekë Matrënga.
This
phonetic phenomenon continues to be characteristic of
Geg
vernaculars,
but it is noticed also in southern Tosk, in
Çamëri(Chameri)
and in
Arbë¬
resh
villages in Greece and Italy, and in some regions of Albanian
diasporas.
Based on this it could be supposed that the length of the vowels
was a phenomenon of entire Albanian language in its obscure phases.
To mirror long vowels, veteran authors had marked them with dou¬
ble graphemes, such:
vëllaa
(brother),
vaaj(cry),
vaa (ford);
lëqee
(lake), bee (oath), ndeer (honor); nierii (man),
shtëpii
(house),
mii
(mou¬
se); rroobe (clothes), moorti (mortal), shpoorta (basket);
guur (rock),
dhuunë
(violence), kuut (yardstick); pyyll (forest), syy (eye), yyll (star),
meanwhile
Lekë Matrënga
has characterized them with long stress, such
as
i ka
dalluar me theks
të gjatë,
p.sh.:
lumtë
ata
çë klanë
(blessed are tho¬
se who have)
(25). -
mqï
(power)(6).
-
falerni
Mërï
hír
plota
(Hail
Mary
füll
grace)
(28)
etc.
2.
Unstressed
ë
is marked in first syllable and at the end of the word
in all old scriptures:
mëzat(foal),
venere/
vëneerë(gall), vëneshtë
(vine-
532____________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
yard), këjo(this), shpëresë(hope), shëputkë
(foot), beryl(elbow),
nkëthyes
(return), e shëtunde
(Suterday),
shëkrim
(writing),
і
dërejtë
(right), me
ndërequnë
(to repair),
përapë emënë
(surname),
gjarpënë
(Snake),
і
shkurtënë (short),
і
verbene
(blind), shekullë
(century),
avullë
(steam),
kopështë (yard), uthullë
(vinegar),
tepërë
(too much),
tjetërë (another)etc.
Here should be highlighted nouns and adjectives
emënë(name), gjarpënë
(snake),
і
shkurtënë(short),
i verbena(blind),
thus those which have an
alveolar
η
in last syllable, which proves the phenomenon of rhotacism in
these Tosk words too. Otherwise, this semivowel in different positions of
above mentioned words is presented in present days mainly in southern
Tosk vernaculars.
3.
Vowel
о
in the words oborr(garden), fatolikfcatholic),
rrogëtar
(servant), oxhak (fire-place), konak (Guest house),
konop
(rope), vonoj
(late), etc. is preserved unchanged in the books of our veteran authors, as
is preserved in most vernaculars of our language in both dialects. Verna¬
culars of northeastern
Geg
generally have conversed
о
into a: vano(late)j,
aborr (yard),
капак
(guest house), rraktar (servant), katalik^atholic),
axhak (fireplace) etc.
4.
There is missing contraction of the vowel groups oe, ae, either in
nouns
voe
(egg), voesa (egg), ngae (run), or
aorist
of verbs (l)pae(saw),
lae (wash),
rae
(fell), dhae (gave), thae (said);
(ti)
рае,
lae,
rae, dhae,
thae in old scriptures of
Geg
dialect. Contraction of these vowel groups in
many vernaculars of northern dialect nowadays is their linguistic inno¬
vation.
5.
Vowel groupings ue, ie, ye and consonant clusters mb, nd, ng, ngj
are preserved as whole in the books of veteran authors, same as they are
preserved in Tosk dialect and partly in some
Geg
vernaculars, whilst in
most
Geg
vernaculars in two last centuries are reduced.
6.
Nasality of the vowels is reflected in Buzuku s Meshari and in
Bogdani s work with an n- next
о
the vowel, such: manz (B II
203). -
shtansë
(animal) (B
2/ 223). -
shtansëtë
(animals) (B
2/ 307). -
anso
shtansësh
(such animals) (B
2/ 373). -
Ipensti (fifth) (Bog. 1
25). -
brenzit
(belt) (Bog. 1
52). -
gjan (animal)
(=gjã)
(Bog. 1
28). -
vinhetë
roe (Bog. I
25). -
së shtrenjtë
(expensive-valuable)
(=shtrêjt).
-
vendi
і
Drìnshtit (a
place of
Drishti) (=Drîshtit)
(Bog. I
44). -
hinthitë(nettle) (=hîthitë,
Míhat)
(Bog. 1
48). -
sëmuuntë
(ill)
(=
sëmwtë)
(Bog.
Π
54)
etc., but
this
doesn t mean that in the works of
Budi,
in Bardhi s Dictionary (Fjalori)
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______533^
and other old works there were no nasal vowels, but they didn t use
respective marks to mirror that.
7.
Oral vowel a is preserved among all veteran Albanian writers
such as in the words lajthi (hazelnut), zjarm,~i (fever), than in the words:
gjarpëne
(snake),
djalë
(boy), bark(stomach),
sajë(sledge),
i saj
(hers),
skanj (corner),
Jjalë
(word),
і
naltë
(high),
larg
(far), etc., which in pre¬
sent days in these words in northeastern
Geg
realm (in general), is turned
into
ë: lëjthi
(hazelnut),
zjêrm
(fever),
sěj
(sledge),
skêj
(corner) etc.; in
vernaculars of Dukagjini Plane/Rrafshi
і
Dukagjinit we also have:
djël
(boy), berk (stomack),
gjërpën
(snake),
nëlt
(high),
asëjna
(her),
ksëjna
(thisone s) etc.
8.
It is a general linguistic phenomenon in the works of veteran
writers to have an n- at the beginning, the middle and at the end of some
words (mainly verbs), such as.:
Nço((B
2/ 85). -
nhiq
të kejtë
(remove
evil)(=të keqtë)
(В
2/ 45). -
të nlidhunatë (tied)(B
2/ 27). - ...
fort u
nkeqnë
(they got very bad)(Bu.
DC
222). -
Si qeni
...
и
nvuor (Like a dog..(Bu. DC
266). -
me
mos
u
nçelë
(not to open)(Bu. DC
142). -
me
nkëthyem
(to return) (Ba.
134). -
Me
nkëthjellunë
(to clarify) (Ba.
150). -
Me
и
nfiyym (to bloat)(Ba.
177). -
për tënkotë
(in vain)(Bog. Pj. 1
66)
me
і
ntretunë
(to lose)(Bog. Pj. 1
85). -
ndomosdo (necessary) (Bog. Pj. I
41). -
mbërsheli derënë
(closed the
door) (B
2/ 155). -
Epina neve
ujë
(give us water) (B
2/ 161). -
dërgoi
pjetiposhťé
(sent the down)(B
2/ 235/293). -
Feja
katolike na mpson...
(catholic religion suffers) (Bog. I
7). -
gjymptyrë
(extremity) (DC
16). -
flamburë
(flag) (Bog.,
Sibilai).
-
fambullia (parish) (Bog. I
136). -
tue
dridhtunë
(trembelling) (Bog. Pj. II
20). -
tjet/ri (other)(Bu. DC
9). -
mëndyrë
(manner) (B
2 23;
Bu. SC
152;
Ba.
77;
Bog. I
35). -
të shem-
ptuem (ugly) (Bog. I 111).
-
përsëriu
(again) (B
2 87;
Ba.
137;
Bog. I
24) .-
ndë
mjedist (in the middle) (Ba.
39;
Bog. I
24). -
ndryshej
(different)(Bog. II
291/361). -
të paa kujdestë
(carelessness) (Bu. SC Pre¬
face).
- N
së
ruojtunit
së ndë natësë
djerie mbramba
(В
2/ 47).-
këndejnaj
(this way) (Bog. I 111) etc. The phenomenon of adding an n- in the
beginning of some words is in present times dialectical characteristic of
some
Opoj
a villages.
Adding of a sound noticed recently in vernaculars of Kosovo cities
in words: hhtut (this way), ashtut (that way),
mas mramtì(fìnally), mas
mirti(best), mas keqti (worst) etc. is quite new phenomenon.
534_________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
9.
In old scriptures it is notices conversion of the vowel« into
é
in
the words
fétyrë
(invoice) from
lat. fatwa, shëgjetë
(arrow) from
lat.
sagita, lèvroj
(cultivate),
lëvdoj
(praise),
gjëmoj
(grumble) etc., and this is
in accordance to developmental rules of Albanian language. At
Bogdani
the verb
gjëmoj
(grumble) is encountered with
/,
tue
gjimuem (grumbling)
(
Pj. II
127),
which means that in dialectical realm of this writer just had
started the conversion of
è in
these words into -i (thus from
gjamë> gjëmoj
>gjimoj)(grumble), which after a short period in analogy with this the
vowel
ë
would converse into
і
in other words also, such as: lavroj>
lëvroj>livroj; lëvdoj> lëvdoj>
livdoj;
lëvore>
livore,
lígate
(<Iëgatë,
e kjo
nga lag) etc.
10.
At Buzuku, Bardhi and
Bogdani
we have with the unstressed
vowel
ë these
words and their contractions:
lëfion
(fights) (B
2/ 107). -
lëftoi
(he fought)(Bu. SC
357). -
lëftuenë
(they fought)(Ba. p.27).
-
lëftoj-
më
(wefight) (Pj. I
12). -
mbëluonë gjithë majetë e
malet
(covers
all peaks
and mountains)
(2/ 231). -
e mbëluenë djersëtë
(covered by sweat) (Pj. II
98). -
me
e adhëruom
(to adore) (DC
83). -
me
adhëruem
(to adore) (Ba.
p.
130). -
disa
adhërojnë bukëlënë
(some adore weasel) (Pj. 1
4).
11.
With
-ë
in the first syllable, among veteran writers, we have also
nouns
shuplakë
(cuf), fulqiQaw) and rrufe (thunderclap):
і
raa një
shëpla-
kë
(he gave him a cuf)(B
2/ 223). - ...
shtrëngo fêlqinjëtë
(tightened his
jaws) (B
2/ 43). -
Fëlqinja
(jaw) (Ba. p.
56) .-
aj kish
për të ahmëfël-
qinjënë atij qi
ta kish rrafunë
(he would offer the jaw to the one who wo¬
uld beat him) (Bog. Pj. II
134). -
rrëfeja
(thunderclap) (Ba. p.
28). - ...
ç krepën Rrëfeja
(thunderclap flapped) (Bog. Pj. I
19).
The last word is
found with -u only at
Budi:
bie rufee per
gjithë anëshit
(thunderclaps all
around)(Bu. SC
207)
etc.
12.
we have an old cluster vowel -uo at Buzuku s Meshari and in
works of P.
Budi,
while at
Matrënga
(from Tosk) its reflected in -ua,
whilst at Bardhi and
Bogdani
in -ue.
13.
At Buzuku and
Matrënga
we have old clusters kl, gl:
klaj
(cry),
klenë(were),
gluha
(tongue), gluni(knee),
і
glatë(long) etc.,
at
Budi q,gj:
qaj(cry),
qenë(were),
gjuha(tongue), gjuni (knee),
і
gjatë (long);
at Bardhi
and
Bogdani
kj, g[: kja(cry),
kjenë(were),
g(uha(tongue), g(uni (knee),
і
g[atë (long) etc.
it is interesting that all three contractions are still pre¬
served in Albanian language; old groups are found in southern Tosk;
contractions that
Budi
has are preserved in the Middle Albania, while
Bardhi s and Bogdani s contractions are preserved in northwest
Geg.
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______535
Vernaculars of Northeast
Geg
meanwhile had reduced these groups for a
further step: in k, g:
kaj
(cry), me
kán
(to be), guha (tongue)
,
guni(knee),
і
gate (long) etc.
14.
in the works of veteran writers is made clear difference of
palatals q, gj from affricates
ç, xh
in the words used, thus they are marked
regularly and as are in present time Albanian at large in both dialects, so
they are not mistaken with each other, as happens in general now in most
vernaculars of northeastern
Geg.
15.
Sonorant
j
is absent in old scriptures in their words and forms:
e
rea
(new one),
të
reat(new ones),
të
reavet (of new ones)(for:
e
reja
(new
one),
të rejat(new
ones),
të rejave(of
new ones)), than in front of the
possessive pronouns: (djali) em, emi (my boy); (vajza) erne, emja (my
girl); ao (she) for ajo(she);
lulea
(for: luleja/flower); feuuome (=fejuome/
engaged);
ote
(for: jote(yours); it is absent also in some contractions of
verbs in different tenses and persons, such as: kriuom (for: krijuom/
created); kriove (for: krijove/ypu created);
të
dae (for:
të ndajë/to
share);
vrae (for: vraje, vrite/kill);
qërtoe
^qortoje/scold);
liroe
(<liroje/free);
aet
(for: ajet,
ënjtet/);
in some adjectives:
e nkriuome(created), e reeshime,
dhe reshim.
16.
Consonant group fsh among veteran authors comes out in this
forms:
a) with
/š/i
in the words:
kofshëtë
і
kish hekuri
e kambëtë disa
hekuri
e disa
dheu (his thighs were like iron while legs of some iron and
of some soil (Bog. Pj. I
130). -
kofshat (thighs)
(Ίί,Α.
p.
63). -
mën-
dafshi(silk) (Bu. SC
92). -
Me
petëka të mëndafshta(clothes
of silk)
(Bu.
DC
188). -
të mëdha kafshë(big
animals)
(В
2/ 45). -
këto kafshë(these
animals)
(Bu.
R
7). -
kafshë të
rea
(young animals) (Bog. Pj. 1
23)
etc.;
b) with sh:
petëka të mëndashtë
(clothes of silk) (B
2/ 143). -
veshunë ndë mëndash
(clothed in silk) (Ba. p.
156)
etc.
;
c) with msh: mshiis(hide) (Ba. p.
144). -
mëshisatë (Ba.
p.
144). -
mshefazë
(Ba. p.
55). -
me
mshefunë
(to hide) Ba. p.
14,40, 72,75)
etc.;
ç)
with mbsh:
ai
gji mbshi (Ba. p.
144). -
me
e
mbshim
bukurë
(Ba.p.
ι
536____________________________________________
Ragip
MULĄKU
92). -
mbshamë
(Ba.
p.
168). -
me
mbshikunë(to
(Ba.
p.
181). -
Me
mbshefunë(to
hide)
(Ba.
p.
1,168)
etc.
As far as contractions of the following words are concerned:
kafshojfbite), kafshatë(mouthful), kafshim
(biting), kafshore(morsel) etc.,
towards thir forms: kapshoj,
kapshatëtbite,
mouthful) (B
2/ 65;
Bog. Pj. I
136),
kapshim, kapshore,(biting, morsel) viewed historically, as initial
and genuine come out to be forms with psh:
kapshatë(mouthful), kap-
shoj(bite), kapshim(biting), kapshore(morsel), which
Çabej
rightfully
considers to be extensions of the word
кар
/catch.
17.
Consonant cluster tsh is preserved unchanged in some words at
all veteran authors:
të përmortshime(mortuary)
(В
2/ 107). -
etshim
(thirsty)
(Bu.
R
337). -
të
goditshìme(struckable)
(Bu.
SC
117). -
i
mot-
shim (old)
(Bu.
R
24,
Ba. p.
148) . -
dyy vjetsh e postite
(two years
down) (Bog. Pj.
Π
29). - Mbas
рак
ditsh
(afterfew days)
(Ba.
p.
113)
etc.;
-
it is reflected also in
ç/çç: vjeç
(years) ill
333,
Ba.
p.
36). - :
mbas dyy
diçç
After two days) (B
2/ 203). -
eççim (< etshëm) (thirsty)(B
2/119). -
U
mbeçë(<mbetsha)
(stay)
(2/17). -
mbyçi
( <
mbytshï)
(get
killed)
(В
2/ 287). -
e
zdriçime
(
shiny)
(2/ 339). -
e
ndriçime
(shiny)
(Bog. Pj.
II
101,
Ba.
p.
92). -
і
moçim,(old)
plak
(old
man) (Ba.
p.
ЗО).
-
ma
і
godiçimi
(most shining) (Bog. Pj. I
45). -
E
ndu
gjeçinë (=gjetshiri)
(get found) (Bu. DC
182). -
mbeçinë lidhunë
(stay tied) (Bog. Pj. II
136)
etc.;
-
conversed into
tç: Nkatër vjetç
(four years old) (Ba. p.
118). -
e
motçime(old)
(Bog. Pj. II
122). -
ndë mëpëvetçinë
... (Bog.
Pj.
I
88). -
të
hetçimit (= të
etshmit) (thirsty)
(Bog. Pj.
II
38)
etc.
18.
In the works of our veteran authors beside plural formation with
palatalization of the sounds::
k, g
into q, gj: plak:pleq (old man
:
old
men)(
të
dy
ishnë pleq
Both were old
2/ 327). -
mik:miq (friend/friends)
(u
të gëzuosh
me miq (be happy with friends) ill
149). -
burgje(prisons)
(Bog. 1
124),
same as in whole Albanian we have also yotization of gj and
q- into
j
(y) (especially in
Bogdani
s
work, and in some rare occasion in
Buzuku s work), when these palatals were placed before consonants -t, -n
or when names were used in right object, such as.:
zojtë (=zogjtë)
(birds)
(В
2/ 227, 229). -
e angërrë zojtë e pyllit
(eaten by forest birds)
(Bog. Pj.
II
64). -
anshtë shkruem ndë lij
(written by
law)
(=
lig/ t)
(Bog. Pj. II
79). -
me
çprishunë lijnë
(break the law) (Bog.
Pj. I
7). -
ma të lijtë (< ligjtë)
(Bog. Pj.
II
153). -
po kullotënte grijnë
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______537
(grazing the flock)
(=grigjnë
<grigjen) (Bog. Pj. I
87). -
e
aty do me
grane
kijnë(there
I will eat lamb)
(<kingjnë<kingjin)
(Bog. Pj. II
92). -
e
shëndoshi rejnë (=regjnë)
(Bog. Pj.
II
51). -
e ndë mos
gjejtë (<gfegjtë)
,
të përkasë së
riu
ujënatë
(Bog. Pj. I
89). -
shumë sish përgjejnë(lot
of
them have answered)
(=
përgjegjnë) se patnë paam
(that they have seen)
(Bog. Pj. II
35).
-me shojt
(=shoqt)
(friends) (B
2/ 63). -
Plejtë(old
men)
(=pleqte) (Ba. p.
148). -
plejt
(-pleqtë)
e
pare (first old men) (Bog. Pj. I
4). -
Me
mijtë
(=miqte)
ha e pi, e
treg mos ban (with friends eat and drink,
bu do not trade) (Ba. p.
208). -
o Mijt e dashunë
(Dear friends) (Bog. Pj. I
124). -
vum
mbë
nji vend
të tiinaj
mbë
kryjt
(=
kryqtë)
(Bog.
Pj.
I
133). -
Τ
і
ape asaj
të mirëtë, e
jo
të kejtë/ të
kej t
(=të keqtë)(to
give her good not
bad)
(В
2/ 335;
Bu.
DC 255;Bog. Pj. I
111)
etc.;
19.
We have
sonorisation
of front article t(e) in ¿/and s- into
z
at
Buzuku in the words beginning with sonant:
d
zot
(God)
(В
2/ 311). -
d
birt (son s)(B
2 155). -
e d bijeť
(daughter s)
(В
2/141). -
rf
besuomet
tuve
(your trustees)
(В
2/169). -
and
d
bamirëvet
(humanitarian s)
(В
2/ 31). -
ama e
d bukurit
(mother of
beautiful) (B
2/ 29). -
faqenë e rfvobegut..., faqenë e rfbegatët
(cheek of
the poor.
..,
cheek of the wealthy) (B
2/193). -
d
vorfënit
(poor ones)(B
2/
301). -
d
verbënit
(blind ones) (B
2/ 179). -
d
vërtetë
(true)
(В
2/ 77). -
maa
¿brapëmit
(last ones)(B
2/107). -
d
vogëlit
(little ones) (B
2/ 359). -
d
vëllaat
(brother s)
(В
2/ 275). -
d
gjetunitë
tim
(my ingeuinity)(B
2/
45). -
d
vetëmit
(only one)
(В
2/ 213). -
d
lutunit (prayer)
(В
2/ 23). -
az-
gjaa (nothing) (B
2/ 217).
z dii
(I don t know) (B
2/191). -
z
do (doesn t
want) (B
2/ 55). -
z
dukenë
(they don t seem)(B
2/ 55). -
z
desh me
piitë
(didn t want to drink) (B
2/ 211). -
z
vinjënë
(they won t come) (B
2/ 209)
etc.
;
20.
It is noticed deafness of some sounds in a number of words in
all old scriptures, such as.:
jesënë ndë trekt paa punë
(В
2/107). -
mos
na djekt flaka
(hope fire
doesn t get us) (B
2/ 95). -
eféshtirë
I
tëféshtira (difficultXB
2/
Mbas-
thënia e veprës
(Afterword of the book); Ba.
80). -
ejeshtira (<e
vështira)
(difficult one) (Bog. I
55). -
shtasë (=shtazë)
(animal)
(Bu.
SC
15). -
as
и
dhimpte zemëra
(wasn t heart aching
(Bog.
II
30). -
të dhimptunë
(aching)
(Bog.
II
30). -
tryesëtë/tryesë
/
tryesatë (tables)(B
2/ 23;
SC
100;
Ba. p.
171; Bog. Pj.I2)etc.
21.
we have a phonetic phenomenon of
sound
reduction
538________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
a) dhn into
dhë
at
Bogdani:
...
erdhë (^erdhnë)
dy
njerëz
(two
people came) (Pj. II
102). -
erdhë (=erdhën
<erdhne) plejt
e dheut
(cou¬
ntries old men came)(Bog. Pj. 1
102)
etc.;
b)
іпЛіп
into
lë/
lie at Buzuku:
shihnë flakëtë...e
male
(=malnë
<malin)
tue timuom
(see the fire and the mountain smoking) (B
2/157).
-
bane
qiellë
(=qiellnë) e dhenë
(you made heaven and earth)(2/
55). -
liberói
Daniele
(freed Daniel)
(=Danielnë,
Danielin)
(В
2/ 191). -
gjithë
popullia
...
duole
(^duolnë <dolën)
(all people got
out)(B
2/ 201). -
E
përpara
e suollë
(=
e suoline)
(and before they brought) (B
2/167)
etc.;
c) rn/ rrn into
rë/ rrë
at all veteran authors at nouns in accusative,
respectively in their right object, as well as in the verbs in simple past
tense therd person plurl:
të adorojnsh të Birë (=
të
birnë <të birin)
(to
adore the son)
(2/ 79;
SC
95). -
Lësho...sherbëtuorë (=sherbëtuorne) tand
(Let your servant go)
(11
29). -
e zuu
qerrë (=qerrnë, qerren)
(got the
cart)
(2/ 247). -
me
prekunë
...
motërë (=motërne)
(to touch
..
.the sister)
ill
69). -
muore
gurë
(=
gurnë
<
gurirì)
(took the stone)(2/
187). -
nderë/
ndeerrë (=ndernë
<
nderiń)
(honor)
(2/ 63). -
me
ja
nkthyem
ndeerrë
(ndernë,
nderiń)
(to return honor)
(SC
108). -
(pa)
vorrë
(-
vorrnë,
vorrin)
e tij (without)
his
grave)(Bu.
R
63). -
me shtijm zjarrë (=zjarrnë,
zjarrin)
(to make the fire)
(SC
87).-
kanë... Aarrë (-arnë,
arin)
e
vistaarrë
(=
vistarne
<visarnë
<visariń)
(they have gold and depository)
(DC
60). -
qiti
litaarë
(alitarne,
litariń)
n
qafë
(put the rope in the neck)
(DC 121;SC
383). -
me
і
dhanë
ende
kapisterrë (=kapisternë, kapistrën)
oo freetë
(To give him more rein)
(SC
386)
etc.
22.
We have a phonetic phenomenon of gemination which is
noticed at Buzuku and
Pjetër
Bogdani:
ditte
tone
{11
13, 193, 45) . -
ditt
e vjettë
(Bog.,
Të
primit...,
p.
XIII).
-
shtatë vjeçç
(seven years old)
(Ba.
p.
36).
-mbassi
duole (<duol-
në) jashtë
(after he got out)
(2/ 201). -
rjettë
(=
rrjetnë)
(net)
(2/ 317;
Pj. II
22). -
e
mbas
tetë diçç
(after eight days) ill
253). -
erdh me
t att
(he
came with the father)
(
II
165). -
tue
klane
...
n
loçç (<lotsh)
(crying with
tears)
(11
41). -
ndë
и
gjettë kush
...
(if someone is found) (II
295). -
nxierr
jashtè lotte
(tears out) (Pj. II
120, 10). -
...lulëzojnë gjithë vërtyttë
(blossom all virtues) (Pj. 1
121). -
të
Те
(=
të
mbetej)
(to stay) (Pj. II
15).
-
a
pattë gjegjunë mbas katërdhjetë
ditsh? (Pj. II
35). -
e ndë mbettë
gjakafshë
ta
digjinë (=digjnin)
(if something remained should be burned)
(Pj. 1
64)
etc. !
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______539
23.
In entire old scriptures is caused metatheses of some sounds,
such as.:
bdor/ë,
-a (B
2/ 45;
Ba. p.
66). -
më
bdo (B
2/ 45). -
(ti)
të
bdjersh
(В
2/ 49). -
ti
vëliz (=Iëviz)(you
move)
(2/ 55). -
і
egre
(=
і
egër)
(wild)
(2/ 47).-
Ban shpjert (<shpejt) (he does fast)
(2/ 49). -
me
и
promendunë (=përmendunë)
(to mention) ill
65).
-plëhurë/pluhuresë
(=pëlhurë, pëlhurës)
(caddis)(2/185;
SC
133).-
tue derkujtunë
(=
dreku
-
от)...
(having lunch)
(2/ 205). -
ish shkruom xhudhisht
e gerqisht
(=gre-
qisht) (ot was written in jidish and greek)
(2/ 225). -
dvekëtar (=vdektar)
(mortal) (Bog. II
72). -
nje
nierii
і
thoprëkuom
(В
2/ 297). -
s
kane
shprëblierë
(=
shpërblyer)g ïthë qish mkatetë të tire (=tyre)
(all their sins
were not awarded) (Matr.p.
9)
etc.
24.
Almost in entire old scriptures these words are written like
this:fotf (sot
mëkat)(sin):
I pari kat
mortar (first mortal sin) (B
2/ 65). -
Shtatë
katemortãTQ
tash
vinjënë
(seven mortal sins are coming) (B
2/ 65).
-
të fgjandë/ të
rgjandìt
(В
2/ 205;
Bu.
R
193). -
...porsi
rdhia (B
2/
301). -
Një
і
dha pesë denarë, zjetërit (sot
ţjetrit)
dy
(he gave to the one
five denars, and to the other two)(B
2/ 375). -
të ketë gjethtë
e
shpesha I
e
shpeshë
(to have abundant leafs) (B
2/ 303;
Bu. SC
310). -
e
shuma I
të
shumë
(most)
(В
2/261;
Bu.
SC
64). -
ata
të luojtunë të
раке
I e
раке
(little
playìngìiSC
64;
SC,
Parathënia/Foreword,
7)
etc.
Based
on
above word s contractions:
e
shpesha
/e
shpeshë
(often),
e
shuma
/të shumë
(most),
të
раке/
e
раке
(little), we could ascertain that
form with t(e) which is already used in Albanian:
і
shpeshtë(often),
і
paktë(little),
і
shumtë(most)
are recent, respectively new.
25.
Graphical sign of apostrophe
( ),
which is put instead of a
vowel, usually to replace semivowel
-ë
of the front article
të
=t% when
folloing word begins with vowel, or used to replace semivowel
ë
at the
end of the word, first was used by
Pjetër
Bogdani,
such as:...
ť
urte
(wise) (Pj. I
5). -
ka per
ťardhune zoti i pajs(=
paqsë<paqes) a
master of
peace will come (Pj. II
121). -
me shtiim gjith
ato
ujëna
(to put all that
water) (Pj. I
5). -
gjithë punët e Lijsë Plakë
(all duties of Old
Lija) (Pj.
I
73). -
ka për
ťardhune
zoti
і
pajs(= paqsë<paqes
)
(a master of peace will
come)(Pj.
II
121). -
frujť i saj (Pj. I
2). -
soditën
ЬиЫпт
e
të
madhť e
qiellsë
(they viewd the beauty and glory of sky) (Pj. I
2). -
tëpërziemif e
giuhëvet
(Pj. I
2).
With apostrophe we also encounter at this author
prepositions:
ndë(in), mbë(on),
when following word begins ith vowel
nd
ujë
(in the water), mb
udhë (on
the road) etc.
540____________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
26.
Present days feminine nouns arsye,~ja (reason),
kështjellë,
-a
(castle) and
dëshirë, -a
(desire) at veteran authors are encountered in
masculinum:
jashtë arëseut
(out of the reason) (B
2/ 83). -
kauza e
arrëseu
(cause and reason) (Bu. SC
68). -
ngiat nji
kështjelli
(near the
castle),
і
duelë (<i duelnë) përpara
(they got in front of him)(Bog.
Π
75).
-
dëshiri
(desire)
(В
2/ 335;
Bu.
SC
Foreword;
Bog.
II
30)
etc. Same, the
toponym Shkup,-i at Bardhi,
Bogdani
and in Kuvendin
e Arbënit/
Assembly of Arbeni is found marked in
femininum:
Scopja, Scupja
(=Shkupja) (Fjalori latinisht
-
shqip/Dictionary Latin -Albanian
1635,
CAP. III.
Emënatë
e
Gjytetevet,
e të Kështjellet
Latinisht,
Talianisht,
e
Arbënisht,
(names of the Cities, Castles in Latin, Italian, and Albanian) p.
198). -
Shkupja gjytet
perëndeshë
(Skopje a Goddess city);
argjupeshkëpi
і
Shkups ¿(Archbishop of
Skopje)... (Pleqënia e shtëpisë Bogdananjet)
(Elders of
Bogdani
house).
-
Ujëtë
Asit, sod Vardarit
...
rrjedh per mjedist
Shkupsë.
(the water of
Asi,
nowadays Skopje
-
arqupeshkupin
të Shkupë-
së
(archbishop of Skopje),
administratori
і
Shurbïsë (Administrartor
of
Serbia) (K.A. p.
78)
etc.
27.
In the writings of
16
and
17
centuries we have in
femininum
nouns:
shëndetj
a/health, ligjeja a ligjja (law), nderja(honor), vollundedja/
vollundetja
a
vullëndetja,
vetydja/vertytja (virtue),
mordja
e
morţja
(mor¬
tal), qytetja/qytedja (city), shordja,
finja, pyllja(forest),
pushtetja (power),
qiellja(sky), mnerja, turpja(shame), kryqja
e kryqa(crosses),
gjethja(leaf),
zotënja(mister),
tmerja (dread), druja (shyness), qerrja (cart), djepja (cra¬
dle) etc., many of which have passed later in masculinum, both in verna¬
culars and dialects of Albanian language, and in standard Albanian. A
small number of them, such as shnedja(health), qella(sky), near(honor),
pylla (forest),
mordja (mortal/death)and
any other, still rrtain the old
feminine, in northern Gheg and especially in northwestern Gheg.
28.
In Albanian of 16th and 17th century we have a great number of
nouns in
neutrum.
Example:
djalëtë tem
(my son)(2/
171). -
klomështë e mjaltë
(milk
and honey) ill
133). -
tëlyenë e mjaltë
(butter and honey)(2/
41). -
Mjaltë
(honey) (DC
274). -
dyllëtë e Mjaltëtë
(wax and honey) (SC
92). -
Mjaltëtë
(honey) (Ba. p.
213). -
drithëtë
(cereals)^/
105;
SC
91). -
Grunëtë
(wheat) (Bu. DC
206;
Bog. II
65). -
mielite
(flour)
(2/ 139). -
mishtë
(meat)
(2/ 153;
Bog.
Π
95). -
kryetë
(head)
(2/113;
SC
90;
Ba. p.
1 ;
Bog. II
80). -
bailete
(forehead) (Ba. p.
137). -
emënitë
tat (your name)
(2/139). -
vojte
(oil)
(2/155). -
rushtë
(grape)
(2/ 299). -
gjumët
(sleep)
(2/
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______
5£[
183;
Bu.
SC
401).
-plehëtë
(ordure)
(2/ 351;
Ba.
p.
126). -
ujëtë (water)
(2/ 101;
SC
54;
Ba. p.
132; Bog.
II
53). -
leshtë
(wool) (DC
274). -
barkëtë/barktë/barkt (stomack)
(2/149;
DC
147;
Bog. 1
43).
-fajtë
(guilt)
(2/ 387;
Bog. 1
143). -
damt è e tij (SC
91). -
shenjtëruat emërit
(sanctified
name) (Matrënga,
see:
Prof.dr. Kolë Ashta,
Leksiku historik
і
gjuhës
shqipe II/Historical Lexicon
of Albanian Language
,
Tirane
1998,
p.
60). -
krietë e
asaj ishtë
(her head was)
(
Matrënga,
see: Prof.dr. K. Ashta, citetd
book, p.
68)
etc.
Further development of our language has reduced the number of
neutrums, melting them in other genders, especially in masculinum.
Present days masculinum nouns in indefinite form, such as:
burrë
(man),
balle
(forehead),
djalë
(boy),
drithë
(cereals),
grurë/ grunë
(wheat),
ujë(ater), djathë
(cheese) and some other which exist in old
scriptums, originating from
neutrum,
recently here and there there are
unreasonable requsts or tendencies to be marked (normatively) in our
language in contractions such as burr(man), ballfforehead), djal(boy),
drith(cereals), grur(wheat), uj(water),
djath(cheese).
In my opinion their
intentional removal is not righteous, since in this way our language would
be impoveridhed, and this forced change interferes with the historical and
traditional principle of their usage.
29.
As much as noun definiteness is concerned it is worth to
mention that: kruo, kroi(fountain),
prroi(stream), thuo,
draguo(dragon),
etc.,both in writings of our veteran authors and in th book Emra vendesh
të
Regjistrit
turk të
vitit
143
I/Names of places in Turkish register of
1431
in all their usage I have never encountered them to be used in
definite contraction of singular with the root in n, but always without it
and mainly with diphthong, such as:
prej thout (Bu. SC
140). -
Krou
(fountain)
(
Bog. I
56;
Κ. Α.).
-
Dragou
(Dragon) (Bog. Pj. 1
30)
etc. in this contraction we find also some
toponyms, as we said in Turkish Register of
1431:
Kroi
Ftohtë
(Cold
fountain)(p.
105). -
Kroi
Bardhë
(white fountain)(p.
106). -
Kroi
Kuq (red
fountain)^
106). -
Kroi
Palit
(Pal s fountain) (p.
106). -
Kroi Mbret
(King s fountain) (p.
106). -
Prroi
Dervishit
(Dervish s stream) (p.
105). -
Prroi
Hanës
(Moon s Stream) (p.
105). -
Prroi
te Lisat
(Fountain at
Oaks(p.
106),
as well as prope
Croiam
(=
afer
Krujës(near
Kruja) in
1343,
and
Croia
-
in
1396.
From these noun s contractions, found in old documents, we can
ascertain that their forms coincide in present time with the shape they
542_________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
preserve in southern Gheg, and in this way they are approximated with
their contractions in Tosk, but there they come out, not with definite
article -u, but with -i: kroi(fountain), ftoifquince), thoi(nail),
përroi
(stream), etc.
It should be emphasized that I. Ajeti and B. Bokshi are right when
they defend their theses that definite contractions of type kroni (fountain),
ftoni (quince),
përroni(stream), thoni(nail)
etc., in Northern Gheh are
new.
Besides contractions of above mentioned nouns without n: kruo,
/tuo,
përruo,
thuo etc., in old scripures without an
η
are written nouns
such as
syni,
frani,
gjini: Drita
e
syut
I Vetulia
e
syut
(Ba.
p.
116). -
posi
syn
і
kukuvajkës
(Bog.
І
5). Trau...
u
këput për mjedis
(Bu.
SC
303). -
e
çoj gjiut
sim
bijrrë (<birnë
-
birin)
tem
gjaall (Pj.
I 111) etc. in same
contraction we also encounter at Bardhi the noun for the mammal
(mouse) mi-u:
Kakërdhia
e miut
(
p.
63).
Contraction of nouns:
trau, syu,
e
shiut,
e
gjiut,
e
miut in writings of veteran wrters I think came out in
analogy with the noun type such as: ka-u, dhe-u, shi-u.
30.
Nouns njeri-u, qiri-u, kalli-nif-ri, veri-u, whose usage presents
in present time Albanian dialectical differences (in Northern Gegh the
stress has moved in the first syllable, whilst in other vernaculars in both
dialects the stress is preserved in the last syllable:
njerí, qirí, kalií,
verí,
and in definite form: njeriu, qiriu, veriu, gjetiu, in old scriptures (of Bu-
zuku,
Matrënga,
Budi
and Bardhi) we find both contractions, in indefinite
and definite with the stress in last syllable, such as:
Një
nierii pat dy
bij
(2/ 79). -
і
vertetë njerï, dhe
u
tipos
njeriu
(
Matrënga).
-
tije
nieriu
і
Tinëzot
(2/ 181). -
anëmiqtë e nieeriut (SC
262).
-
nieeriìu
(R
100). -
Nierij
і
forte
(Ba.
p.
89). -
të vogëlitë e nierijut (Ba.
p.
241). -
Nierij
(Bog. Pj.
I
28) -
qiriu/të qiriut (R
350/ 39 ). -
Qirijtë
(DC
234). -
Me qirinë
n
dhezunë
(2/ 79). -
Vendi tu (=ku)
vihet
qiriu
(Ba. p.
92). -
kur
të kthenje prej dheut sinë të Keshe nji Qirij ndezunë
n
dorë
( Bog.
Të
primite
përpara letërarit) etc.
At
Bogdani,
and in rare cases
also at Buzuku, such names are
encountered with the stress in last syllable: nierij me
dritë të mendsë
(Bog. I
5/ 128),
and sometimes in first syllable: Veeri...
shtërgon rëtë
(Bog. rente)
e nuk lë me raam
shii (Pj.
1
38).
However at
Bogdani
these words are never found in definite form
with
-w.
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______543
Ndë gjithë shtat të
merit
krijoj Zotynë treqind eshtëna (Pj.
I
40). -
Faqe nierit (Pj.
1
40). -
Zotynë vetëhej krijon shpijtin
e
nierit
(Pj. 1
41)
etc.
Such contractios of these nouns, we have in
Bogdani
s
work testify that
since his age in northern Gegh had begun shifting of their stress from last
syllable in first syllable and this way they started to be used only in their
indefinite form, as are used in present time in vernaculars of this area.
We will highlight also that the name qiri-u, while used by other
authors in definite plural, is encountered as
qirijtë, as
testifies a case at
Budi:
Qirijtë
u bajne
dritë
(DC
234)
and in indefinite contraction of
plural, Qirij
-
at Bardhi (p.
92);
at
Bogdani
the plural of this noun is found
in same form it is used in present time northern Gegh: qira
....
e ndiqinë
gjithë natën
mb
urë të Buenësë
e
të Drinasit, me qira ndezunë (Pj.
II
40).
31.
A
handful of names, attracting attention in this study are:
det,
gur,
kalë,
bar, which in Tosk and southern Gegh are used in both con¬
tractions, in undefinite: de:t, gu:r, ka:l, ba:r, and definite:
deti,
guri,
kali,
bari,
same as are marked in old books:
déti,
güri, káli,
bari
and
:
deet,
guur, kaalë, baar,
as can be testified with these examples:
Zotynë...
grishi deet
(2/ 227). -
Kalině
e kaluerrë e
shtiu ndë
Det
(Bog. Pj.
I
92). -
bjerë përmbi këtë guur
(2/ 145). -
me një Guur të madh
(SC
58). -
nja
guur
s
ban muur (Ba. p.
213). -
nji Guur
u
rrëzue prej nji
mali
(Bog. Pj.
I
130). -
Frujtoftë dheu baar
(2/ 227). -
me luie e me baar
(SC
329)
etc.
In northern Gegh such nouns have retained only their definite
contraction:
déti, gúri, káli,
bari:
po shkoj n déti.
-
(ti)
mban ni
gúri n do:r.
-
(ai) ka ni
káli.
- kau kullot
bari
etc.
32.
As far as noun cases are concerned with an interest to be
emphasized are nouns in cases of definite nominative and accusative in
plural such as:
engjëll,
dishipull, apostull, idhull,
artikuli,
which mainly at
Bogdan
come out with an -i- between the word root and case suffix, such
as:
engjëj-i-të erdhnë
(2/ 123). -
Apostuj-i-të çelnë syytë
(Bog.
II
99). -
apostuj-i-të
і
thanë...
(II
89). -
apostuj-i-të zdripnë
...
(II
137). -
derkujti
Jezu
me apostuj-i-t
(II
104). -
të mos drojnë, po të vejnë ke apostuj-i-të e
dishepuj-i-të
(II
133).-
bani
idhuj-i-të kundrë vetëveëhesë
(I
83). -
të
12
nejet
o artikuj-i-t ~ e shentesë fee
(161)
etc.
Except in mentioned
cases,
/-
is inserted to also facilitate pronoun-
ciation of undefinite nouns in ablative, plural at
Bogdani
and Buzuku,
544____________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
such as:
prej
dìshepuj-i-sh
(II
98). -
La
tetě apostuj-i-sh
(II
98).
-ishte
nja
i
së dymbëdhjetë
apostuj-i-sh
(II
91). -
prej dishepuj-i-sh
asi
vendi
(II
98). -
kaa me ardhunè tyy me
gjithë
ata
të këqij shpirtënë
η
egjëj-i-sh
(В
2/ 77).
-...A kujton
ti sc.aj
...
më dërgon maa
se
dyymbëdhjetë ushtërii
η
engjij-i-sh
? (2/ 207).
Same, the insertion of an
-/-
between the root and
case suffix is noticed in two or three feminine nouns in plural, at
Bogdani
and Buzuku, such as:
ashtë ndër të
dyy lag)
-i-jet
së nierëzet
(1
73). -
ngja-
lli Laxërinë
η
mord-i-jet
(2/ 75). -
heret ndënat-i-jet
vej
me gjegjunë
ligjëratën e tiinaj
(II
91)
etc.
33.
also should be mentioned genitive and dative in declination of
undefmite plurals, which come out with two suffixes:
a) with -e nouns ending in root with the consonant, such as:
s
atyne
dyvQpleq-e (B
2/ 75). -
E u
ngritin kondra dyve
prifiën-e
(2/ 167). -
maa
se pesëqind vëllazën-e
...
janë
gjall
(В
2/ 291). -
kundra gjithë anëmiq-e
(SC Parathënia
4). -
me lypunë jetënë e giatë kundrë anëmiq-e
(Bog. I
110). - zu
fill
Solomoni me
trajtuem Kishën... të gjashtëdhjetë mijë
njerëz-e
(1
112)
etc.;
b)
with
-ve
nouns ending in root with the vowel:
Ordhënoi erëve
ill
105). -...
këtyne kafshëvel
{21 351). -
raa
ndë
mend
popullit për
vorbat
mishi
e të qepëve
(I
92). -
ishnë
...
përpara katërave shtasëve
(21 347). -
Për nji mëngjii
...
të kaqa nevojëve
zu
fill
Zotynë
(1
83). -
të atyne rrathëve
dheut
(I
34). -
mbet ndënë pushtet
ť
atyne mpkateve
(I
49). -
këtyne
jjalëve nukë kish kush përgjegjej
(II
34). -
ndë shoqënii të atyne... fétyrave
djemënet
(1
33). -
ashtë shëmbëlltyra e Kingjit Pashkëve
(1
64)
etc.
Historically viewed,
the suffix
with
-e in
these noun cases is more
antient, whilst the one with
-ve
is more recent and it s v- has entered in
order to eliminate bad sounding.
34.
Of particular interest is miss-signing of front articles (i,e,
të, së)
of nouns in genitive in quite numerous occasions in entire old scriptures,
such as:
ata...
nukë kanë masë kafshëvet
dheut
(2/ 313). -
përpara Derësë
Ujit
(2/ 299). -
përmbii prakt të derësë shtëpisë
(2/ 221). -
Pronjarëtë e
regjënisë qiellet (SC
347). -
gjymtyrët e djallit mallëkuom (SC
347). -
Shkrova mbë gjuhu(t) tanë... do kapituj të Dritësë gjyqit (Poezi,
298). -
U
mbëlodhnë krenat e priftënet e të pleqet dheut
(Bog.
II
91). -
kam me
dhanë mishtë
tat
zogjet ajrit e shtansëvet dheut
(I
99). -
ndë të
piote
të
hanësë
marsit
(II
85). -
ndë rranë të
Malit
Sinají
(II
77). -
majë
Malit
Sionit (I
77). -
Ndë shoqënii të atyne t shemptueme tëjytyrave djemënet
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______545
(1
33). -
posikur
me
kjanë nji gogëlë ndë mjedis të rrathëve qiellet
(I
33).
-
pi
ujë kundrë urdhënit mjekut
(I
43). -
Me
të
çtjellë të dyy
fije
vëshëriisë emënavet popullit Tinëzot
(I
78). -
Unë
jam
Hyji ätit
tit, Hyji
Abramit, Hyji Izaakut,
e
Hyji Jakobit
(I
88)
etc.
Linguistic phenomenon of missing front articles in genitive is
noticed also in present times in vernaculars of Gegh during the process of
expressive discourse, especially when two part toponyms and microto-
ponyms are mentioned, such as:
Ara
Madhe;
e
gjeta drapnin
nat
Ar.
s
Madhe;
nat
Lugut Ki.shs ishin na:l me pushue;
u
kthye pej Livadhit
Lisit; ish na.1
skêj Urës
Gurit;
u
zatetëm
te Ura Hekrit; kuUotke
η
shpat
Kërshit Ve.rdh
etc. Condisering what was claimed it could be ascertained
that veteran authors based their writing in Albanian spoken language.
35.
Of interest are nouns forms in locative of old scriptures with
prepositions
mbë, përmbi, ndë, ndënë, ndër, ndaj përndanë etc. and the
suffix -t:
mbë
:
mbë kruot
(2/ 77). -
mbë guurt
(2/121). -
mbë
gurt
(II
64). -
mbë qept te
saj
(2/ 231,233). -
mbë malt
(2/ 167). -
vote mbë
malt
(II
14).
-
mbë zakont (SC
169). -
mbë
deret
(SC
229). -
mbë gjuhët
Τ
arbëreshe
(Ba., Fjalori, Prathënia).
-
ashtë mbë Qelltë (Ba. p.
218). -
ndenjunë mbë
derët
(II
49). -
mbërrini mbë vorrt
(II
84). -
me nji Mjekër
çprikme djerë
m brezf
(II
41)
etc;
përmbi: përmbü furët
(2195). -
përmbii shtëpüt
(21151).
-përmbii
shkambt
(2/ 95). -
përmbii
gurt
(2/
111; Bog.I
114). -
përmbii pust
(21
161). -
përmbii malt
{21123)
etc;
ndë: ndë barkt të samësë
(2/ 327). -
ndë klishët
(21 99). -
ndë pust
(2/297).-
ndë vort
(2/ 211).-
ndë trekt
(2/ 107).-
ndëpyyllt
(DC
285).
-
ndë gakte (SC
62). -
deleja... vete ndë grykët
ukut
(SC
390). -
ndë
krypët (Ba. p.
211). - ...
ngrehunë ndë Maltë
(1
2). -
vote
ndë
Italiei
(1
4). -
ndë
djept
(II
18). -
me i
shtijm ndë lymt të Nilit
(191)
etc;
ndënë/përndënë . ndënë rrasët dergjenë (SC
262).
-Ndënë doret të
tinëzot (Ba. p.
161). -
Ndënë biet (Ba. p.
161). -
përndënë fikt,
u
tyy të
рае
(2/ 317). -
me hiimpërndënë strehëttë shtëpisë
(2/115)
etc.
;
ndër: e nvratë ndër ëlteert
(2/ 369).-
1 i
nvrit ndër malt
(21161)
etc;
ndërpër: të mos shkonjë ndërpër dheet
(21273). -
1
treti... të venë
ndëpër Tregt
(II
81). -
po sillej ndëpër dheet
(II
28). - ...
ndëpër Shkupt e
ndëpër Kosovët
(II
12)
etc;
546____________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
ndaj:Q gjet Annenë gruen
e vet
ndaj
deret
të
Kishesë
(Π
4). -
kjenë
kau
e magari ndaj djept
(1119)
etc.
Locative case
of nouns is in present time extended in northern Tosk
and southern Gegh, thus in the area of Albanian language between the
rivers Mat and
Vjosë.
Locative is carachterized by the propositions and
suffix -t
36.
Relevant are also nouns in ablative without preposition, which
are encountered mainly in
Bogdani
s
book:
u
rrëzue
malit
(II
14). -
E
derdhi
Gjarpëni
goj
et e
gry ket
se
vet
uje
(I
60). -
iku doret
s è
Herodit (1
136). -
Duel kishet
për ta
pam (II
114). -
duel
Sauli
shpellet (1
101). - kam
me
u
rrethuem
lëkuret
simeje (1
117). -
U
çue ndërkaq
darhet (II
92).
-jam dale barkut
se sime
amë
(1
117). -
me
nxjerrë shtëpiet
(SC
204). -
daan Darket
e
Drehet
(SC
376). - fort ruhemi
kuseriet,
e
grabëtiet
(DC
68)
etc.
According to dialectical studies these contractions are encountered
in present times in the vernaculars of northwestern Gegh.
37.
Particular contractions and undoubtedly old do present forms of
definite plural in ablative at
Budi
and
Bogdani
with an old suffix -shit,
where is also notices an -i- between the indefinite plural: uqsh, luajsh,
prindsh,
bjeshkësh
etc. and case suffix -t: uqsh-i-t, luajsh-i-t, grash-i-t,
prindsh-i-t,
bjeshkësh-i-t, ethesh-i-t.
uqshìt e
luajshií
(SC
335).
-na
e
nxuor
thuoshU
(SC
303). -
Tinëz
shokëshit
u
vodhën
(DC
252). -
shokëshit
(II
21). -
saa ngojet
e hundëshit
e syyshìt
(SC
388). -
aj treti
syyshìt
së tyne
(II
135). -
e
kujtonj atë kunorë
të helmuome ferrashit
e drizashìt
(DC
149). -...
u
åaprindshit
(II
6). -
larg
shtëpishit
(II
69).
-u
shëndosh
...
plagëshit
...
e
lëngimeshït
(I
117).-
tue
u
rëzuem Bjeshkëshit
(1
5)
etc.
37.
Linguistic peculiarity of old scriptures are contractions of
genitive and ablative with the preposition n, both in singular and plural.
Nouns in genitive with the preposition
η
do not take the suffix
-t: n
elbi,
η
timi,
η
hekuri, n
lini
etc., such as:
kaa
pese
büke
η
elbi
(=
bukë të elbit ose të elbëta)
(2169). -
erë
η
timi
(=
erë
e
timit) (11
269). -
thikë
η
plori
(=
thikë eplorit)
(2189). -
me
një glemb
η
ullini
( =
glemb të ullinit)
(2/ 233). -
dryenëtë
η
hekuri
(=
e
hekurit a të hekurtd)
t i
këputinj
(2193)
etc.
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______547
Nouns in ablative with the preposition
η
take at the end the article -t
:
ndheut, nplakut,
η
lakut, ngjakut,
η
gjumit,
η
timit, nfrujtit,
η
dhishit,
η
viseshit. Examples in the context:
ata
nxora
η
dheut (^prej dheut)
(21303). -
Tue
kleně Jezu
djergun
η
malit {prej malit)
shumë
gjind
e
ndiqnin
(2/103). -
ata
qish
del
η
gojet
(
=prej gojës) pëgaan nierinë
(2/ 159). -
і
muor kallëminë
η
doret
(=
prej
dorës)
(2/ 209). -
ata n mortajet (=prej mortajes) largo
(2/ 51). -
TV lisit
(=
prej lisit)
së
fíkut
bani
të
хіпі
(2/187)
etc.
38.
It is of interest to emphasise also the vocative of singular and
plural nouns in old scriptures because of the fact that there has been a long
time since they are not analyzed in our grammars. In vocative nouns
usually come out with interjections o, oh in indefinite contraction, such as:
О
Sion
(2/ 25). -
O Mërii
(2129). -
Kuje
o Pjetrë...!
(Bog.
II
114). -
Ogruo/Ogrue
(2/ 131;Bog.
II
69).-OZonje/
Oh
Zonjë
(II
103/ 104).-
As
më
thue
о
Jude ....,
ku
anshtë
i
pafaji
king)...? (II
105). -
Qish
anshtë
këta o Zot
(Π
99). -
Lum
, ο
dmu
...
pa ndonji leqe (1
159). -
Perse
o biir ti
mue më
lae
kështu?
(Π
122). -
...nukë besonj
о
biir se
ti
kujton atë dore
puneje
(II
122). -
О і
paafee, hajni
і
Tinëzot
(Bog.
Pasthënia
e veprës,
Përgjegji Zoti
Jank,
Zotit Despot)
etc.
Γη
indefinite
contraction
of vocative case in old scriptures we have
encountered being used nouns without interjections, as are encountered in
present time in our language, such as:
Mik, amë
uaa
trii
bukë, perse një
mik
m
erdh prej shteku
(21259). -
Mik, hiqu përmal
(21297). -
Mik,
mer
qish të përket, e ecë...
(II
83). -...
Grue
nje
(=ja, qe) biri yt
(II
120)
etc.
According to what was said, it is clear that in old scriptures and in
our language exists indefinite vocative case, at least in formal appearance
of it s contraction:
o biir, o mik, oj
zonjë, o Pjetër,
eventhough in semantic
aspect with it we address to a certain being or thing, recognized by us and
dangling by others.
In vernaculars of Albanian language are also used forms of noun
vocatives with the interjection
о
at the end of the noun, such as:
miko/,
ájalo!,
biro/
,
bijo/
etc.
Whilst, in definite contraction of vocative, besides with interjecti¬
ons, nouns are used associated also by pronouns and oher determinants,
such as:
о
biri em?
(21 147);
o atiynë
(21 153)
o ama eme,
qish
ban...?
(її
114);
Eja
о
Zonja e qiellsë
(Π
103);
Oh biri em
;
Oh
Mjeshri em;
o Zoti
548_________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
em
(II
125);
Oh
Hyji qiellet;
Oh
і
amëshueshimi Atë
(II
126);
Oh
bin
em i
zemërësë,
aje
ti Jezusi em?
(II
131);
О
Mjeshtri em (II
133); Heu, heu,
heu, ZotiHyj(l 3) etc.
In
present time albanian
feminine
nouns in vocative case are used
with interjections: ojl
ori/ moj/
morì, si p.sh.:
oj
grua/grue,
oj/ moj
vajzë,
oj
/mori/oh
nânë/nënë etc.
Considering (also) semantic distinction of vocative case from no¬
minative and acusative cases, I think it should not be eliminated from our
grammars, but, in contrary, they should be included and be placed in them
as other noun cases of Albanian language.
39.
Of interest is also vocative of plural in old scriptures, which is
encountered in two contractions:
a) in indefinite contraction:
O njerëz
přej Galileje
(2/ 261). -
O
eshtëna të thata
(2/ 237). -
Oh
pleq
(DC
242). -
о
ju
mal
e
fusha
(DC
136). -
oo
zotënii
e
shokë
e
vëlla-
zënë... eni
e
nqonemi (Poezi,
310). -
o Mij të dashunë
(II
124)
etc.
b)
and definite contraction:
o ju
veshëtë tanë ,
o ju
duortë
tona... o ju
kambëtë
tona
(DC
141). -
o miqtë e
Tinëzot (Poezi,
325). -
qofshi mallëkuom oju syytë tanë
(DC
140).
-Oh kambëtë
e bekueme
(II
126)
etc.
40.
Archaic features present some adjectives without supporting
suffix -të,
which have been noticed earlier by
Çabej
in Gj. Buzuku s Me-
shari
,
such as:
і
lee (sot:
і
lehtë/i
lete),
і
large,
і
afér,
і
shpeshë,
і
turbulle,
і
blerë,
і
shumë,
і
dobe,
і,
e
djathë,
і
vobegë.
These kind of adjectives without
supporting
suffix -të
are found not only at Buzuku, but also among other
veteran writer:., as has been testified by these examples in the context:
tě randěte
tem anshtë të
lee
(2/ 371). -...
me
kleně
/
lum
(2/ 257). -
më shpëtoi
e djatha
jote
(2/ 57). -
dorënë e djathë
(DC
12, 13). -
mbë të
djathë të vertytsë (SC
276). -
kee të
large udhë
(2/127). -
anshtë nji të
largë të pasosunë (Pj.
1
19). -
Anshtë ma
i largu
nesh ndër gjithë Pianetet
(Pj.
1
26). -
të ketë gjethtë e shpesha
(2/ 303). -
e shuma pjesë
n dheut
(2/
233). -
e shuma pjesë e shekullit (SC
152,246). -
andaj hini
me kjaam me
fort të shuma lot (Pj.
II
105).
ujam
i vobeg
(2/ 53). -
Jam e zeshkë
(2/ 25).
-
çë
bën mkata e Ie (Matr. p.
20). -
ashtë ma
i lee
e
/
dob
(Bu.
DC
108). -
E
lee barre,
lat. Leue, pondus (p.
47). -
barra eme
e
lee (Pj.
Π
25). - /
tur-
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
549
bullë gjithë motnë
(DC
270). -
ashtë
...
ma e aféra
(DC
52). -
e atë shoqë-
nij
fort
/
erre, e
të
shemtuome (DC
135). -
і
traili e
і раки
...
(SC
343). -
і
ngulë ndëpër yjt (Pj.
1
26). -
gjithë qish
kje
të blerë ndë Misiirt (Pj.
I
90). -
tue
paam së
largu
nji lis... me gjeth të blera (Pj.
II
88). -
As e madhe, as e
Vogëlë, po e naltë sa duhej, e zeeshkë, ma fort e bukura (Pj.
II
7). -
ishinë
kjanë tëplogë (Pj.
II
86). -
aj qi dëshëron shumë ashtë
ί
vobek (Pj.
1
43). -
natyrën e hyjënueshime të tijnaj tështerrë e të pafrujt (Pj.
1
7)
etc.
41.
Among the pronouns are worth mentioning contractions of first
personal pronouns singular:
и
and
une.
Contration with
и
is primary, which is found at Buzuku s Me-
shari , at
Matrënga,
at Bardhi and at
Budi
(the last one besides it uses also
the contraction
une):
U
Doni
Gjoni, bin
і
Bdek Buzukut
(2/ 387). -
e ama
...
erdh
tek u
(2/ 91). -
u
pistepsnj (Matr. p.
6). -
oo
и,
oo ti
(Ba.
p.
3). -
U
zot,
e ti
zot,
e
baar
kaalit kush
і ер?
(Ba.
p.
215). -
U
físnik
e ti fisnik, e
kashtë kaalit
kush
і
shtie? (Ba. p.
215). -
и
ashtu
ende
mbësonj
(DC
23). -
të
thorn
и
tyy
(SC
295). -
unë ashtu
ende
mbësonj
(DC
26/27). -
jam
une
(DC
175). -
unë
thorn (DC
18)
etc.
Contraction
une,
which secondary, derived from the old primary
и
with the supportive part
-ne
is used regularly at
Bogdani:
...
perse tue kjanë
une
prej Guri
ndë Hast (Parathënie).
-
unë të vinj
(Pj.
II
50). -
Unë kam nji gjytet (Pj.
II
50). -
të
due
unë tyy (Pj.
II
122). -
unë kam
me i
paguem (Pj.
1
96)
etc.
The older form
и
has already been explained that originates from
the early indoeuropean contraction *sue. The evolution of indoeuropean
form *sue in Albanian
и
has been completely explained by other scholars,
so it is not worth it to stop here regarding that.
We could ascertain that in vernaculars of our language the complete
form
unë
is generalized and its usage dominates the other contractions.
However, the simple contraction (old one) in nominative
и
is used in
present times frequently in vernaculars of southern Tosk, especially in
Çamë
dialect; it appears also in
Malesi e
Madhe and here and there
(occasionally) can be heard still in vernaculars northern Gegh: A po vjen
tek
и?;
then in vernacular of
Çamë
dialect:
Ç do
kem ul.
-
Tani
që
jam
и
këtu,
edhe u
të
dua.
-
kështu ishtë si e
thorn
и
etc.
42.
Noticable is also the contraction of the pronoun in genitive-
dative muo/mue with the prepositions kondra, pare,
përpara,
ndaj such
550________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
as:
...të uojtë (=të huojtë)
u
ngritinë kondra muo
(
sot:
kundër meje)
(Bl
15). -
Erdh përpara muo
(=
përpara
mej
é)
(DC
209). -
ashtë dhanë
hundra
muo (SC
384). -
Aj
...pare muo
kle
(2/ 89). -
As
u
kthyeshëm m
Jerusalem
tek
ata qi pare muo
klene Apostoj
(2/ 333). —
Mbas
meje
vjen
nji nierii
qi anshtë
pare muo
(21 99). —
Tri
here
ndë motmot të
dale
për¬
para mue
(Bog. I
14). —
Avitëniu
ndaj
mue
e
gjegjeni këtë punë
(Bog. I
15)
etc. These kinds are rarely heard in present time Albanian. They can
be heard in vernaculars of Middle Albania, especially in northern Tosk,
even the form eja
tek mua
for: eja
tek une.
Such genitive-dative case contractions in present time are encoun¬
tered in vernaculars of Middle Albania in both Albanian dialects.
43.
Contractions of the pronoun in nominative plural na is primary
and the single one in entire old scriptures. Whilst, present time contra¬
ction with metaphony
ne in
Albanian, is new and probably came out from
contractions of other cases (genitive
ne,
ablative nesh) of this pronoun.
44.
I think that of dialectical interst are also genitive-dative
contractions of demonstratives encountered in
Bogdani
s
work:
e lijsë
tijnaj
(Pj.
I
43). -
Të madhtë tijnaj
(I
40). -
të lemitë tijnaj
(I
45). -
le të
epetë djali mirëfilli asajnaj (Pj.
I 111).
-
ndë krahënuer të sajnaj (Pj.
I
125). -
me fjalë të sajnaj (Pj.
II
15). -
flaka
e
sajnaj (Pj.
I
3)
etc.,
which
are peculiarities of dialectical
areal of Bogdani
s
region that coincide also
with their condition in present time vernaculars of northern Gegh.
45.
worth emphasizing are also contractions of nominative yj/yyj/yji
of possessive plural masculinum: zaniyj
(2/ 117). -
motiyj
(21191).
-yj
biir
(21177). -
ngushëlUmiyyj (SC
227). -
mjeshtri^yj (Bog. II
60). -
regji
yyj (II
113)
etc., as well as accusative
taj:
Zotnë
taj
(2/ 113).
—Atene...
taj
(2/ 373/ -
vertytnë taaj (SC
310). -
Soditeni birrë tem, e mjeshtërrë taf
(Bog.
II
124)
etc., which are preserved still in vernaculars of
Malesi e
Madhe and generally in discourses of northwestern Gegh, such as: vern¬
acular ofShkreli, Kelmendi, and Hoti,
s
well as vernacular of
Plave
and
Guci.
46.
Regarding the verbal system, it s woth highlighting that in old
scriptures verbs have more tenses compared to normative tenses of
present time standard language, but thay stand in harmony with their state
in some vernaculars of present time Gegh. Plurality of verb tenses in the
works of veteran authors testifies their expressive richness and abundance
GJUHA
E
SHKRIMEVE TË
VJETRA
SHQIPE (Shek. XV-XVIII)
______551
in that phase of Albanian development and simultaneously reflexts verb
condition
ofthat
age in Gegh dialect.
47.
Verbs with the root in consonant in first person singular and
third person plural in present tense of demonstrative and subjunctive
come out with the suffix -nj: hapinj, mbyllinj, lidhinj, thithinj;
hapnjëmë,
mbyllnjëmë, lidhnjëmë, thithnjëmë etc.,
thus same as there are in southern
Tosk and probably same as they have been in entire Albanian language in
some antient period.
48.
At Buzuku verbs in imperfect tense come out in astigmatic
forms:
punonje, banje,
nçelnje;
third person:
(ai)
punon,
ban, shkon, thus
supporting part
—te: ban-te,
shkon-te, ish-te, kish-te, thosh-te emerges later
at other authors,
Bogdani, Budi
etc.
49.
As archaic form at Buzuku and friend we have first person
singular of auxiliary: jesh- kesh-, thosh-, whilst vernaculars in
Çamëri,
Labëri
as well as vernaculars of the
Arbëreshs
in
Kalábria
and Sicily pre¬
serve such archaic contractions in other persons too:
jeshë, jeshe,
ish,
jeshëm (jeshmë), jeshët (jeshtë), ishnë; keshë, keshe, kish, keshëm (kesh-
më), keshët (keshtë), kishnë.
50.
In reflective voice of present tense verbs in writing of veteran
authors retain straight forms: ngrihem, lahem, lyhem, thyhem etc., which
in present time, in numerous vernaculars of Gegh is used in contractions
such as:
çohna, lahna,
lyhna, thehna.
51.
Sigmatic contractions of imperfect verbs of conjugation in -o/-
io, such as:
(unë)
punoj
sha/punojshna,
(ti) punoj
she,
(na) punojshim/
punojshum,
(ju)
punojshi /punojshit,
(ata)
punojshin etc., encountered in
present time in vernaculars of northwestern Gegh and northeastern Gegh,
are recent. Despite this, traces of sigmatic imperfect are encountered at
Bogdani,
as prove the instances: Misirasit
і
gutëshinë
ata
të
Izraelit
të
delinë
Misirit e
të vejnë
ke
t
u
pëlqente
(Bog. 191). -
Mojzesi bani
uratë,
preku
detinë me purtekët,
і
siili
ndë
cast
u
çel
e bani
udhë
izraeliteve qi
po
ikëshinë
(Bog.
І
91). - Qish shkak
kanë me
shtiim
jevrejtë,
tue
kjanë
shumë mot përpara dukunë prej Shpiirtit Shenjt,
e perdite
і
xgidhëshinë
ndë
sinagoga
të tyne
(I
106).
We also have an example at
Kuvendi i Ar-
bënit:
и
ndërrojshinë.
52.
Contractions of sigmatic
aorist
are also antient encountered at
Buzuku,
Budi, Bardhi
and
Bogdani,
so at most number of veteran authors,
552_________________________________________________
Ragip MULAKU
say it:
и
lëshuoshë,
и
lashë,
и
erdhshë,
и
trazuoshë,
и
nkuqshë,
и
dëfiuo-
shë,
и
bashë,
и
kthyeshë,
и
lutshë
etc. here are some examples in the
context:
vojta
e
и
lashë
(=
и
lava)
(2/ 177). -
U
erdhshë
(= erdhä),
ndë
shtëpii
(2/ 197). —
nuk
и
nkuqshë
(=м
nkuqa, skuqd)
(2/213). -
nukë
и
dëfiuoshë
(=
и
dëftovd)..., as
и
kthyeshë
(=
и
ktheva)
m
Jerusalem (2/ 333).
—
ndë
vjedmis zjarmit u
nukë
и
dogjshë (=u
dogja)
(21 377). —
u mplak-
shë ndër anëmiq të
mii
(2/ 43). -
Ty t
и
rrëfyeshë
(t u
rrëfevd)
n
katin
sim
(2/ 43). -
и
dashë
(=и
dava)
andej,
erdhshë (=erdha) mbë Rome (SC, Pa-
rathënia).
-
и
lutshë
(=
iu
luta)
shentit atë,
Palit
V,
që përsëri të bante aqë
hiir (SC, Parathënia). -ju afruoshë
(=
iu afrova)
me i
fole
(SC, Para-
thënia).
-
Prashtu,
mbasi u
dashë (=u
dava) Kolexhet
së zonjësë ndë
Lurijt, e erdhshë
(=
erdha) mb Rome për urdhënit të Kuvendit Shint
(VI).
—
iju
lutshë qi të
flinte
zotënivet Kuvendit Shint
(IX)).
-
perse nukë
më more me vetëve...
kur
и
dashë
...
n
teje? (Pj.
II
122). -
E ndonë nukë
gjeta Karateritë Arbënisht,
posi
рас
desheruem
и
shërbyeshë, as gjan
mangu
me disa Letëra të Gerqiisë (Parathënia
e
librit).
-
Une
ani... u
vushë për Regj (Pj.1
105).
53.
Of interest
are also verb forms of future tense, such as:
-
kam +paskajorja/infinitive
kam
me baam,
kam
mepiim,
кат те
marre;
-
për
+
lidhorja/conjunctive, which is used in volition sentences,
such as
:
për të ngranë, për të mbledhunë, për të ntherunë, për të ikunë,
për të djegunë
ajo
ashtë dhanë nierëzet për të ngranë
(2/ 71). -
Porsi qengji
qi silletë për të ntherunë
(2/ 163). —
s
ka me pasunë ndonjë shpëresë për të
shpëtuam
(DC
110). -
...e madhe forcë duhetëpër
t
и
ndërruem
nj
ana
ndë
tjetëret
(Bog. 1
19).
-etc.;
-
do/ duo/due me baam, do me paguam, do me
gjetunë,
do me
hipim etc.;
-
do
+
lidhorj a: A do
të
banes
h shëndosh?
( =
a do
të shëndoshesh)
(В
2/ 131). -
si do ta
banje
e ku
do
ta banje
(Bu.
SC
66) . -
Kush
ve
ndë
mulli do e mos do përmielletë (Ba.
210). —
Ashtu
ende
nukë do të hahetë
ziem
(Bog. I
65). -
do të thonë
(К.
A. p.
27). -...
do tëjenë
(К.А. р.
27)
etc.
At
Bogdani
we have also encountered modal verb do/will in the
function of expressing modal meaning of obligation, such as: shenjti
kungim do
marre
me
dëshiir...
(I
66). —
do
djegunë
me zjarm (166)etc.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mulaku, Ragip 1949- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1056025689 |
| author_facet | Mulaku, Ragip 1949- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mulaku, Ragip 1949- |
| author_variant | r m rm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041092563 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)890038383 (DE-599)BVBBV041092563 |
| era | Geschichte 1555-1706 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1555-1706 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041092563 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789951596701 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026069130 |
| oclc_num | 890038383 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 572 S. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Inst. Albanologjik |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mulaku, Ragip 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)1056025689 aut Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) Ragip Mulaku Albaniana language in old scriptures (16 - 18 century) Prishtinë Inst. Albanologjik 2012 572 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Albaniana language in old scriptures (16 - 18 century). - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1555-1706 gnd rswk-swf Morphologie (DE-588)4040289-7 gnd rswk-swf Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd rswk-swf Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd rswk-swf Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd rswk-swf Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd rswk-swf Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 s Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 s Morphologie (DE-588)4040289-7 s Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 s Geschichte 1555-1706 z DE-604 Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026069130&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026069130&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mulaku, Ragip 1949- Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) Morphologie (DE-588)4040289-7 gnd Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040289-7 (DE-588)4019725-6 (DE-588)4045830-1 (DE-588)4056508-7 (DE-588)4112482-0 |
| title | Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) |
| title_alt | Albaniana language in old scriptures (16 - 18 century) |
| title_auth | Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) |
| title_exact_search | Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) |
| title_full | Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) Ragip Mulaku |
| title_fullStr | Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) Ragip Mulaku |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) Ragip Mulaku |
| title_short | Gjuha e shkrimeve të vjetra shqipe (shek. XV - XVIII) |
| title_sort | gjuha e shkrimeve te vjetra shqipe shek xv xviii |
| topic | Morphologie (DE-588)4040289-7 gnd Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Morphologie Gegisch Phonetik Sprachwandel Albanisch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026069130&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026069130&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mulakuragip gjuhaeshkrimevetevjetrashqipeshekxvxviii AT mulakuragip albanianalanguageinoldscriptures1618century |