Real world multicore embedded systems: a practical approach
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2013
|
Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
Schriftenreihe: | Expert guide
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXII, 623 S. Ill., graf. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9780124160187 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV041063768 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20131115 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 130603s2013 a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 9780124160187 |c loth |9 978-0-12-416018-7 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)854721364 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV041063768 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-473 |a DE-384 |a DE-573 |a DE-1050 | ||
084 | |a ST 153 |0 (DE-625)143597: |2 rvk | ||
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Real world multicore embedded systems |b a practical approach |c [ed. by] Bryon Moyer |
250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 2013 | |
300 | |a XXII, 623 S. |b Ill., graf. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a Expert guide | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Eingebettetes System |0 (DE-588)4396978-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Eingebettetes System |0 (DE-588)4396978-1 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
700 | 1 | |a Moyer, Bryon |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-0-12-391461-3 |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bamberg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026040831&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026040831 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804150429344333824 |
---|---|
adam_text | Contents
About the Editor
.............................................................................xvii
About the Authors
...........................................................................xix
Chapter
1:
Introduction and Roadmap
................................................ 1
Multicore is here
........................................................................................
I
Scope
..........................................................................................................3
Who should read this book?
......................................................................3
Organization and roadmap
.........................................................................4
Concurrency
............................................................................................4
Architecture
............................................................................................4
Infrastructure
...........................................................................................5
Virtualization
..........................................................................................6
Application software
...............................................................................6
Hardware assistance
...............................................................................7
System-level considerations
...................................................................8
A roadmap of this book
.............................................................................9
Chapter
2:
The Promise and Challenges of Concurrency
..................... 11
Concurrency fundamentals
.......................................................................12
Two kinds of concurrency.
.......................................................................14
Data parallelism
......... ...........................................................................15
Functional parallelism
..........................................................................16
Dependencies....!
.......................................................................................18
Producers and consumers of data
.........................................................19
Loops and dependencies
..........................................................................23
Shared resources
.......................................................................................30
Summary
...................................................................................................31
Chapter
3:
Multicore Architectures
..................................................33
The need for multicore architectures
.......................................................34
vi
Contents
Multicore
architecture drivers
..................................................................36
Traditional sequential software paradigms break
....................................38
Scope of multicore hardware architectures
.............................................41
Basic multicore hardware architecture overview
....................................43
Specific multicore architecture characteristics
........................................45
Processing architectures
...........................................................................45
ALU
processing architectures
..................................................................46
Lightweight processing architectures
.......................................................46
Mediumweight processing architectures
..................................................48
Heavyweight processing architectures
.....................................................48
Communication Architectures
..................................................................49
Memory architectures
...............................................................................54
Application specificity
.............................................................................56
Application-specific platform topologies
.................................................59
Integration of multicore systems, MPSoCs and sub-systems
..................63
Programming challenges
..........................................................................66
Application characteristics
.......................................................................67
MPSoC analysis, debug and verification
.................................................68
Shortcomings and solutions
.....................................................................69
MPSoC parallel programming
.................................................................69
Parallel software and MPSoCs
.................................................................70
Summary
...................................................................................................71
References
................................................................................................73
Chapter
4:
Memory Models for Embedded Multicore Architecture
.......75
Introduction
..............................................................................................76
Memory types
...........................................................................................77
Memory architecture
................................................................................79
Cache
....................................................................................................79
Cache customization
.............................................................................86
Virtual memory
.....................................................................................87
Scratchpad
...........................................................................................88
Software overlays
.................................................................................89
DMA
.....................................................................................................90
DRAM
...................................................................................................92
Special-purpose memory
..........................................................................93
Memory structure of multicore architecture
............................................94
Shared memory architecture
.................................................................94
Distributed memory architecture
..........................................................95
Cache memory in multicore chips
.......................................................96
Contents
vii
Cache
coherency
.......................................................................................97
Directory-based cache coherence protocol
..........................................99
Snoopy cache coherence protocol
......................................................102
MESI
cache coherence protocol
.........................................................103
Cache-related performance issues
......................................................107
Transactional memory
............................................................................109
Software transactional memory
..........................................................1 12
Hardware transactional memory
........................................................115
Hybrid transactional memory
.............................................................1 15
Summary
.................................................................................................115
References
..............................................................................................116
Chapter
5:
Design Considerations for Multicore
SoC Interconnections
.................................................... 117
Introduction
............................................................................................
1
19
Importance of interconnections in an SoC
.........................................120
Terminology
........................................................................................121
Organization of the chapter
................................................................121
Communication activity in multicore SoCs
...........................................124
Transaction-Based communication
....................................................124
Storage-Oriented transactions
............................................................124
Concurrency of communication and segregation of traffic
...............126
Recent trends in SoCs
........................................................................127
Functional requirements and topologies of SoC traffic
........................129
Memory organization
.........................................................................131
Implications of inter-device communication paradigms
...................134
Performance considerations
...................................................................142
Transaction latency
.............................................................................142
Queuing delays
...................................................................................145
Bandwidth
...........................................................................................149
Interconnection networks: representation and terminology
..................150
Representation of interconnection networks
......................................150
Direct versus indirect networks
..........................................................153
Circuit-Switched versus packet-switched communication and
blocking versus non-blocking networks
.............................................155
Base-Form vs. encoded signaling
......................................................156
Transaction routing
.............................................................................157
Bus as an SoC interconnection
..........................................................158
Limitations of the bus architecture
....................................................160
Fabric-oriented interconnects for larger SoCs
.......................................161
viii Contents
Transaction formats
............................................................................163
Transaction
routing
.............................................................................166
Building
blocks of scalable
interconnections
........................................167
Links
...................................................................................................168
Clocking considerations
.....................................................................169
Switches
..............................................................................................169
Evaluating and comparing interconnection topologies
for future SoCs
.......................................................................................185
Metrics for comparing topologies
......................................................186
A Survey of interconnection networks suitable for future SoCs
..........188
A Pipelined bus
..................................................................................188
Multiple buses
.....................................................................................189
A ring
..................................................................................................189
A crossbar
...........................................................................................190
Mesh topology
....................................................................................191
Some practical considerations in designing interconnections
...............192
Hierarchies of interconnections
..........................................................192
Scalability in implementations
...........................................................192
Summary
.................................................................................................193
References
..............................................................................................196
Further reading
.......................................................................................197
Chapter
6:
Operating Systems in Multicore Platforms
..................... 199
Introduction
............................................................................................199
Symmetric multiprocessing systems and scheduling
............................202
Assymetric multiprocessor systems
.......................................................207
OS-per-core
.........................................................................................207
Multiple SMP
.....................................................................................211
SMP + RTOS
......................................................................................212
SMP
+
bare-metal
...............................................................................212
Virtualization
..........................................................................................214
Controlling OS behavior
........................................................................214
Controlling the assignment of threads in an SMP system
................214
Controlling where interrupt handlers run
...........................................215
Partitions, containers, and zones
........................................................216
Priority
................................................................................................217
Kernel modifications, drivers, and thread safety
...............................218
System start-up
...................................................................................220
Debugging a multicore system
...............................................................221
The information gathered
...................................................................222
Contents ix
Uploading the information
.................................................................223
Painting the picture
.............................................................................224
Summary
.................................................................................................225
Reference
................................................................................................226
Chapter
7:
System Virtualization in Multicore Systems
....................227
What is virtualization?
...........................................................................228
A brief retrospective
...............................................................................230
Applications of system virtualization
....................................................231
Environment sandboxing
....................................................................231
Virtual appliances
...............................................................................232
Workload consolidation
......................................................................232
Operating system portability
..............................................................233
Mixed-criticality systems
...................................................................233
Maximizing multicore processing resources
......................................233
Improved user experience
..................................................................233
Hypervisor architectures
.........................................................................234
Type
2.................................................................................................234
Type
1.................................................................................................235
Paravirtualization
................................................................................236
Monolithic hypervisor
........................................................................237
Console guest hypervisor
...................................................................237
Microkernel-based hypervisor
............................................................238
Core partitioning architectures
...........................................................239
Leveraging hardware assists for virtualization
......................................241
Mode hierarchy
...................................................................................241
Intel VT
...............................................................................................242
Power architecture ISA
2.06
embedded hypervisor extensions
........243
ARM TrustZone
.................................................................................244
ARM Virtualization Extensions
.........................................................246
Hypervisor robustness
............................................................................246
SubVirt
................................................................................................247
Blue pill
..............................................................................................247
Ormandy
.............................................................................................247
Xen owning trilogy
.............................................................................247
VMware s security certification
.........................................................248
I/O Virtualization
...................................................................................249
Peripheral virtualization architectures
................................................249
Peripheral sharing architectures
.........................................................253
Combinations of I/O virtualization approaches
.................................255
χ
Contents
I/O virtualization
within microkernels
...............................................255
Case study: power architecture virtualization and
the freescale P4080
...................................................................................257
Power architecture hardware hypervisor features
..............................257
Power architecture virtualized memory management
.......................260
Freescale P4080 IOMMU
...................................................................261
Hardware support for I/O sharing in the P4080
................................262
Virtual machine configuration in power architecture
........................263
Example use cases for system virtualization
.........................................263
Telecom blade consolidation
..............................................................264
Electronic flight bag
...........................................................................264
Intelligent Munitions System
.............................................................264
Automotive infotainment
....................................................................265
Medical imaging system
.....................................................................266
Conclusion
..............................................................................................266
References
..............................................................................................267
Chapter
8:
Communication and Synchronization Libraries
................269
Introduction
............................................................................................269
Library overview and basics
..................................................................270
Thread APIs
........................................................................................270
Message-passing APIs
........................................................................270
Explicit threading libraries
.....................................................................270
Windows Threads
...............................................................................271
POSIX Threads
...................................................................................272
CL1 and
С
++ 11
Threads
.................................................................275
OpenMP
..................................................................................................277
Threading Building Blocks
....................................................................282
Boost Threads
.........................................................................................285
MCAPI
....................................................................................................286
Conclusion
..............................................................................................288
References
..............................................................................................288
Chapter
9:
Programming Languages
..............................................289
Programming languages for multicore embedded systems
...................289
С
..............................................................................................................290
Multi-threading support in
С
..............................................................295
Assembly language
.................................................................................295
Multi-threading and assembly
............................................................296
Contents xi
C++ ......................................................................................................297
Features
of C
++
that work well for embedded systems
................297
Features of
С
++
that do not work well for embedded systems
.....300
Multi-threading support in
С
++......................................................303
Java
.........................................................................................................304
Multi-threading support in Java
.........................................................305
Python
.....................................................................................................307
Multi-threading support in Python
.....................................................309
Ada
..........................................................................................................310
Concurrency support in Ada
..............................................................311
Summary
.................................................................................................311
References
..............................................................................................312
Chapter
10:
Tools
........................................................................373
Introduction
............................................................................................314
Real-Time operating systems (RTOS)
...................................................315
DEOS by DDC-1
.................................................................................315
Enea OSE............................................................................................
316
Express logic ThreadX
.......................................................................316
Green Hills Integrity
...........................................................................317
LynuxWorks
.......................................................................................318
Mentor Graphics Nucleus
...................................................................318
MontaVista
..........................................................................................319
QNX
....................................................................................................319
Wind River VxWorks
.........................................................................320
Communication tools
.............................................................................321
PolyCore Software
..............................................................................321
Enea
Linx
............................................................................................322
Parallelizing serial software tools
..........................................................323
CriticalBlue Prism
..............................................................................323
Vector Fabrics
.....................................................................................323
Open multiprocessing (MP)
...............................................................324
Clean
С
...............................................................................................325
Software development and debug tools
.................................................325
Intel Parallel Studio
................................................................................325
Benchmarking tools
................................................................................326
Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC)
........326
Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) CPU2600...328
Conclusion
..............................................................................................328
Acknowledgments
..................................................................................329
xii Contents
Chapter
11 :
Partitioning Programs for Multicore Systems
................331
Introduction
............................................................................................332
What level of parallelism?
.....................................................................334
Threads of control
..............................................................................334
Solutions, algorithms, and implementations
......................................336
The basic cost of partitioning
................................................................338
A high-level partitioning algorithm
.......................................................340
The central role of dependencies
...........................................................
341
Breaking dependencies
.......................................................................34
1
Types of dependencies
.......................................................................343
Locating dependencies
..................................................................348
Handling broken dependencies
.....................................................
351
Critical sections
......................................................................................360
Synchronizing data
.................................................................................361
Using counting semaphores
................................................................361
Using FIFOs
........................................................................................362
Implementing a partitioning strategy
.....................................................367
Using tools to simplify partitioning
.......................................................368
Vector Fabrics
s Pareon
.....................................................................369
CriticalBlue s Prism
...........................................................................375
Summary
.................................................................................................384
References
..............................................................................................384
Chapter
12:
Software Synchronization
...........................................385
Introduction
............................................................................................387
Why is synchronization required?
.........................................................388
Data integrity
......................................................................................388
Atomicity
............................................................................................390
Sequence of processing
......................................................................393
Access to limited resources
................................................................395
Critical timing for real-time
...............................................................395
Problems with not synchronizing (or synchronizing badly)
.................395
Slower throughput
..............................................................................396
Errors in synchronization logic
..........................................................397
Consumes more power
.......................................................................397
Testing for proper synchronization
........................................................397
How is synchronization achieved?
.........................................................398
Exclusion
............................................................................................399
Contents xiii
Test
and set; compare and swap
(CAS)
.............................................405
Barrier
.................................................................................................406
Architectural design
......................................................................407
Specific conditions requiring synchronization
......................................412
Dala
races
...........................................................................................413
Deadlocks
............................................................................................416
Livelocks
.............................................................................................416
Non-atomic operations
.......................................................................417
Data caching
.......................................................................................418
Conversion lor endianness
.................................................................419
How to implement synchronization
...................................................419
Language support for implementation
.........................................................424
Intro
.....................................................................................................424
Language features and extensions
......................................................425
Libraries
..............................................................................................426
Patterns
...................................................................................................426
Finding concurrency design patterns
.................................................427
Algorithm structure design patterns
...................................................428
Supporting structures design patterns
................................................429
Implementation mechanisms
..............................................................429
Side-effects of synchronization
..............................................................430
Incorrect synchronization
...................................................................430
Program execution
..............................................................................431
Priority inversion
................................................................................432
Performance
........................................................................................432
Code complexity
.................................................................................433
Software tools
.....................................................................................436
Hardware and OS effects on synchronization
.......................................437
Number of cores
.................................................................................438
Memory, caches, etc
...........................................................................438
Thread scheduling
...............................................................................439
Garbage collection (and other system-level globally
synchronized operations)
....................................................................439
Problems when trying to implement synchronization
...........................440
Inconsistent synchronization: not synchronizing
all access methods
..............................................................................440
Data escapes
.......................................................................................441
Using a mutable shared object with two different access steps
(i.e., jnit() and parseQ)
.......................................................................441
xiv Contents
Cached Scratch-Pad data
................................................................441
Multiple lock objects created
.............................................................442
Trying to lock on a null-pointer
.........................................................442
Double-check locking errors
..............................................................442
Simple statements not atomic (i.e., increments,
64-bit assignments)
.............................................................................443
Check/act logic not synchronized
......................................................443
Synchronization object used for many unrelated things
...................444
Summary
—
synchronization problems
..............................................444
References
..............................................................................................445
Chapter
13:
Hardware Accelerators
..............................................447
Introduction
............................................................................................447
Architectural considerations
...................................................................449
Blocking vs. non-blocking
.................................................................449
Shared or dedicated
............................................................................45
1
SMPvs. AMP
.....................................................................................452
Copying data
—
or not
........................................................................452
Signaling completion
..........................................................................453
The interface: registers, drivers, APIs, and ISRs
..................................454
Hardware interface
.............................................................................454
Drivers
................................................................................................456
Software API
......................................................................................456
ISRs
.....................................................................................................457
Initialization
............................................................................................461
Operating system considerations
............................................................462
Coherency
...............................................................................................462
Making the architectural decisions
........................................................466
Video example
........................................................................................467
The interface
.......................................................................................470
The application
...................................................................................471
The driver
...........................................................................................474
Real-world refinements
......................................................................477
Summary
.................................................................................................480
Chapter
14:
Multicore Synchronization Hardware
...........................481
Chapter overview
...................................................................................481
Instruction set support for synchronization
...........................................483
Test-and-set
.........................................................................................484
Compare-and-swap
.............................................................................487
Contents xv
Load-reserved/store-conditional.........................................................489
Creating new
primitives.....................................................................491
Compiler intrinsics.............................................................................493
Hardware
support for synchronization
...................................................494
Bus
locking
.........................................................................................494
Load-reserved and store-conditional
..................................................495
Hardware support for lock-free programming
.......................................496
Lock-free synchronization with hardware queues
.............................497
Decorated storage operations
.............................................................499
Messaging
...........................................................................................500
Hardware transactional memory
........................................................507
Memory subsystem considerations
........................................................509
Memory ordering rules
.......................................................................510
Using memory barriers and synchronizations
....................................512
Conclusions
............................................................................................514
References
..............................................................................................514
Chapter
15:
Bare-Metal Systems
...................................................577
Introduction
............................................................................................517
What is a bare-metal setup?
...............................................................519
Who should use bare metal?
..............................................................521
Architectural arrangements
....................................................................522
Data parallelism: SIMD
......................................................................523
Functional parallelism: pipelines
.......................................................526
Software architecture
..............................................................................535
Building the executable image(s)
..........................................................536
Example:
IPv4
forwarding
.....................................................................541
Packet forwarding
...............................................................................542
Next-hop lookup: longest prefix match
.............................................545
The DIR-24-8-BASIC algorithm
........................................................547
Example target architecture: Cavium OCTEON CN3020
................552
Select code examples
.........................................................................555
Conclusion
..............................................................................................560
Reference
................................................................................................560
Chapter
16:
Multicore Debug
.......................................................561
Introduction
—
why debug instrumentation
...........................................561
How does multicore differ from single-core debug?
.........................566
Background
-
silicon debug and capabilities
.......................................568
Trace methods for multicore debug analysis
.........................................569
xvi Contents
Types of instrumentation logic blocks
...............................................571
JTAG interfaces for multicore debug
................................................580
External interfaces for on-chip instrumentation
................................581
Debug flows and subsystems
.................................................................582
Commercial approaches
.........................................................................586
The OCP debug interface
...................................................................586
Nexus/IEEE
5001...............................................................................587
ARM CoreSight
..................................................................................593
Example: MIPS PDTrace and RRT analysis
.....................................596
The future of multicore debug
.....................................................................600
References
..............................................................................................602
Further reading
.......................................................................................602
Index
............................................................................................603
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV041063768 |
classification_rvk | ST 153 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)854721364 (DE-599)BVBBV041063768 |
discipline | Informatik |
edition | 1. publ. |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV041063768 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:38:47Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780124160187 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026040831 |
oclc_num | 854721364 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-384 DE-573 DE-1050 |
owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-384 DE-573 DE-1050 |
physical | XXII, 623 S. Ill., graf. Darst. |
publishDate | 2013 |
publishDateSearch | 2013 |
publishDateSort | 2013 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Expert guide |
spelling | Real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach [ed. by] Bryon Moyer 1. publ. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2013 XXII, 623 S. Ill., graf. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Expert guide Eingebettetes System (DE-588)4396978-1 gnd rswk-swf Eingebettetes System (DE-588)4396978-1 s DE-604 Moyer, Bryon Sonstige oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-12-391461-3 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026040831&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach Eingebettetes System (DE-588)4396978-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4396978-1 |
title | Real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach |
title_auth | Real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach |
title_exact_search | Real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach |
title_full | Real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach [ed. by] Bryon Moyer |
title_fullStr | Real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach [ed. by] Bryon Moyer |
title_full_unstemmed | Real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach [ed. by] Bryon Moyer |
title_short | Real world multicore embedded systems |
title_sort | real world multicore embedded systems a practical approach |
title_sub | a practical approach |
topic | Eingebettetes System (DE-588)4396978-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Eingebettetes System |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026040831&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT moyerbryon realworldmulticoreembeddedsystemsapracticalapproach |