Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie: (1775 - 1783)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Krakov
Spolok Slovákov v Pol'sku [u.a.]
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Hungarian and Polish participants in the American Revolution (1775 - 1783) |
| Beschreibung: | 258 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788374905404 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Obsah
1.
Vymedzenie sledovanej problematiky, definovanie cieľov
a použité metódy výskumu
............................ 9
2.
Vysvetlenie prepisu historických mien, písanie geografických
názvov, vysvetlenie skratiek a prehľad dobových vojenských
hodností
........................................... 19
3.
Prehľad doterajšieho bádania o účasti Uhrov a Poliakov
v americkej revolúcii
................................. 25
4.
Americká revolúcia
-
príčiny, priebeh, dôsledky
............ 37
5.
Poliaci v americkej revolúcii
(Kosciuszko,
Pułaski
a iní)
..... 67
5.1.
Tadeusz Kościuszko
............................... 73
5.2.
Kazimierz Pułaski
................................ 91
5.3.
Poliaci v
Pułaskeho a
Lauzunovej légii................
106
6.
Bratia František a Móric Beňovskí
-
dobrodruhovia v Amerike
. 117
6.1.
Sporný pobyt Mórica Beňovského v Spojených štátoch
amerických v rokoch
1779 - 1780................... 117
6.2.
Pobyt Mórica Beňovského v Spojených štátoch amerických
v roku
1782..................................... 138
7.
Major Ján Ladislav Polerecký
-
profesionálny vojak
v americkej revolúcii
................................. 153
8.
Michal Kováč
-
žoldnier v boji za nezávislosť USA
......... 179
9.
Osudy bratov Beňovských a majora Jána Ladislava Polereckého
vo vzťahu k USA po ukončení americkej vojny za nezávislosť
. 195
9.1.
Bratia Móric a František Beňovskí a ich neskoršie osudy
. 195
9.2.
Ján Ladislav Polerecký a jeho účinkovanie v USA
po ukončení americkej revolúcie
....................206
Záver
................................................223
The Hungarian and Polish participants in the American Revolution
(1775 - 1783)..........................................231
Pramene a literatúra
....................................247
The Hungarian and Polish participants
in the American Revolution
(1775 - 1783)
Summary
The focus of this book is aimed at the basic description of the
participation of several warriors from the former Polish and Hungarian
Kingdoms in the American War of Independence, which lasted
from
1775
till
1783.
It is generally known that in the American War
of Independence, or in the so-called American Revolution, fought
also a few thousands of warriors, who came on the North American
battlefields directly from the different parts of Europe. The majority
of them were the Hessian mercenaries bought by the British Crown in
the German principalities. Almost
7000
soldiers had the special French
army corps, which was sent to help the American ally by the French
royal court in
1780.
The command of this corps was given to Lieutenant
General Count
de Rochambeau.
But in the eight years lasting bloody war
(1775 - 1783)
fought the tens of the Frenchmen long ago before France
entered the war against the British Crown officially. Among the most
famous warriors belonged General Lafayette. Besides the Frenchmen
who fought with the Continental Army were more or less renowned
volunteers from the different countries of Europe, f. e. from the territory
of the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden or from the Kingdom of Poland,
which short time before the beginning of the American Revolution lost
a great part of its area in the First Partition of Poland and its population
suffered the first from the several emigration waves. The less known
chapter of the history of the American Revolution is a participation of
a few warriors from the area of the Kingdom of Hungary, who fought
for the American freedom with more or less efficiency.
This monograph contains the summary of the fundamental facts
concerning the activities of the warriors coming to the USA from the
territory of the Hungarian Kingdom and Poland. The aim is not only
231
describe the martial activity of these warriors, but to clarify motivation
for entering the strange conflict in the far country. The research was
also focused on the question of mutual relations between the Polish and
Hungarian participants in the American Revolution. The old relations
between the Polish and Hungarian warriors, dated back to the
60s
and
first years of
70s,
formed the basis for their later personal connections
and meetings on the American soil.
The research is based partly on a study of archival documents and
published sources, but in major part on the collecting of all relevant
pieces of information scattered in the older and newer monographs
and papers. In this way the scientific literature published in the USA,
France, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia was used.
The monograph is divided into seven main chapters (no.
3 - 9).
Chapter no.
3
contains a short introduction to the history of research of
the question of the Polish and Hungarian participants in the American
Revolution. Subsequent chapter offers the short history of the American
war of Independence, mainly because of fact that there is no short and
concise overview of the course of the American Revolution in the
Slovak language.
From chapter no.
5
we describe the activities of the major soldiers
from the Polish and Hungarian Kingdoms, who fought in the American
Revolution, namely
Tadeusz
(Thadee)
Kościuszko, Kazimierz
(Casimir)
Pułaski,
some lesser known Polish warriors, Hungarians
Móric
(Maurice)
Beňovský,
his younger brother
František
Serafín
(Francis Seraph)
Beňovský, Ján Ladislav
(Jean Ladislas)
Polerecký and Michal (Michael)
Kováč
de Fabrici.
In the following text we offer the short summary of
their martial activities in the War of American Independence.
Kościuszko,
born in
1746,
after studying for some years in Paris,
could not find in his homeland the post in army and moreover he fell in
love with the girl,
Ludwika Sosnowska,
from higher social class than
his own, so the marriage was not acceptable by her father. Disappointed
Kościuszko
decided to leave the country and he went to Saxony. But
the vision of career wasn t waiting for him here, so he moved further to
France. In Paris
Kościuszko
met the dramatist and occasional politician
Pierre Caron
de Beaumarchais.
With his help
Kościuszko
finally in
late June
1776
sailed to the American colonies in the company of other
foreign officers. He initially served as a volunteer, but on October
232
18, 1776,
Congress commissioned him a Colonel of Engineers in the
Continental Army. He was sent to Pennsylvania and his first task was the
fortification of Philadelphia. On September
24, 1776,
Kosciuszko
was
ordered to fortify the banks of the Delaware River and Fort Billingsport
against a possible British crossing.
In the spring of
1777
he was attached to the Northern Army led
by Horatio Gates. Here he directed the construction of several forts
and fortified military camps along the Canadian border. Some of his
proposals and suggestions, f. e. at Fort Ticonderoga, were declined
to carry it out. Later
Kosciuszko
carried out some works to deny the
British use of the roadway (by felling of trees, damming of streams, and
destruction of all bridges and causeways). His excellent judgment and
meticulous attention to every detail in the American defence frustrated
the British Army attack during the battle at Saratoga on October
7,1777
(finally ended with the General Burgoyne s surrender of his entire force
at Saratoga on October
16, 1777).
This complete and total American
victory marked the turning point of the entire war, leading directly to
the alliance with France (concluded on February
6,1778).
Kosciuszko
s
work at Saratoga received great praise from General Gates.
Thereafter,
Kosciuszko
was regarded as one of the best engineers
in American service. George Washington immediately took notice on
him, tasking him with the command of improving defensive works at
the stronghold in West Point. Here he was posted until being granted his
request for transfer to the Southern Army in August
1780.
Travelling
southward through rural Virginia,
Kosciuszko
eventually reported to
his former commander General Gates in North Carolina in October
1780.
However, after the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Camden
on August
16,
Congress selected Major General Nathanael Greene
to replace the disgraced Gates as commander of the Southern Army.
When General Greene formally assumed command on December
3,
1780,
Kosciuszko
s
services were retained, employed as Greene s chief
engineer. In this capacity, he made substantial contributions towards the
planning and execution of the general s overall strategy that culminated
in the reconquest of the
Carolinas
and Georgia two years later.
Over the course of this campaign,
Kościuszko
was placed in charge
of constructing marching camps, scouting river crossings, fortifying
positions, and developing intelligence contacts. Many of his contributions
233
were instrumental in preventing the destruction of the Southern Army.
This was especially true during the famous Race to the Dan River ,
where General Charles Cornwallis and his exhausted troops chased army
of General Greene through
200
miles of rough backcountry terrain during
the winter
1780/1781.
During the Race to the Dan River ,
Kościuszko
had contributed to the selection of the site where Gen. Greene eventually
returned to fight Cornwallis at Guilford Courthouse, where the Americans
destroyed Cornwallis army as an effective fighting force and gained
a permanent strategic advantage in the South. Thus, as Greene began his
reconquest of South Carolina in the spring of
1781,
he recalled
Kościuszko
to rejoin the main body of the Southern Army. At Ninety Six,
Kościuszko
conducted a siege on Star Fort from May
22
to June
18.
Kościuszko
was most active throughout the final year of hostilities
in much smaller actions focused on harassing British foraging parties
near Charleston. His only known battlefield command of the war
occurred at James Island on November
14, 1782.
In what is believed
by many to be the Continental Army s final armed action of the war, he
was very nearly killed as his small force was soundly routed. A month
later, he was among the first Continental troops to reoccupy Charleston
following the British evacuation of the city.
Kościuszko
spent the rest
of the American war of Independence there.
After seven years of faithful, uninterrupted service in the Continental
Army, on October
13,1783,
Kościuszko
was promoted by Congress to
the rank of Brigadier General. He also received American citizenship
and a grant of land near present-day Columbus, Ohio, and was admitted
to the prestigious Society of the Cincinnati.
Tadeusz Kościuszko
was the leading figure among the Polish
participants in the American Revolution. His service in the Continental
Army gave him a chance to practise his knowledge of fortifying. Tight
contacts with the American politicians and army officials gave him
an opportunity to get to know the system of democratic government
and liberal state politics, which deeply influenced his view concerning
human rights and liberties. After return to the homeland
Kościuszko
took the important role in the national uprising of
1794
against an
imperialistic politics of the Russian tsarina Catherina II. During this
eventful campaign he probably used much of his martial experiences
from the American Revolution.
234
Another hero of the American Revolution of the Polish origin was
Count
Kazimierz
(Casimir)
Pułaski
(1745 - 1779).
Together with his
father and two brothers he took an active participation in the uprising
of the Confederation of Bar, which was the union of the pro-national
thinking Polish nobility which stood in opposition to the Russian
interference into the inner Polish politics and to the progressive reforms
realised by the advisers to the king Stanislas August Poniatowski.
During this uprising
Pułaski
fought bravely in different parts of the vast
Polish Kingdom and also prepared a plan of kidnapping the king, which
was unsuccessful. After the defeat of the Confederates he was forced to
leave the homeland and went to Prussia. Later
Pułaski
sought refuge in
France, where he attempted, without success,
tojóin
the French Army. In
the meantime, in
1773
his opponents in Poland moved to accuse him of
attempted regicide. The court verdict in July declared him, in absentia,
stripped of all dignity and honours , his possessions confiscated, and
sentenced him to death. This was the main reason why
Pułaski
could not
return to Poland and had to secure his existence abroad. He attempted to
recreate a Confederate force in Turkey during the Russo-Turkish War,
but before he could make any progress, the Turks were defeated, and he
barely escaped, through sea, to Marseilles, France. He found himself in
debts, and unable to find an army that would enlist him. Thus he spent
the year
1775
in France, for a time even imprisoned for debts, until his
allies gathered enough funds to arrange for his release. Around that time
thanks to the efforts of his friend Claude
Carloman de
Rulhičre
he was
recruited by Lafayette and Benjamin Franklin (whom he met in spring
1777)
for military service in America. Franklin recommended
Pułaski
in a letter written to General George Washington.
Pułaski
departed
France from Nantes in June, and arrived in America, in Marblehead,
Massachusetts near Boston, on July
23, 1777.
On
20
August
Pułaski
met Washington in his headquarters in Neshaminy Falls. As Washington
was unable to grant him an officer rank,
Pułaski
spent the next two or so
months travelling between Washington and the Continental Congress in
Philadelphia. His first military engagement against the British occurred
still before he had any formal appointment, on September
11, 1777,
at
the battle of Brandywine. When the Continental troops began to yield,
he was authorized to collect as many of the scattered troops as came
in his way, and employ them as the aid in the retreat of the army. His
235
courageous charge averted a disastrous defeat of the American cavalry
and saved the life of Washington. This engagement earned him fame
in America. As a result, on September
15, 1777,
Washington promoted
Pułaski
to Brigadier General of the American cavalry. At that point,
American cavalry was only few hundred-men strong, divided in four
regiments and used primarily for scouting duties.
Pułaski
immediately
started the process of reforming the cavalry, and wrote the first
regulations for the formation.
On
4
October he took part in the battle of
Germantown.
He spent the
winter of
1777/78
with most of the army at Valley Forge. In February
1778
he worked with General Anthony Wayne, contributing to the
defeat of a British division at Haddonfield, New Jersey. However, the
cavalry officers could not be reconciled to the orders of a foreigner
who could scarcely speak English. There was also tension between
Polish officers and others, their wages were delayed, his suggestion to
create a lancer unit was denied, and in addition, there was
Pułaski
s
imperious personality. These circumstances prompted him to resign
his general command in March
1778,
and return to Valley Forge.
Pułaski
subsequently went to
Yorktown,
where he met with General
Horatio Gates, suggesting him creation of a new unit of cavalry. At
Gates suggestion, Congress authorized the formation of a corps of
68
lancers and
200
light infantry. The men of corps, which became known
under the name
Pułaski
s Cavalry Legion , were recruited mainly in
Baltimore, where it was headquartered since April. In August
1778,
it numbered about
330
men, both Americans and foreigners.
Pułaski
trained his men in cavalry tactics and he also used his own personal
finances when money from Congress was scarce, in order to assure his
forces of the finest equipment. However, later that year a controversy
arose related to the Legion s funds, and its requisitions from the local
populace. Pulaski s troubles with the auditors continued till his death,
and eventually he was cleared of any charges.
In the autumn
1778
he was ordered to Little Egg Harbor, where in
the engagement on
15
October the legion suffered heavy losses. During
the following winter
Pułaski
was stationed at
Minisink,
at that time in
New Jersey. Ordered to take part in a punitive expedition against the
Native Americans, he was dissatisfied with this command, and intended
to leave the service and return to Europe, but was dissuaded by General
236
Washington.
On February
2, 1779
he was ordered to South Carolina.
Over the next three months Legion under his command arrived in the
vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, where it participated in the
town s defense.
Although
Pułaski
had frequent attacks of malarial fever, he remained
in active service. Toward the beginning of September, he received
orders to proceed to Augusta. There he was
tojóin
with General Lachlan
Mclntosh, and the united force was to move toward Savannah in advance
of the army of General Benjamin Lincoln. Before the enemy was aware
of his presence,
Pułaski
captured a British outpost, and, after several
skirmishes, established permanent communications with the French
fleet at Beaufort. His units acted as a front guard for the allied French
units under Admiral Charles Hector Count d Estaing. During a cavalry
charge on
9
October
Pułaski
was mortally wounded by grapeshot. After
he was wounded,
Pułaski
was carried from the field and taken aboard
the privateer merchant
brigantine
Wasp, where he died two days later,
having never regained consciousness.
Pułaski
received a symbolic
burial in Charleston on
21
October. According to several contemporary
witnesses, he was buried at sea. His heroic death boosted his reputation
in America and till present time
Pułaski
is considered as one of the most
distinguish soldier from abroad who was fighting for the independence
of the USA.
In the final subchapter on the Polish participants in the American
Revolution we mention some Poles fighting in the ranks of the Pulaski s
Legion
(Karol Litomski, Fryderyk
Paschke,
Jan Zieliński
and others)
or in a special Legion of the Due
de
Lauzun (Due
de
Biron
et
Lauzun,
possibly), which was part of the French expeditionary corps sent to the
USA in
1780
(f. e.
Jan Kwiryn Mieszkowski, Michał Grabowski, Jerzy
Boncza Uzdowski).
Surely the most renowned, but also the most questionable, participant
in the American Revolution coming from the area of the Kingdom of
Hungary was the famous adventurer and traveller of the Slovak origin
Count
Móric
(Maurice) August
Benovský
(1746-1786,
Hungarian
form of his name: Benyovszky, in the American primary sources often
Beniowski or Bieniewski, which are the Polish versions of his surname).
Benovský
became the famous person in Europe mainly four years after
his tragic death when his own Memoirs and travels were published in the
237
French and English languages in
1790.
In his Memoirs he described, in
great part fabricated or exaggerated, his military activities in the uprising
of the Confederation of Bar.
Beňovský
took part in this uprising in
1768
and again in
1769 - 1770,
until he was captured by the Russian Army
and after the trial in Saint Petersburg he was sent as the deportee to the
fort of Bolsheretzk in the Kamchatka peninsula. From there he escaped
with his supporters on a board of the stolen ship and during his voyage he
touched the seacoast of present-day Alaska, islands of Japan and Taiwan,
and finally he dropped anchor in the port of Canton, China. From Canton
he and the rest of his crew (many of them died during the voyage and
in Canton on malaria) sailed to France, where
Beňovský
entered the
French colonial service as the commander of a small volunteer regiment.
In the intentions of the French government to colonize the island of
Madagascar he was sent to build up a trade post there, but his activities in
the years
1774 - 1776
were not successful, partly due to the animosity of
the local French colonial administration. His adventurous life continued
in the participation in the war of the Bavarian succession
(1778-1779),
in
the American Revolution in
1782,
and finally in his second self-organised
voyage to Madagascar and subsequent stay on the island between July
1785
and May
1786.
His activities were perceived as the threat to the
French interests and for that reason
Beňovský
was traced and finally shot
dead by the French punitive expedition.
As to his participation in the American Revolution, only the recent
historical research has refuted the statement for a long time repeated in
the literature written on
Beňovský
that the Hungarian adventurer visited
the USA three times during his life: at the turn of
1779-1780,
in
1782
and finally in
1784,
when he sailed from Baltimore to Madagascar for
the last time. The Polish publicist and historian
Janusz Roszko
(1932
- 1995),
who is an author of the best biography of
Móric
Beňovský
written in the recent years, was the first researcher who clearly proved,
that in
1779
and
1780
it was not
Móric
Beňovský
who tried to join
the Continental Army, but his younger brother Baron
František
Serafín
Beňovský
(1753 - 1789).
Roszko came to this conclusion on the basis
of the older paper of the Hungarian historian
Lajos Thallóczy
(1857
- 1916),
in which the texts of the original archival sources are quoted in
extenso,
confirming the stay of
Móric Beňovský
in Paris and in Vienna
at the turn of
1779
and
1780.
238
František
Serafín
Beňovský
was a professional soldier and a kind
of troublemaker with a carefree character. During his stay in Paris in
1777
Móric Beňovský
decided to transfer his younger brother from
the Polish garrison town of
Tarnów
(in this time it belonged to the
Habsburg
monarchy) and to place him in a special French corps which
should be created to fight with the British in America (later known as
the Lauzun s Legion). It is very probable that
Móric
made this decision
under the advice of his new Paris acquaintance Benjamin Franklin,
an American emissary, with whom he had very friendly relationship.
There is no mention in the sources which way
František
Serafín
took
to America, but his departure and first short stay there is confirmed
in
Móric s
letter to his brother
Emanuel
from August
22, 1778.
In the
letter from December
10, 1778
Móric
wrote that
František
after his
return to France led a lavish lifestyle, played the cards, his gambling
put him in debt, and finally spent three weeks in the prison of
Bastile,
but he was released from the prison by the queen Marie Antoinette who
was so kind and bought for him a rank of lieutenant in the regiment of
hussars in the Lauzun s Legion. We know that
František
Serafín
made
the several attempts to get to the USA, but was repeatedly captured by
the English. Finally his fourth attempt to get to America was successful
and he reached Boston in the summer of
1779.
We know that from the
letter of General Horatio Gates to John Jay from
21
August, in which he
wrote short information about Baron Benyovszky who was requested
a horse and a sum of money for the journey to
Kazimierz Pułaski.
Gates gave him a horse and a little amount of money and sent him to
Philadelphia. It is possible
František
had the recommendation letter for
Pułaski
from older brother
Móric,
who acquainted
Pułaski
during the
period of his participation in the Confederation of Bar uprising. Later in
Philadelphia the Congress gave a horse and necessary amount of money
to
František Searfín,
but he probably did not manage to meet
Pułaski
in
person. Unfortunately for
František
Serafín,
Pułaski
died in October
11,
1779
in the skirmish near the town of Savannah (Georgia). According
the content of the same letter from
26
June which
František
Serafín
addressed to the Continental Congress, he allegedly joined the
Pułaski
s
Legion, but it is not probable he could ride the distance of approximately
of
1000
km from Philadelphia to Savannah in a few days.
239
Without
the influential protector he lost all his hopes for obtaining
the post in an American Army. He did not give up easy and at the end
of
1779
and during the first half of the year
1780
he mailed to the
Congress several letters filled with the pleas for the position in the army
or for the money for the return journey to Europe. The Congress did
not agree to finance his return journey and from July
1780
there are
no traces of
Frantisele
Serafín
Beňovský
in the papers of the American
archives. Actually, one mention on him found its place in a letter of
William Clajon, a secretary to General Horatio Gates, which reveals
fact that younger
Benovský
finally ran to the enemies. Finally, he found
the way for securing his journey home and he reached his place of birth,
i. e. the village of
Vrbové,
where he died in
1789.
So it can be said
that
František
Serafín
Beňovský
belongs to the ambiguous participants
of the American Revolution, because we have no direct evidence of
his participation in the real combat during the war of the American
Independence. In this way his story resembles the
Móric Benovský s
efforts in the USA during the year of
1782.
As we have mentioned above
Móric
August
Beňovský
set foot on the
East-American coast for the first time in March
1782.
Which were the
reasons of his departure for America and his effort to take participation
in the American Revolution? Firstly it should be mentioned that
Móric
Beňovský
after the service in the Austrian Army in the war of the
Bavarian Succession
( 1778 - 1779)
tried in the period of
1780 - 1781
to
establish the first Austrian trade and war fleet in the port of
Fiume
(now
Rijeka,
Croatia), and after the refusal of his projects by the Austrian
court he created a transport company, which aim was to transport the
products of the Hungarian and Croatian agriculture to the port of
Fiume.
Unfortunately, the transport business went bad and
Beňovský
finally left
the company to his partner Count Marotti in the summer of
1781.
After
the failure of his business activity
Beňovský
realised, he had to maintain
his family (he had two daughters) in other way. Once again he decided
to search for the solid post in France. It is obvious that leaving Hungary
he did not plan to depart for the USA. To Paris he came with his family
in the autumn of
1781,
and he immediately restored his friendship with
Benjamin Franklin. With the strong probability only here he started to
think about his participation in the American Revolution. Maybe he was
positively influenced by the case of Lafayette,
Kosciuszko
and other
240
European
participants
in the war of the American Independence, which
in the time of
Benovský s
arrival slowly ended. Although some of them
lost in the war their lives, f. e. his old friend
Pułaski,
he decided to take
a part in this conflict. It is probable that this decision was determined
by his existential problems and pragmatic expectations
-
Beňovský
expected that in America he could obtain a proper army position or
another chance for the stabilisation of his existence.
During the sessions with Benjamin Franklin
Beňovský
stated to him
he wants to settle down in America with all his family and property.
Franklin firstly tried to prevent
Beňovský
from settling down in the
USA, but he stood firmly on his decision. From the Franklin s letters
and diary it is not quite clear whether
Beňovský
did mention his will
or plan to participate in the war, but he asked Franklin for the letters of
recommendation to the influential members of the American government.
At the end of
1781
he obtained Franklin s approval with the journey to
the USA, and two letters of recommendation, one to Robert Morris,
the member of the Congress, and one to Richard
Bache,
the minister in
the government. In these letters there is no mention about
Beňovský
s
intention to take part in the fight for the American independence. The
shores of Europe Benyovszky left at the end of January, maybe at the
beginning of February
1782.
In the first days on the American soil
Beňovský
maintained the
contact with General
Friedrich
Wilhelm
von Steuben,
the prominent
commander and
-
it could be said
-
one of the creators of the American
Army.
Beňovský
asked him for support in obtaining the post in the
Continental Army. Steuben gave him an advice to address his request
directly to General Washington and he helped to
Beňovský
with
composing the letter, because the Hungarian enthusiast for a case of
the American freedom did not write and speak English. In the letter
of March
18, 1782
Beňovský
asked George Washington for the letter
of recommendation addressed to the Congress. Washington wrote his
reply on the same day, but he informed
Beňovský,
with the expression
of regret, that his request came too late, because the war on land is
over.
Beňovský
did not discourage himself by the negative reply and he
immediately wrote project, which was finally the only result of his
activities during his stay in the United States. The project concerned
241
the establishment of the legion of foreign volunteers in the service of
the USA. The text of the project was written in French and sent on
24
March, so it is obvious that
Beňovský
had to think about it much
earlier. In the particular points
Beňovský
proposed to the American
government to recruit in Europe, mainly among the Germans, the future
soldiers of his foreign volunteer legion, which could consist of three
divisions, each of
1161
men, in the total number of
3483
mercenaries.
Organisation of the legion, number of its regiments and recruited men,
their equipment and armoury, are described in remarkable detail in
the text of the project.
Beňovský
evaluated the costs of creating and
equipment such a legion.
-
The preliminary costs he calculated in the
overall amount of
518.000
French
livres,
and this sum he demanded
from the Congress. The supreme command of the legion should be in
the hands of the general. This post
Beňovský
secured for himself. In
this way he probably planned to resolve his financial problems and to
start a new military career in the new country. From this point of view
it is very disputable to describe
Beňovský
as the altruistic enthusiast of
the cause of the American independence, as was f. e. the Polish warrior
Tadeusz Kościuszko.
Washington s opinion on the establishment the foreign legion was
generally positive, his comments concerned only the question of the
required amount of monthly paid soldiers pay
-
from the Washington s
point of view it should be less month by month from the reason of the
expected casualties.
Beňovský
on
6
May presented his slightly revised
project to the Continental Congress. The Congress passed his project
to the Board of War for making the final decision. Committee gave
on
24
May their positive evaluation to the project but the Congress
from still unknown reasons created a second committee for making
new evaluation. This second evaluation was negative. From the text
of the report it could not be said why the committee rejected the
proposal of the project. It could be only assumed that the members of
the second committee had more positively expectations concerning the
development of the peace negotiations which resulted in the preliminary
peace articles signed by the belligerents at the end of November
1782
in
Paris. Probably the members of the second committee did not want to
invest the large sum of money in the times when the peace negotiations
were expected.
242
Disappointed
Beňovský
gave up to the hostile fate and in the summer
of
1782
he decided for the return to Europe. Although he did not take
an active part in the fighting for the American Independence the sure
thing is that
Móric
Beňovský
wanted to participate in the American
Revolution and he was prepared to risk his life for the liberty of the
United States of America.
The third Hungarian participant in the American Revolution is
Michal Kováč
(Hungarian:
Mihály Kováts)
de Fabrici.
His life story
and the different military activities were described in the detail by
the Hungarian military historian
József
Zachar
(1943 - 2009)
and in the
chapter we offer the short summary of his activities with the focus on
the participation in the American Revolution.
Michal Kováč
was born in
1724
in the townlet of
Karcag
(today in
the county of
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok,
Hungary) and in
1740
he started
his military career, firstly as a common hussar in the
Hávor s
regiment.
During the second war of the Austrian Succession
(1744-1745)
he fell
into French captivity and unwillingly entered the French Army, later he
again fell into the hands of the enemy and was compelled to enter the
Prussian Army. In
1761
he left the service in the Prussian Army and
returned to homeland. During
1765
Kováč
was very often seen in the
company of the Polish magnate
Karol Radziwiłł,
the Duke of Vilnius,
who stayed at that time in town of
Prešov,
in eastern part of Slovakia.
Because there are no traces of
Michal Kováč
in the archival sources
between the years
1767 - 1772,
there is an assumption that
Kováč
fought in the Confederation of Bar uprising, although we still do not
have a direct evidence for this assumption in the archival documents.
He probably fought in this revolt under the pseudonym, or
nom de
guerre. But from his later American close relationship to
Pułaski
we
can assume that he really took a participation in the Confederation of
Bar uprising.
Kováč
arose from the darkness again in the summer of
1772
when he appeared in the hussar uniform in
Buda. In
the summer of
1776
he decided to leave the country and he went to Italy. From Italy he
moved to Paris and from there to the south-western coast of France. We
know this fact from one letter which is preserved in the correspondence
collection mailed to Benjamin Franklin.
Kováč
wrote his letter in Latin
and mailed it from the port town of Bordeaux on January
13,1777.
The
letter contains the plea for the recommendation letter for the Continental
243
Congress because
Kováč
decided to enter the service in the American
Army. A very interesting fact is that many sentences from
Kováč s
supplication, starting from the Latin motto
Aurea
Libertas
fulvo non
venditur auro
(Golden
liberty
could not be buy for gold), can be found
also in the supplication of
Frantisele
Serafín
Beňovský,
presented to the
Congress in December
13, 1779.
Whether is
Beňovský s
supplication
a copy
ofthat
of
Kováč
we still don t know.
Kováč
left Bordeaux on February
26
and in May he was received by
Washington in the camp in Morristown, what is confirmed by his letter
to the Congress from May
17, 1777.
Kováč
appealed to the Congress
with a plea to enter the rows of the Continental Army, but the Congress
gave him a negative response on
23
May. With no chance for the position
in the regular army,
Kováč
decided to enter the Pennsylvania militia in
Philadelphia, and he was accepted. He became an officer in a special
German battalion with the task of recruiting men into it. The change in
his life came only with the arrival of
Kazimierz Pułaski
to America in
July
1777,
whom
Kováč
surely met in the uprising of the Confederation
of Bar, and with whom he maintained friendly relationship. He joined
with
Pułaski
shortly after the battle of
Germantown
(October
4, 1777)
and from this time on the two were an inseparable couple. The military
experiences of the hard-bitten
Kováč
were of great worth and
Pułaski
praised
Kováč
in letters sent to General Washington. After establishment
of the
Pułaski
s
Legion the Continental Congress also approved the
rank of colonel-commandant to
Michal Kováč.
From that moment the
military activity of
Kováč
is connected with the campaigns the Legion
participated in. On May
8, 1779
the Legion came to Charleston which
was endangered by the Southern British Army under the command of
Colonel
Prévost.
Pułaski
with his Legion tried to defend the besieged
town and on
11
May he decided to attack more numerous British Army.
In this attack
Michal Kováč
was mortally wounded and he was buried
at the place where he fell down.
The last participant in the American war of Independence, who was
of the Hungarian origin, was Major of the French army Jean Ladislas
Poleretzky (Slovak form of his name is
Ján Ladislav Polerecký).
He was
born in
Molsheim,
Alsace, in
1749.
His father was
Andrej
Polerecký
(in
French form:
André
Poleretzky
de Polereka),
in that time the colonel
of the light cavalry regiment, i. e. the hussar regiment, of his name.
Ján
244
Ladislav
continued the military career of his ancestors and started his
military service in the
Berchény
hussar regiment.
Polerecký
changed
in
1779
his mother hussar regiment for the newly established special
unit, known as the Lauzun s Legion, of which the supreme commander
was
Armand-Louis de
Gontaut, Duke
de
Lauzun
(1747 - 1793).
Almost
one year after an arrival to America the soldiers of the Lauzun s Legion
did not take part in the battles or other military operations. Only in
the summer of
1781
the French corps moved with the American allies
to New York, which was still in the British hands. They planned to
capture this important city, and for that reason they attacked the fort of
Knyphausen (another name is Fort Washington), lying few miles from
the city. The hussars fought with a British cavalry in the skirmishes
near the fort. In this fight
Ján Ladislav Polerecký
lost his horse, which
was killed by an enemy shot. The assault on New York finally proved
as unsuccessful.
In early September the men of the Lauzun s Legion moved to the
South, to the fort of
Yorktown,
Virginia, where the final phase of the
war for the American Independence took place. In the different military
operations the Lauzun s hussars confirmed their reputation of the brave
soldiers, mainly in the skirmishes with the dragoons led by Lieutenant-
Colonel
Banastre Tarleton,
who obtained very bad reputation during the
campaigns in South Carolina in
1780.
The fights between the French
hussars and the British dragoons are described in the Lauzun s Memoirs.
Although there is no mention of military activities of Major
Polerecký,
it is without doubt that he also fought in these minor skirmishes, but
as the higher officer he probably maintained the services of the mutual
contact between the headquarters and the fighting men.
The newly found documents made a stain on his character. Recently
published Memoirs of the Lieutenant Colonel of the Lauzun s Legion
Claude
Etienne Hugau
throw light on the behaviour of Major
Polerecký
during the
Yorktown
campaign and shortly after its conclusion. Major
was accused from several minor crimes, f. e. from pillaging the private
house, stealing the horses and handling with them to own benefit.
Although he was arrested for a while, later he was dismissed and he
left the American soil. Hugau s text discovers the problems with the
discipline within the Legion and describes the unknown details of
everyday life of the ordinary soldiers and higher officers, who fought
245
in the American Revolution. At the beginning of
1782
Ján Ladislav
Polerecký
returned to Alsace to settle some family affairs and in the
summer of
1782
he came back to the USA. He left the French military
service, his own children, and decided to settle down in America. In
1785
he bought the tiny farm in the village of Pownalborough, present-
day Dresden, on the territory of the state of Maine, where he died in
1830.
Described stories of the participants in the America War of
Independence from the territory of the Polish and Hungarian Kingdoms
show the different forms of the participation of the foreigners in the
American Revolution. The common feature of their motivation for
entering (or just considering) the military service in the USA is that
the majority of them came to America from the personal reasons, due
to difficult personal situation. It means they did not come to fight for
some higher ideas of freedom and independence of a small American
nation. They were not the warriors for liberty and human rights, their
participation in the American Revolution had rather more prosaic
motives. This argument does not, of course, deny the sympathy and
some enthusiasm for the American cause , obvious in the words and
action of some participants (in particular of
Kosciuszko).
Another
interesting fact is, that some of the analysed personalities known each
other from the times before the beginning of the American Revolution
and in America some of them kept the personal relations and helped
each other.
The majority of the soldiers from abroad, who wanted to participate
in the American Revolution, sought to find the post in the Continental
Army and in this way to secure their living in the insecure times. If they
failed in this attempt, they even ran to the enemy (case of
František
Serafín
Beňovský),
or came back to Europe (case of
Móric Beňovský),
or they tried to accumulate the funds by the criminal activity (case of
Ján Ladislav Polerecký).
Only the minority of them served so bravely
and without some side interests as
Tadeusz Kościuszko
or
Kazimierz
Pułaski.
The different stories of these participants in the American
Revolution from the heart of Europe form only the marginal part of
the American War of Independence history, but with no doubt it is very
colourful and interesting one, and its heroes should not be forgotten.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kunec, Patrik |
| author_facet | Kunec, Patrik |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kunec, Patrik |
| author_variant | p k pk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041076191 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)854724291 (DE-599)BVBBV041076191 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1775-1783 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1775-1783 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041076191 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788374905404 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026053070 |
| oclc_num | 854724291 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 258 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Spolok Slovákov v Pol'sku [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kunec, Patrik Verfasser aut Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie (1775 - 1783) Patrik Kunec Vyd. 1. Krakov Spolok Slovákov v Pol'sku [u.a.] 2012 258 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Hungarian and Polish participants in the American Revolution (1775 - 1783) Geschichte 1775-1783 gnd rswk-swf Amerikanische Revolution (DE-588)4187276-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd rswk-swf Slowaken (DE-588)4055298-6 gnd rswk-swf Revolutionär (DE-588)4177943-5 gnd rswk-swf Amerikanische Revolution (DE-588)4187276-9 s Revolutionär (DE-588)4177943-5 s Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 s Slowaken (DE-588)4055298-6 s Geschichte 1775-1783 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026053070&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026053070&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kunec, Patrik Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie (1775 - 1783) Amerikanische Revolution (DE-588)4187276-9 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd Slowaken (DE-588)4055298-6 gnd Revolutionär (DE-588)4177943-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4187276-9 (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4100008-0 (DE-588)4055298-6 (DE-588)4177943-5 |
| title | Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie (1775 - 1783) |
| title_auth | Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie (1775 - 1783) |
| title_exact_search | Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie (1775 - 1783) |
| title_full | Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie (1775 - 1783) Patrik Kunec |
| title_fullStr | Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie (1775 - 1783) Patrik Kunec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie (1775 - 1783) Patrik Kunec |
| title_short | Uhorskí a pol'skí účastníci americkej revolúcie |
| title_sort | uhorski a pol ski ucastnici americkej revolucie 1775 1783 |
| title_sub | (1775 - 1783) |
| topic | Amerikanische Revolution (DE-588)4187276-9 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd Slowaken (DE-588)4055298-6 gnd Revolutionär (DE-588)4177943-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Amerikanische Revolution Polen Volk Magyaren Slowaken Revolutionär |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026053070&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026053070&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kunecpatrik uhorskiapolskiucastniciamerickejrevolucie17751783 |