Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 226 S. graph. Darst. 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788324222674 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku |c Michalina Broda |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas |c 2013 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
........................................ 9
Rozdział I. Tło
................................ 19
1.
Średniowieczna medycyna
.................... 19
2.
Lekarze dworscy w Europie Srodkowo-Wschodniej
w
XIV
wieku
.............................. 30
Rozdział
II.
Kim byli?
........................... 46
1.
Lekarze wielkich mistrzów krzyżackich
.......... 46
2.
Lekarze w miastach pruskich
.................. 71
3.
Specjaliści w leczeniu ran i oczu
................ 90
Rozdział III. Skąd pochodzili?
..................... 110
1.
Lekarze wywodzący się z państwa zakonu
krzyżackiego w Prusach
...................... 110
2.
Lekarze cudzoziemscy
....................... 118
Rozdział
IV
Czym się zajmowali?
.................. 130
1.
Diagnozy lekarskie i leczenie
.................. 130
2.
Lekarze w kontaktach dyplomatycznych
......... 153
3.
Dochody lekarzy
........................... 162
Zakończenie
.................................... 173
Załącznik
Wykaz lekarzy występujących na terenie Prus do
1466
roku
179
Wykaz skrótów zastosowanych w przypisach
........... 203
Wykaz źródeł i literatury
.......................... 205
Summary
...................................... 221
Summary
Physicians working in the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
have not enjoyed wide scholarly interest so far. A few decades ago,
a German historian, Christian Probst, wrote about them in one of
the chapters in his book. However, he has not discussed the issue
at length: having relied mostly on historical correspondence, he has
omitted a number of physicians who were mentioned in historical
sources. In relation to others, he has only given very brief informa¬
tion, and tended to misinterpret source materials. Still, it is practically
the only extensive publication in this field to date.
The absence of secondary literature discussing this issue might be
surprising, particularly in view of the fact that there is a relatively large
amount of historical mentions pertaining to physicians. Extensive
research allows to find in the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in
late Middle Ages
-
from
1323
(the earliest mention) to
1466 -
circa
seventy physicians and a few practitioners for instance specialized in
wound healing and eye treatment.
The earliest historical mentions on physicians date back to the
first half of the 14th century, therefore they appear slightly later in
comparison to similar data from neighbouring countries of Central
and Eastern Europe. However, we shall bear in mind that in view of
regulations binding in the state of the Teutonic Order, physicians were
to have been working in Prussia as early as in the 13th century. In
secondary literature the coming of first physicians has been associa¬
ted with the relocation of the Grand Master s residence to
Malbork
(Marienburg),
yet this claim is not fully well-grounded. The earliest
mention on a physician in the state of the Teutonic Order refers to
Frugerius who stayed in
Dzierzgoń.
When local commnder Luther
von
Braunschweig
(1331-1335)
was elected Grand Master in
1331,
Frugerius went to accompany him to the
Malbork
castle. Since that
222
Summary
time on, the position of the court physician
ãt
the
Malbork
court had
become a steady one. Apart from Frugerius, other physicians can also
be mentioned:
Johann
was working for Dietrich
von
Altenburg
(1335-
-1341),
Conrad
von Leithen
did his service for
Ludolf
König (1342-
-1345)
and probably for
Heinrich Dusemer (1345-1351),
and
Johann
von
Rode served for Winrich
von Kniprode (1351-1382).
Sources do
not mention physicians of two subsequent Grand Masters: Conrad
Zöllner von Rottenstein (1382-1390)
and Conrad
von Wallenrode
(1391-1393).
At the court of Grand Master Conrad
von Jungingen
(1393-1407),
who was suffering from nephrolithiasis, two personal
physicians are mentioned, namely, Jan and
Mikołaj
Birghayn. The
Grand Master was also treated by
Bartłomiej
of Boroszewo who was
a personal physician to
Ulrich von Jungingen (1407-1410).
In source
material no mentions are made on physicians working at the court
of Grand Master
Heinrich von Plauen (1410-1413).
in case of his
successor, Michael
Küchmeister (1414-1422),
the situation is more
ambiguous: most probably
Johann
Rogge
was doing his service for
the Grand Master. Moreover, the Teutonic Order procurator at the
papal curietried to find a physician for the Grand Master during the
Council of Constance
(1414-1418);
apparently he did not succeed in
his endeavours. A physician Henry was working at the court of Paul
von Rusdorf (1422-1441);
as early as in
1422
he was a personal physi¬
cian to the Grand Master. Personal physicians also fulfilled their duties
for Conrad
von Erlichshausen (1441-1449)
(yet nothing is known
even on the person s name) and
Ludwig von
Erlichshausen
(1450—
-1467).
The latter was treated by a doctor Jakob Schillingholtz.
Undoubtedly, the capital of the state of the Teutonic Order was
an attractive place both for domestic and foreign physicians. The
number of physicians from the outside of the Teutonic Order state
was relatively high. Most of them for obvious reasons were natives
of the Reich. Still, there were also physicians from the distant diocese
of Parma (Italy) or from the neighbouring Kingdom of Poland. Histo¬
rical sources also talk about even more exotic
personae:
an Armenian
physician was said to be working in
Malbork in
the second half of the
14th century during the bubonic plague. A man named Jan Theodorus
applied for being admitted at the Grand Master s court; he claimed
to be the governor of India. Even physician of Jewish origin was in
contact with Conrad
von
Erlichshausen.
The concentration of physicians in
Malbork was
also the conse¬
quence of personal efforts undertaken by Grand Masters. They
wanted to have highly reputed physicians in their surroundings; this is
reflected in the example of Conrad
von Jungingen. In
his late years his
Summary
223
health deteriorated, that is why a large number of mentions on physi¬
cians present at his court can be found in sources. We could distin¬
guish:
Johann,
Mikołaj
Birghayn,
Bartłomiej
of Boroszewo, surgeon
Wachsmut
as well as oculists. In source material we cannot, however,
find any evidence corroborating the fact that oculists treated the
Grand Master. Personal physicians were also noted as having been in
the entourage of other Grand Masters. The sources show that physi¬
cians duties consisted not only in caring for health of the Grand
Master but also of other members of the Teutonic state authorities;
they also helped, in the medical sense, top-rank officials from neigh¬
bouring countries.
Probably because of the Grand Master s trust placed in them, physi¬
cians were entrusted with a variety of tasks and missions, frequently of
political nature. A physician named
Johann,
who was a personal physi¬
cian to Grand Master Conrad
von Jungingen,
is said to have taken
trips of this kind. It was not a single occurrence: a personal physician
to
Ulrich von Jungingen,
Bartłomiej
of
Boroszewo,
was the dean of
the
Warmia
chapter house and a diplomat. He represented the State
of the Teutonic Order in contacts with the Kingdom of Poland and
with Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania; as the dean of
Warmia
he
was a mediator between the local diocese and bishop, and the authori¬
ties of the Teutonic state. Political tasks were also the domain of
Jakob Schillingholtz who worked as one of the closest collaborators
of Grand Master
Ludwig
von Erlichshausen.
Historical sources also
mention a physician performing the same function on behalf of the
Kingdom of Poland: a Jew named Jacob represented
Mikołaj Szarlej-
ski,
starost
of Bydgoszcz and
voivode
of
Brześć
and Cuiavia, in secret
negotiations with the Teutonic Order conducted in the spectre of the
Thirteen Years War.
We should also consider the fact that physicians in Prussia were
not only concentrated in
Malbork
or in Teutonic Order institutions,
but also in thriving Prussian towns. Sources corroborated first physi¬
cians in these centres in the first half of the 14th century. At the same
time in
Elbląg (Elbing)
the existence of as many as three physicians can
be confirmed. Since historical notes referring to them are extremely
brief, we are not able to deduce the nature of their practice. It seems
that medical practitioners officially holding the position of munici¬
pal physicians appeared as late as in the early 15th century; they were
employed on these positions in a somewhat continuous manner. First
historical mentions referring to physicians from
Gdańsk
and
Toruń
date back to the second half of the 15th century. It should be stressed
that source material corroborate intense and active contacts between
224
Summary
the Teutonic knights and physicians from those two towns at the turn of
the 14th and 15 th centuries. Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order also
seemed to have been using their help. The issue of physicians working
in Prussian towns still needs further research. Because of peculiarity
and length sources of municipal origin, the book is based only on the
part of these material. As far as persons occupied with treating people
are concerned, practitioners are noted in historical sources, as well.
We could distinguish practitioners in eye treatment, wound healing
and even one person characterised as „hodenarczt . Yet, we should not
overestimate these specializations as regards the period discussed. It
seems that practitioners dealing with eye problems, mentioned in the
sources, did not have specific competences for eye treatment. Other
physicians (e.g. Jakob Schillingholtz) were also called to help persons
suffering from eye problems, which was most probably due to a diffi¬
cult access to physicians in general. That is why we may quite confi¬
dently claim that oculists did not limit their professional activity to
treating eye disorders but also dealt with other health-related defi¬
ciencies. Moreover, they were quite mobile, they are mentioned in
capital of the state of the Teutonic Order; they worked in towns, but
also outside the Prussia. An example here might be an anonymous
oculist who, in the late 14th century, went from
Malbork
to Lithuania
to Vytautas. In
1426
King
Władysław Jagiełło
(Jogaila),
staying close
to the Teutonic Order state border, requested help from
Henryk, an
oculist for the
voivode
of Krakow, Jan of
Tarnów.
We should also
stress a very special role performed by surgeons in Prussian towns.
It could be claimed, following historical mentions on
Wachsmut
and
Gerken, that in view of the absence of appropriate candidates, they
were appointed municipal physicians.
Unfortunately, we cannot find many mentions in source materials
concerning purely medical activity of physicians. The available notes
are rather brief and ambiguous, that is why it is difficult to explain the
nature and specific features of treatment applied. We do, however,
have a bit more knowledge on remedies administered. Among them
we can find goat s blood, raisins, laxatives, and medications for
persons suffering from nephrolithiasis. Very infrequent prescriptions
that have survived until the present day are truly unique sources on
medical practice. Specific medical advice and tips that were provided
to prevent from diseases are included in recommendations, allegedly
prepared by Jan Theodorus for Grand Master Conrad
von Jungin¬
gen.
He formulated instructions on how to use certain medications,
including some herbal infusions, bloodletting, and how to apply the
principles of healthy eating. Another prescription enumerated
medica-
Summary
225
tions, their dosage and action. Among these medications the following
were specified: pills, circle-shaped tablets as well as rosehip syrup and
camphor ointment. In the aforementioned instructions detailed infor¬
mation was included on medications, their application or administra¬
tion, and bloodletting was also explained. Similarly interesting infor¬
mation was presented in extensive instructions designed for Grand
Master Conrad
von Erlichshausen
on diets and healthy living which
were to guarantee the Order s superior long and healthy life. Specific
dishes, both those to be recommended and avoided, were enume¬
rated. The quantities of food to be eaten were given, together with
ways how to add variety to them and how much time should pass
between each meal. It would be worth here to refer to a treatise on
bubonic plague by
Johann
Rogge, a
physician closely related with the
state of the Teutonic Order, and titled „Sequentum tractatum compo-
suit
valde sollempnis
doctor Wienne,
qui vocabatur
Joannes Rockh .
In his work the author gave advice on the way to proceed after having
observed first symptoms of the disease. He stressed that bloodlet¬
ting should be executed immediately as its importance for complete
recovery was invaluable. As far as wound healing is concerned, an
exceptional source here is the book titled
„Wundarznei
by
Heinrich
von
Pfalzpaint, a surgeon who was a member of the Teutonic Order.
This work does not only mention a plethora of herbs used for healing
wounds sustained in struggles (he was quite experienced in this area);
the author also described certain pioneering procedures such as anaes¬
thetic techniques as well as nose reconstruction surgeries.
Remuneration of physicians working in Prussia is an interesting
issue: they were paid very well, although differences in the manner
and form of remuneration are visible. The basic form of financial
remuneration received by physicians working in the Teutonic Order
state in Prussia was a annual salary, to which personal physicians to
Grand Masters were entitled. In case of
Bartłomiej
of Boroszewo it
was even as high as to amount to
70
marks. Apart from money, these
physicians in Prussia also received minor emoluments such as furs and
horses. Physicians were appointed to a variety of church positions as
a reward for their service or with the intention to provide them with
higher income; this procedure was quite common throughout the
entire period in question.
Moreover, personal physicians to Grand Masters and other physi¬
cians connected with the court in
Malbork
apart from the aforemen¬
tioned remuneration, received additional gratifications to cover their
expenses resulting from frequent trips (in most cases presumably to
visit their patients). The Order treasury incurred expenses connected
226
Summary
with physicians travels with Grand Masters and other dignitaries (not
only top-rank officers of the Order).
Local authorities in Prussian towns preferred other forms of
rewarding their physicians. Remuneration for subsequent years of
service was substantially lower than remuneration obtained by physi¬
cians to Grand Masters, and was not so regularly paid. For instance,
in
1406
master
Gerde,
for five years of having been a municipal physi¬
cian, received
10
marks i.e., only
2
marks for each year of service. In
1409
the yearly remuneration of the municipal physician in
Elbląg
amounted to
2
marks. Such low salary was probably justified since
physicians working in towns were separately paid for each medical
advice they gave. Local authorities also paid extra amounts to physi¬
cians to cover their travel expenses.
Historical sources that have survived to our times are relatively
abundant in mentions on physicians in the monastic state in Prussia,
thus allowing to analyse a variety of aspects of their activity. They
provide information on positions occupied by physicians, remu¬
neration systems, purely treatment-related activity, trips and travels
including those connected with physicians participant role in diplo¬
matic contacts.
In conclusion it should be added that all aspects of the activity of
physicians in Prussia and issues concerning physicians themselves such
as their origin, education, the fact whether they belonged to the clergy
or not and recommendations they obtained for church positions are
not much different from the situation observed in the 14th century in
countries of Eastern and Central Europe. In this sense the monastic
state in Prussia was not different from other European states.
|
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| author | Broda, Michalina |
| author_facet | Broda, Michalina |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Broda, Michalina |
| author_variant | m b mb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041083566 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)856804092 (DE-599)BVBBV041083566 |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Preußen (DE-588)4047194-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Preußen |
| id | DE-604.BV041083566 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788324222674 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026060302 |
| oclc_num | 856804092 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| physical | 226 S. graph. Darst. 21 cm |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_DDC DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Broda, Michalina Verfasser aut Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku Michalina Broda Kraków Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas 2013 226 S. graph. Darst. 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Deutscher Orden (DE-588)1017688-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1300-1500 gnd rswk-swf Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd rswk-swf Preußen (DE-588)4047194-9 gnd rswk-swf Preußen (DE-588)4047194-9 g Deutscher Orden (DE-588)1017688-3 b Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 s Geschichte 1300-1500 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026060302&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026060302&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Broda, Michalina Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku Deutscher Orden (DE-588)1017688-3 gnd Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1017688-3 (DE-588)4003157-3 (DE-588)4047194-9 |
| title | Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku |
| title_auth | Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku |
| title_exact_search | Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku |
| title_full | Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku Michalina Broda |
| title_fullStr | Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku Michalina Broda |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku Michalina Broda |
| title_short | Lekarze w państwie Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV - XV wieku |
| title_sort | lekarze w panstwie zakonu krzyzackiego w prusach w xiv xv wieku |
| topic | Deutscher Orden (DE-588)1017688-3 gnd Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Deutscher Orden Arzt Preußen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026060302&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026060302&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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