Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
de Gruyter
2013
|
| Series: | Tort and Insurance Law
33 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 376 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783110282535 3110282534 |
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IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ISRAEL GILEAD, MICHAEL D GREEN AND BERNHARD A KOCH GENERAL REPORT:
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY: ANALYTICAL AND
COMPARATIVE REPORT - 1
I. INTRODUCTION 1
1. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN THE PROJECT 1
2. CAUSAL PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY CONTRASTED WITH PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY
AMONG MULTIPLE TORTFEASORS BASED ON CONTRIBUTORY (COMPARATIVE)
NEGLIGENCE 3
3. THE AIM OF THIS PROJECT 4
4. STRUCTURE 8
II. CATEGORIES OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 10 1. WHY CATEGORIZE? -10
2. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM 12
A. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASORS 12
B. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS -13
C. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 13
D. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 14
E. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - 'LOST CHANCES' 14
3. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 15
A. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - ALL PARTS OF P'S HARM WERE CAUSED BY
LIABLE DS 15
B. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - SOME PARTS OF P'S HARM WERE CAUSED BY
OTHER FACTORS 16
4. CATEGORY C - UNREALIZED RISKS WITH POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE HARMS 16
5. CATEGORY D - 'COMBINATION CASES' 17 III. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 17
IV. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF-: 20
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1018442715
IMAGE 2
VIII - TABLE OF CONTENTS
V. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM 22
1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 23
A. ANALYSIS 23
B. A1 CASES IN COMPARISON - 25
2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 26
A. ANALYSIS 26
B. A2 CASES IN COMPARISON - 30
3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS - 31
A. ANALYSIS 31
B. A3 CASES IN COMPARISON - 34
4. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 35
A. ANALYSIS 35
B. A4 CASES IN COMPARISON - 38
5. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE 39
A. ANALYSIS 39
B. A5 CASES IN COMPARISON 43
VI. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 44
1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY TORTIOUS
ACTORS 45
A. ANALYSIS 45
B. B1 CASES IN COMPARISON 47 2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF
HARM CAUSED BY NON-TORTIOUS
FACTORS 48
A. ANALYSIS 48
B. B2 CASES IN COMPARISON - 49
VII. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM - 50 1. SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE
HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY - 51
A. ANALYSIS 51
B. CI CASES IN COMPARISON - 52 2. SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE
HARM UNCERTAIN 54
A. ANALYSIS 54
B. C2 CASES IN COMPARISON 55
VIII. CATEGORY D - 'COMBINATION CASES' 56 1. ON THE MEANING OF
COMBINATION CASES 56
2. HOW TO COPE WITH 'COMBINATION CASES' 57
IMAGE 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 58 1. HOW TO APPROACH CPL ISSUES? 59
2. THE RELEVANT FACTUAL EFFECTS OF CPL 59
3. NORMATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 61
4. ON THE CAUTIOUS MONITORED DEVELOPMENT OF CPL - 62
5. ON THE COMPARATIVE LANDSCAPE 64
6. ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 66
CATEGORIES OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY - 69 CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES
OF PAST HARM - 69
SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 69
SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 69
SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 70
SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' - 70
SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE 71
CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 71 SUB-CATEGORY B1 -
INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY TORTIOUS
ACTORS 71
SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY NON-TORTIOUS
FACTORS 72
CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 72
SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY - 73
SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN 73
CATEGORY D - 'COMBINATION CASES' 73
COUNTRY REPORTS
BERNHARD A KOCH
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN AUSTRIA - 77
I. STANDARD OF PROOF-77
II. THE DISCUSSION OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN AUSTRIA 79 A. THE
STARTING POINT - MULTIPLE TORTFEASORS UNDER THE ABGB 79
B. ALTERNATIVE CAUSES 80 1. ALTERNATIVE EXTERNAL CAUSES 80 2.
ALTERNATIVE EXTERNAL CAUSES COMPETING WITH RISKS WITHIN THE VICTIM'S OWN
SPHERE 83
IMAGE 4
X - TABLE OF CONTENTS
C. OTHER INSTANCES OF CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY 87
1. ALTERNATIVE VICTIMS 87
2. MINIMAL CAUSATION 88
3. LOSS OF A CHANCE 88
4. MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY 90
D. THE TWO DRAFTS OF A TORT LAW REFORM - ONE STEP FORWARD AND
TWO STEPS BACK 90
III. THE CASE HYPOTHETICALS FROM AN AUSTRIAN PERSPECTIVE - 92
A. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM 92
1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 92
2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS - 92
3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 93
4. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 93
5. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE - 93
B. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM - 94
1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY
TORTIOUS ACTORS 94 2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM
CAUSED BY
NON-TORTIOUS FACTORS 95
C. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM - 95
D. CATEGORY D - 'COMBINATION CASES 96
IV. SUMMARY 96
LUBOS TICHY AND JIN HRADEK
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC - 99
I. DEFINITION OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 99
A. INTRODUCTION 99
B. LEGAL PROVISIONS OF SUBSTANTIVE LAW - 99
1. PROVISIONS ON MULTIPLE TORTFEASORS 99
2. CAUSATION -101 3. PROVISIONS ON PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY -104
II. POLICY CONSIDERATION -105
III. BURDEN OF PROOF 106
A. LEGAL PROVISIONS 106
B. POSSIBLE CHANGES 108
IMAGE 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS - XI
IV. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM -110
1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE TORTFEASOR
110
2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 111
3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE VICTIMS
111
4. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' -113
5. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE -113
V. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 114
1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY TORTIOUS
ACTORS 114
2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY NON-TORTIOUS
FACTORS -115
VI. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 116
1. SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY -116
2. SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN 116
ANDREAS BLOCH EHLERS AND VIBE ULFBECK
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN DENMARK -117
KEN OLIPHANT
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN ENGLAND AND WALES 121
I. INTRODUCTION -121
MEANING OF 'PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY' -121
II. PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY: THE FAIRCHILD EXCEPTION 122 A. STARTING
POINTS 122
B. ORTHODOX APPROACH TO ALTERNATIVE CAUSES 123 C. FAIRCHILD AND BEYOND
124
III. THE CATEGORIES OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY -128
A. ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY (UNIDENTIFIED TORTFEASOR) 128
B. 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' (A CLOSED SET OF TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS)
128 C. POLLUTION AND DRUG CASES (UNIDENTIFIED VICTIM) 129 D. INCREASED
RISK 130
E. THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE 131
F. CERTAIN CAUSATION - UNCERTAIN EXTENT (ONLY TORTIOUS CAUSES) -134 G.
CERTAIN CAUSATION - UNCERTAIN EXTENT (TORTIOUS AND NON-TORTIOUS CAUSES)
135
H. CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AS TO FUTURE HARM 136 IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS 139
IMAGE 6
XII - TABLE OF CONTENTS
OLIVIER MORETEAU
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN FRANCE 141
I. INTRODUCTION 141
II. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF 141 III. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES
OF PAST HARM 143
1. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - A5: THE 'HARD CASE' AND LOST CHANCES -143
2. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 144 3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' -
INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 147
4. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 147
IV. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 148
V. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 150
1. SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY -151
2. SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN -151
ULRICH MAGNUS
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN GERMANY -153
I. DEFINITION OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 153
II. CATEGORIES OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 155
III. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 155
1. DETERRENCE -156
2. JUSTICE/FAIRNESS -157 3. REDUCTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS 158
4. FURTHER POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 158
IV. BURDEN OF PROOF 158
1. IN GENERAL 158
2. STANDARD OF PROOF 159
V. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM 160 1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 -
'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 160 2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY
UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 161
3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 162
4. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 162 5. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST
CHANCE' DOCTRINE 163
IMAGE 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 163
1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY
TORTIOUS ACTORS 163 2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM
CAUSED BY
NON-TORTIOUS FACTORS -164
VII. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 164 1. SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE
HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY 164
2. SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN 164
VIII. CATEGORY D - 'COMBINATION CASES 165
IX. CONCLUSIONS 165 1. IN GENERAL -165
2. THE RELEVANT FACTUAL EFFECTS OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 165
(A) GAINERS AND LOSERS -165
(B) EFFECT ON INCENTIVES 166
(C) NUMBER OF SUITS 167
(D) COSTS OF SUITS 167
(E) INFORMATIONAL DIFFICULTIES 168
(0 DISTRIBUTION OF PROBABILITIES 168
(G) DEGREE OF FAULT 168
(H) DEGREE OF UNCERTAINTY 168
3. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 168
EUGENIA DACORONIA CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN
GREECE 171
I. INTRODUCTION 171
GENERAL DEFINITION 171 II. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 173
III. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF 173
IV. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM -174
1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE TORTFEASOR
174
2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 175
3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE VICTIMS
176
4. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 177 5. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST
CHANCE' DOCTRINE 178
IMAGE 8
XIV - TABLE OF CONTENTS
V. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 179
1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY
TORTIOUS ACTORS 179 2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM
CAUSED BY
NON-TORTIOUS FACTORS 179
VI. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 180
1. SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY 180
2. SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN 181
BOAZ SHNOOR AND ISRAEL GILEAD
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY I N ISRAEL -183
I. INTRODUCTION 183
II. THE MALUL CASE -183
III. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF 185
IV. CATEGORISATION 186 V. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 187
VI. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM -188
1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 188 2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY
UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 189
3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 190
4. SUB-CATEGORIES A4 AND A5 - 'HARD CASES' AND 'LOST CHANCES'
SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE 192
SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 193
VII. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 194 1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 -
INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED
BY TORTIOUS ACTORS -194 2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM
CAUSED BY
NON-TORTIOUS FACTORS -195
VIII. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 196
IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS 197
IMAGE 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS - XV
GIOVANNI COMANDE AND LUCA NOCCO
PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN UNCERTAIN SETTINGS: IS IT PRECAUTIONARY?
ITALIAN INSIGHTS
AND COMPARATIVE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 199
I. IN SEARCH OF A DEFINITION FOR PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 199
A. INTRODUCTION 199
B. THE STANDARD OF PROOF-201 C. REASONS TO INTRODUCE A RULE OF
PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY AND POLICY RELATED
IMPLICATIONS 203
II. IN SEARCH OF INSTANCES FOR PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 206
A. THE FIRST CATEGORY OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY (AND TOOLS AIMING TO
ACHIEVE
SIMILAR OBJECTIVES): UNCERTAINTY REGARDING THE LINK BETWEEN DEFENDANT'S
CONDUCT AND HARM. 206
1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 206
2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 211
3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 212
4. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 212
5. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE - 213
B. SOME INSIGHTS ON PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY 215 C. THE
SECOND CATEGORY OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY: INDETERMINATE PARTS
OF HARM - 219 D. THE THIRD CATEGORY OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY: UNCERTAIN
MATERIALISATION
OF RISK 220
III. IN SEARCH OF A REASONABLE PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY RULE FOR UNCERTAIN
SETTINGS 223
ANNE LM KEIRSE
GOING DUTCH: HOW TO ADDRESS CASES OF CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY 227
I. PREFACE 227
II. AN ALL-OR-NOTHING EXTERNAL LIABILITY PAIRED WITH AN INTERNAL
PROPORTIONAL APPORTIONMENT 228
III. THE REVERSAL OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF 232
IV. THE THEORY OF THE LOSS OF A CHANCE: A STEP CLOSER TOWARDS ACCEPTING
PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 232
V. PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY: NO LONGER AN 'INTERNAL MATTER' 235 VI.
PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY CONFIRMED 240
IMAGE 10
XVI - TABLE OF CONTENTS
VII. FOLLOW-UP CASE LAW 242
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 245 ANNEX: SHORT ANSWERS TO THE CASES FROM A
DUTCH PERSPECTIVE 246
BJARTE ASKELAND CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN NORWAY
- 249
EXISTING SOLUTIONS TO THE VARIOUS CATEGORIES 251
EWA BAGINSKA
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN POLAND 253
I. INTRODUCTION - 253
II. GENERAL REMARKS ON CAUSATION AND BURDEN OF PROOF IN POLISH LAW 254
A. CAUSATION 254
B. BURDEN OF PROOF 256
III. THE WAY TO THE CORONATION OF THE RULE OF JOINT AND SEVERAL
LIABILITY IN
POLISH LAW 259
A. THE RISE AND FALL OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN POLISH LAW - 259
B. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY 261
IV. POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY - SPECIFIC CATEGORIES
- 262
A. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM 262
1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 262
2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 264 3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG
CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 265
4. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 266
5. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE 268
B. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 270 1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 -
INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY TORTIOUS
ACTORS 270
2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY NONTORTIOUS
FACTORS 273 C. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 274
D. CATEGORY D - COMBINATION CASES 276
V. FINAL OBSERVATIONS 278
IMAGE 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
JOHANN NEETHLING CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN SOUTH
AFRICA - 283
I. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM - 283
A. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 283
B. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 285
C. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 286
D. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 287
E. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE 288
II. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 289
A. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY
TORTIOUS ACTORS 289 B. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM
CAUSED BY
NON-TORTIOUS FACTORS - 290
III. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 292 A. SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE
HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY 292
B. SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN 292
MIQUEL MARTIN-CASALS AND JOSEP SOLE CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL
LIABILITY IN SPAIN - 295
I. INTRODUCTION 295
A. THE PROOF OF CAUSATION UNDER SPANISH LAW 295
B. PROCEDURAL MEANS TO OVERCOME UNCERTAINTY 296
C. THE NOTION OF'PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY' IN CURRENT SPANISH LAW 297
D. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SPANISH DEBATE 299
II. CATEGORIES OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY - 300
A. UNCERTAINTY ABOUT PAST HARM 300 1. INDETERMINATE TORTFEASORS
('ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY') 300
2. CAUSALLY UNRELATED TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS ('MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY')
304
3. INDETERMINATE VICTIM ('POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES') 306 4. THE 'HARD
CASE' CATEGORY 306
5. THE'LOSS OF CHANCE'DOCTRINE 309
B. INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 312 1. ALL THE PARTS OF THE HARM WERE
CAUSED BY A GROUP OF TORTIOUS DEFENDANTS 312 2. PART OF THE HARM CAUSED
BY CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE OF THE VICTIM OR
BY A NON-TORTIOUS FACTOR 314
IMAGE 12
XVIII - TABLE OF CONTENTS
C. UNREALISED RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 315
D. COMBINATION CASES 317
III. FINAL REMARKS 318
PIERRE WIDMER AND BENEDICT WINIGER
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN SWITZERLAND 323
I. DEFINITION OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 323
II. CATEGORIES OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 325
III. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS - 326
IV. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF 328
V. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM 330
1. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR - 330
2. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 331
3. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 332
4. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 333
5. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE 333
VI. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 336
1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY
TORTIOUS ACTORS 336 2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM
CAUSED BY
NON-TORTIOUS FACTORS 337
VII. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM - 337
1. SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY 337
2. SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN - 338
VIII. CATEGORY D - COMBINATION CASES 339
IX. CONCLUSIONS 340
MICHAEL D GREEN
CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN THE US - 343
I. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF 343
II. THE MEANING OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY 343
III. SCHOLARLY TREATMENT OF PROPORTIONAL LIABILITY IN THE US - 344
IV. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 351 V. THE CATEGORIES OF PROPORTIONAL
LIABILITY 353
IMAGE 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS - XIX
A. CATEGORY A - UNCERTAIN CAUSES OF PAST HARM 353 1. INTRODUCTION 353
2. SUB-CATEGORY A1 - 'ALTERNATIVE LIABILITY' - INDETERMINATE
TORTFEASOR 356
3. SUB-CATEGORY A2 - 'MARKET-SHARE LIABILITY' - CAUSALLY UNRELATED
TORTFEASORS AND VICTIMS 357
4. SUB-CATEGORY A3 - 'POLLUTION OR DRUG CASES' - INDETERMINATE
VICTIMS 357
5. SUB-CATEGORY A4 - 'THE HARD CASE' 360
6. SUB-CATEGORY A5 - THE 'LOST CHANCE' DOCTRINE - 362
B. CATEGORY B - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM 365
1. SUB-CATEGORY B1 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY TORTIOUS
ACTORS 365
2. SUB-CATEGORY B2 - INDETERMINATE PARTS OF HARM CAUSED BY NONTORTIOUS
FACTORS 367
C. CATEGORY C - RISKS OF FUTURE HARM 368
1. SUB-CATEGORY CI - FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN ENTIRELY 368
2. SUB-CATEGORY C2 - EXTENT OF FUTURE HARM UNCERTAIN - 369
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS - 371
INDEX 373 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171708369 (DE-588)1064664288 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041088084 |
| classification_rvk | PU 1532 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)859830276 (DE-599)DNB1018442715 |
| dewey-full | 340 346.03 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 340 - Law 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 340 346.03 |
| dewey-search | 340 346.03 |
| dewey-sort | 3340 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041088084 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:42:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783110282535 3110282534 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026064741 |
| oclc_num | 859830276 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-29 DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-29 DE-384 |
| physical | XIX, 376 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | de Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Tort and Insurance Law |
| series2 | Tort and Insurance Law |
| spelling | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives Israel Gilead ... (eds). With contributions by Bjarte Askeland ... Berlin [u.a.] de Gruyter 2013 XIX, 376 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Tort and Insurance Law 33 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd rswk-swf Kausalität (DE-588)4030102-3 gnd rswk-swf Unerlaubte Handlung (DE-588)4061688-5 gnd rswk-swf Haftung (DE-588)4022898-8 gnd rswk-swf Unerlaubte Handlung (DE-588)4061688-5 s Haftung (DE-588)4022898-8 s Kausalität (DE-588)4030102-3 s Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 s DE-604 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b 1\p DE-604 Gilʻad, Yiśraʼel Sonstige (DE-588)171708369 oth Askeland, Bjarte 1965- Sonstige (DE-588)1064664288 oth Tort and Insurance Law 33 (DE-604)BV014088056 33 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3951017&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026064741&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives Tort and Insurance Law Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Kausalität (DE-588)4030102-3 gnd Unerlaubte Handlung (DE-588)4061688-5 gnd Haftung (DE-588)4022898-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4030102-3 (DE-588)4061688-5 (DE-588)4022898-8 |
| title | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives |
| title_auth | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives |
| title_exact_search | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives |
| title_full | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives Israel Gilead ... (eds). With contributions by Bjarte Askeland ... |
| title_fullStr | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives Israel Gilead ... (eds). With contributions by Bjarte Askeland ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives Israel Gilead ... (eds). With contributions by Bjarte Askeland ... |
| title_short | Proportional liability: analytical and comparative perspectives |
| title_sort | proportional liability analytical and comparative perspectives |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Kausalität (DE-588)4030102-3 gnd Unerlaubte Handlung (DE-588)4061688-5 gnd Haftung (DE-588)4022898-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Rechtsvergleich Kausalität Unerlaubte Handlung Haftung |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3951017&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026064741&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014088056 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gilʻadyisraʼel proportionalliabilityanalyticalandcomparativeperspectives AT askelandbjarte proportionalliabilityanalyticalandcomparativeperspectives |