Reactive power compensation: a practical guide
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester, West Sussex
Wiley
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 276 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780470977187 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Blindstromkompensation in der Betriebspraxis |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Reactive power compensation |b a practical guide |c Wolfgang Hofmann ; Jürgen Schlabbach ; Wolfgang Just |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester, West Sussex |b Wiley |c 2012 | |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII
1 BASICS O F REACTIVE POWER 1
1.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1
1.2 PHASORS AND VECTOR DIAGRAMS 1
1.3 DEFINITION O F DIFFERENT TYPES O F POWER 4
1.4 DEFINITION O F POWER FOR NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES 6
1.5 EQUIVALENT MECHANICAL MODEL FOR INDUCTANCE 9
1 .6 EQUIVALENT MECHANICAL MODEL FOR CAPACITANCE 11
1.7 OHMIC AND REACTIVE CURRENT 12
1.8 SUMMARY / 13
REFERENCES 13
2 REACTIVE POWER CONSUMERS 15
2.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 15
2.2 REACTIVE ENERGY DEMAND 15
2.3 SIMPLIFIED MODEL: SERIES REACTIVE POWER CONSUMER 16
2.4 REALISTIC MODEL: MIXED PARALLEL AND SERIES REACTIVE POWER 16
2.5 REACTIVE POWER DEMAND OF CONSUMERS 17
2.5.1 ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 17
2.5.2 TRANSFORMERS 18
2.5.3 CONTROL GEAR (BALLAST) F O R GAS DISCHARGE LAMPS 18
2.6 SUMMARY 21
3 EFFECT OF REACTIVE POWER ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION 23
3.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 23
3.2 LOADING O F GENERATORS AND EQUIPMENT 23
3.3 POWER SYSTEM LOSSES 24
3.4 GENERATORS 27
3.5 VOLTAGE DROP 28
3.5.1 GENERAL 28
3.5.2 TRANSFERABLE POWER O F LINES AND VOLTAGE DROP 29
3.5.3 TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE DROP 32
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1025735811
IMAGE 2
VI
CONTENTS
3.6 AVAILABLE POWER O F TRANSFORMERS 34
3.7 SUMMARY 35
4 REACTIVE POWER IN STANDARD ENERGY CONTRACTS 37
4.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 37
4.2 INTRODUCTION 37
4.3 REACTIVE ENERGY TO BE CONSIDERED IN STANDARDIZED CONTRACTS OF
SUPPLIERS 38 4.3.1 PRICING DEPENDENT ON CONSUMED REACTIVE ENERGY (KVARH)
38
4.3.2 PRICING DEPENDENT ON CONSUMED APPARENT ENERGY (KVAH) 4 0
4.4 IMPORTANCE OF REACTIVE POWER IN DETERMINING THE COSTS OF CONNECTION
4 2
4.5 SUMMARY 4 2
REFERENCE ~ 4 2
5 METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND POWER FACTOR 43
5.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 43
5.2 METHODS 43
5.2.1 DETERMINATION O F POWER FACTOR IN SINGLE-PHASE GRIDS 43
5.2.2 DIRECT INDICATION O F POWER FACTOR BY MEANS O F BRUEGER S DEVICE
44
5.2.3 DETERMINATION O F POWER FACTOR IN THREE-PHASE SYSTEM 44
5.2.4 DETERMINATION O F POWER FACTOR USING PORTABLE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
46
5.2.5 DETERMINATION O F POWER (FACTOR) VIA RECORDED DATA 48
5.2.6 DETERMINATION O F POWER FACTOR BY MEANS O F AN ACTIVE ENERGY METER
48
5.2.7 DETERMINATION O F POWER FACTOR BY MEANS O F AN ACTIVE AND REACTIVE
ENERGY METER 49
5.2.8 DETERMINATION O F POWER FACTOR VIA THE ENERGY BILL 50
5.3 SUMMARY 51
6 IMPROVEMENT OF POWER FACTOR 53
6.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1 53
6.2 BASICS O F REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 53
6.3 LIMITATION O F REACTIVE POWER WITHOUT PHASE SHIFTING 55
6.4 COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER BY ROTATIONAL PHASE-SHIFTING MACHINES
55 6.5 COMPENSATION O F REACTIVE POWER BY MEANS O F CAPACITORS 5 6
6.6 SUMMARY 58
7 DESIGN, ARRANGEMENT AND POWER OF CAPACITORS 61
7.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 61
7.2 BASICS O F CAPACITORS 61
7.3 REACTIVE POWER O F CAPACITORS 64
7.4 DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES IN MANUFACTURING CAPACITORS 65
7.4.1 CAPACITORS WITH PAPER INSULATION 65
7.4.2 CAPACITORS WITH METALLIZED PAPER (MP CAPACITOR) 65
7.4.3 CAPACITORS WITH METALLIZED PLASTIC FOILS 66
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS
VII
7.5 ARRANGEMENTS AND REACTIVE POWER O F CAPACITORS 66
7.5.1 CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL 67
7.5.2 CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN SERIES 67
7.5.3 STAR AND DELTA CONNECTION O F POWER CAPACITORS 68
7.6 DESIGN OF M V CAPACITORS 69
7.7 LONG-TERM STABILITY AND AGEING O F CAPACITOR INSTALLATIONS 69
7.7.1 GENERAL 69
7.7.2 INFLUENCE O F OPERATING VOLTAGE 7 0
7.7.3 AGEING IN THE CASE O F DETUNED CAPACITORS 12
7.7.4 AGEING DUE TO SWITCHING OPERATIONS 73
7.8 SUMMARY _ 73
REFERENCES 73
8 DETERMINATION O F REQUIRED POWER OF CAPACITORS 75
8.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 75
8.2 BASICS O F CALCULATION 75
8.3 DETERMINATION OF COMPENSATION AT NEW PROJECTED PLANTS 79
8.4 SUMMARY 85
REFERENCE 85
9 TYPES O F REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 87
9.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 87
9.2 SINGLE-TYPE COMPENSATION 87
9.2.1 SINGLE-TYPE COMPENSATION IN ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 88
9.2.2 SINGLE-TYPE COMPENSATION O F TRANSFORMERS 97
9.2.3 SINGLE-TYPE COMPENSATION O F REACTIVE POWER F O R WELDING
TRANSFORMERS 99
9.2.4 SINGLE-TYPE COMPENSATION O F FLUORESCENT LAMPS 103
9.3 BULK-TYPE COMPENSATION 108
9.4 CENTRAL-TYPE COMPENSATION 111
9.5 MIXED COMPENSATION 112
9.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPENSATIONS 113
9.7 SUMMARY % 115
REFERENCE 115
10 COMPENSATION OF EXISTING INSTALLATIONS 117
10.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 117
10.2 METHODS OF DETERMINING THE REACTIVE POWER FOR EXTENSION 117
10.3 CALCULATION OF THE EXTENSION UNIT BY MEANS OF ENERGY INVOICES 118
10.4 SUMMARY 121
11 CONTROL OF REACTIVE POWER 123
11.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 123
11.2 GENERAL 123
11.2.1 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION UNITS 124
IMAGE 4
VIII
CONTENTS
11.3 CONTROL O F REACTIVE POWER BY AUTOMATIC REACTIVE POWER CONTROLLERS
124
11.3.1 GENERAL 124
11.3.2 NUMBER O F STEPS AND REACTIVE POWER O F THE CAPACITOR STEPS 125
11.3.3 THRESHOLD LEVEL C/K VALUE 131
11.3.4 REVERSE CONTROL SCHEME (COS P ( I LINE) 133
11.3.5 AUTOMATIC REACTIVE POWER CONTROL 135
11.3.6 NO-VOLT RELEASE FUNCTION 137
11.4 HOW TO WIRE A POWER FACTOR RELAY 137
11.5 REACTIVE POWER CONTROL B Y M I X E D MEASUREMENT 138
11.6 REACTIVE POWER CONTROL WITH MULTIPLE FEED-INS 140
11.6.1 MEASURING BY MEANS O F SUMMATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER 140
11.6.2 PARALLEL OPERATION O F COMPENSATION BANKS F O R EACH INCOMING
SUPPLY 142
11.7 PERFORMANCES OF AUTOMATIC COMPENSATION BANKS 144
11.8 SUMMARY 146
12 DISCHARGING DEVICES FOR POWER CAPACITORS 147
12.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 147
12.2 BASIS AT LV APPLICATIONS 147
12.2.1 RAPID DISCHARGING WITH ADDITIONAL RESISTANCES SWITCHED IN 150
12.2.2 DISCHARGING CAPACITORS BY MEANS O F REACTORS 150
12.3 DISCHARGING DEVICES IN MV CAPACITORS 152
12.3.1 M V CAPACITORS TO BE DISCHARGED BY RESISTANCES 152
12.3.2 M V CAPACITORS TO BE DISCHARGED BY REACTORS 154
12.4 CALCULATION OF THE ELECTRIC CHARGE TO BE STORED ON AN MV CAPACITOR
154
12.5 SUMMARY 156
13 PROTECTION O F CAPACITORS AND COMPENSATIONS 157
13.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 157
13.2 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERCURRENT AND SHORT CIRCUIT 157
13.3 OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION 158
13.4 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERTEMPERATURES 158
13.5 PROTECTION AGAINST INTERNAL FAULTS 158
13.5.1 PROTECTION AGAINST VOLTAGE FLASHOVER 159
13.5.2 SELF-HEALING TECHNOLOGY 159
13.5.3 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERHEATING AND INTERNAL OVERPRESSURE 159
13.6 PROTECTION BY BALANCE OBSERVATION AT SINGLE-PHASE M V CAPACITORS
162
13.7 SUMMARY 163
REFERENCE 163
14 SWITCHING OF CAPACITORS 165
14.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 165
14.2 GENERAL 165
14.3 SELECTION O F SWITCHGEAR 167
14.3.1 AIR CONTACTORS 168
14.3.2 CIRCUIT BREAKERS 169
14.3.3 SWITCH FUSES AND MAGNETIC TRIPS 169
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS
I X
14.4 SWITCHING BY SEMICONDUCTORS (THYRISTOR MODULES) 169
14.4.1 GENERAL 169
14.4.2 STATIC CONTACTORS F O R SWITCHING CAPACITORS UP TO 415 V 171
14.4.3 STATIC CONTACTORS F O R SWITCHING CAPACITORS O F RATED VOLTAGE
HIGHER THAN 500 V 173
14.4.4 POWER FACTOR RELAYS F O R STATIC CONTACTORS 173
14.4.5 DYNAMIC REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION (READY TO INSTALL) 174
14.5 SUMMARY 175
REFERENCE 175
15 INSTALLATION, DISTURBANCES AND MAINTENANCE 177
15.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 177
15.2 INSTALLATION O F AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED COMPENSATION BANKS 177
15.3 AUTOMATIC COMPENSATION BANKS: SETTING INTO OPERATION 178
15.3.1 SELECTION O F CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT) AND DETERMINATION O F THE
C T CABLE 178
15.3.2 PRESET SWITCHING TIME DELAY P E R CAPACITOR STEP 183
15.4 DISTURBANCES AND HOW TO SOLVE THEM 184
15.5 WORKING AND MAINTENANCE 185
15.6 SUMMARY 187
REFERENCES 187
16 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN ELECTRICAL PLANTS WITH GENERATORS 189
16.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 189
16.2 GENERAL 189
16.3 AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF REACTIVE POWER WITHIN FOUR QUADRANTS 190
16.3.1 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 190
16.3.2 BARGAINING CONSIDERATIONS 192
16.4 SUMMARY 193
REFERENCES 194
17 EFFECTS O F PERTURBATION CONSIDERING ESPECIALLY THE IMPACT O F
HARMONICS ON POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CAPACITORS 195
17.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 195
17.2 PERTURBATIONS AND IMPROVED POWER QUALITY FOR BUSINESS CUSTOMERS 196
17.3 MEASURING AND ANALYSIS 198
17.4 SUMMARY 203
REFERENCES 204
18 RESONANCES IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS 205
18.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 205
18.2 PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT 205
18.3 SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT 208
18.4 TYPICAL RESONANCES IN POWER SYSTEMS 208
18.4.1 RESONANCE DUE TO REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN 6 K V SYSTEM 208
18.4.2 PARALLEL RESONANCE IN A 30 K V INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM 210
18.4.3 IMPEDANCE IN URBAN 10 K V SYSTEM 212
IMAGE 6
X
CONTENTS
18.5 SUMMARY 212
REFERENCE 212
19 REACTOR-PROTECTED CAPACITORS AND FILTER CIRCUITS 213
19.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 213
19.2 EFFECT OF REACTOR-PROTECTED SYSTEMS AND SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 214
19.2.1 EFFECT O F REACTOR-PROTECTED SYSTEMS 214
19.2.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION O F REACTOR-PROTECTED CAPACITOR BANKS 217
19.3 NOTES ON THE SELECTION O F REACTORS 220
19.4 INFLUENCE OF THE REACTOR RATE ON THE CAPACITOR S LIFETIME 222
19.5 FILTER EFFECT WITH DETUNED FILTERS 223
19.6 FILTER CIRCUITS . 225
19.6.1 GENERAL 225
19.6.2 ACTIVE FILTERS 227
19.6.3 PASSIVE FILTERS 229
19.6.4 COMPARISON O F ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FILTERS 233
19.7 NEUTRAL LINE HARMONIC FILTERING 233
19.7.1 GENERAL 233
19.7.2 SPECIAL FEATURES O F THE THIRD HARMONIC 234
19.7.3 NETWORK RELIEF BY THE NEUTRAL LINE HARMONIC FILTER 235
19.8 SUMMARY 238
REFERENCES 239
20 DYNAMIC REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION SYSTEMS 241
20.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 241
20.1.1 IMPROVEMENT O F POWER QUALITY VIA DYNAMIC REACTIVE POWER
COMPENSATION SYSTEMS 242
20.2 MOTOR STARTUP COMPENSATION 245
20.3 FLICKER COMPENSATION 245
20.4 EVALUATION O F POWER FACTOR CORRECTION SOLUTIONS AS SEEN BY THE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATOR (POWER UTILITY) 251
20.5 SUMMARY 252
REFERENCES 252
21 COMPENSATION EFFECTS AT RECTIFIERS S 253
21.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 253
21.1.1 GENERAL 253
21.2 COMPENSATION BANK AT A SIX-PULSE RECTIFIER 254
21.2.1 TIME COURSES O F VOLTAGE AND CURRENT AT A THREE-PHASE
BRIDGE-CONNECTED RECTIFIER 256
21.2.2 HOW COMPENSATION BANKS AFFECT THREE-PHASE BRIDGE-CONNECTED
RECTIFIERS 257
21.3 CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR OF REACTIVE POWER CONTROLLERS AT
RECTIFIERS 260
21.4 SUMMARY 261
REFERENCES 261
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XI
22 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE PROTECTION USING CAPACITORS 263
22.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 263
22.2 PCB-FILLED CAPACITORS 263
22.3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY THROUGH POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION 264 22.4 SUMMARY 267
REFERENCES 267
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
INDEX
269
273
|
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| id | DE-604.BV041088781 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470977187 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026065413 |
| oclc_num | 838067138 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-573 |
| owner_facet | DE-573 |
| physical | XIV, 276 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hofmann, Wolfgang 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)137451938 aut Blindstromkompensation in der Betriebspraxis Reactive power compensation a practical guide Wolfgang Hofmann ; Jürgen Schlabbach ; Wolfgang Just 1. publ. Chichester, West Sussex Wiley 2012 XIV, 276 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Blindleistungskompensation (DE-588)4139665-0 gnd rswk-swf Blindleistungskompensation (DE-588)4139665-0 s DE-604 Schlabbach, Jürgen 1952- Sonstige (DE-588)120703890 oth Just, Wolfgang 1945- Sonstige (DE-588)136717551 oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026065413&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hofmann, Wolfgang 1945- Reactive power compensation a practical guide Blindleistungskompensation (DE-588)4139665-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4139665-0 |
| title | Reactive power compensation a practical guide |
| title_alt | Blindstromkompensation in der Betriebspraxis |
| title_auth | Reactive power compensation a practical guide |
| title_exact_search | Reactive power compensation a practical guide |
| title_full | Reactive power compensation a practical guide Wolfgang Hofmann ; Jürgen Schlabbach ; Wolfgang Just |
| title_fullStr | Reactive power compensation a practical guide Wolfgang Hofmann ; Jürgen Schlabbach ; Wolfgang Just |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reactive power compensation a practical guide Wolfgang Hofmann ; Jürgen Schlabbach ; Wolfgang Just |
| title_short | Reactive power compensation |
| title_sort | reactive power compensation a practical guide |
| title_sub | a practical guide |
| topic | Blindleistungskompensation (DE-588)4139665-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Blindleistungskompensation |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026065413&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hofmannwolfgang blindstromkompensationinderbetriebspraxis AT schlabbachjurgen blindstromkompensationinderbetriebspraxis AT justwolfgang blindstromkompensationinderbetriebspraxis AT hofmannwolfgang reactivepowercompensationapracticalguide AT schlabbachjurgen reactivepowercompensationapracticalguide AT justwolfgang reactivepowercompensationapracticalguide |